최근 성인병에 대한 대처방안으로 천연식품들 중에서 기능성 물질을 섭취하려는 요구 증가 와 함께 생리활성물질의 개발에 노력하고 있으며, 그중에서도 질병의 치료 및 예방에 효과가 있는 천연물로 버섯이 주목 받고 있다. 그 중 약용버섯은 항염․항암작용, 항산화 활성 효과 등이 보고되고 있으며 다양한 연구가 많이 이루어지고 있다. 본 실험에서는 영지버섯, 노루궁 뎅이버섯, 상황버섯, 동충하초 자실체를 70% 에탄올로 추출하여 아질산염소거능과 Raw 264.7 세포에서 NO 생성 저해 효과를 알아보기 위하여 연구가 진행되었다. 아질산염은 2급 및 3급 amine류와 반응하여 발암물질인 Nitrosoamine을 생성하는 것으로 알려져 있다. Nitrosoamine 은 체내에서 diazoalkane(CnH2nN2)으로 변화하여 핵산이나 단백질 또는 세포내의 성분을 알 카리화 함으로써 암을 유발한다고 알려져 있다. 아질산염 소거능(nitrite-scavenging effect)은 Gray등의 방법으로 520nm에서 흡광도를 측정하여 잔존하는 아질산염량을 구한 결과 대조구 Ascorbic acid에 반해 영지버섯 균주 중 ASI 7002와 상황버섯은 보다 높은 소거능을 보였다. NO(nitrite oxide)형성은 체내방어기능, 신호전달기능, 혈관확장 등의 다양한 생리기능을 가 지고 있지만 과도한 NO의 형성은 염증을 심화시켜 조직의 손상, 유전자변이, 패혈성 쇼크 및 신경손상 등을 일으킨다. Raw 264.7 대식세포에 LPS(lipopolysaccharides) 자극에 많은 양의 NO를 형성하며 이에 의한 세포 독성은 염증반응 관여 정도를 알아본 결과 영지버섯 균주 중 ASI7002와 ASI7063이 대조구 Ascorbic acid보다 높은 결과를 보여줬고, 이와 더불어 염증관 련 단백질인 iNOS, COX-2 발현을 억제하는지 여부를 RT-PCR을 통해 확인한 결과, 열수추 출한 영지버섯 균주 ASI 7002에서 농도의존적으로 억제함을 알 수 있었다.

'Gonji No.10', a new variety of Neolentinus lepideus, was bred by mating between monokaryotic strains isolated from 'GMNL66037' and 'GMNL66014' in Mushroom Research Institute, Gyonggi Province ARES in 2012. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was 29℃ on PDA medium and that for the primordia formation and the growth of fruiting body was 20±1℃. In the bottle cultivation of ‘Gonji No.10’, the period of spawn run was around 35 days at 22±1℃ and the period from scratching of inoculum to harvest was 27 days. In the characteristics of pilus and stipe, the thickness and diameter of pilus were 6.3mm, 52.0mm respectively. The length and diameter of stipe were 110.5mm, 21.6mm respectively and the number of available stipe was 3.4 per bottle. During the cultivation of ‘Gonji No.10’, the occurrence rate of Trichoderma spp. was 4.9%. In bottle and bag cultivation, the yields of fruiting bodies were 69.6g /900㎖ bottle, 114.2g/1kg bag respectively. When considered in the period available for sale, the shelf life was 34 days.

침몰선 신라인8호는 부산항에서 스틸코일 4,472톤, 기계설비 2,100톤을 선적완료 후 입항지인 싱가포르로 항해 중, 제주 차귀도 서방 14.5마일 해상에서 적재 화물이 내벽과 충돌하여 파공이 발생하여 침수 후 93미터 수면하에 침몰하여 적재된 연료유의 유출로 해면이 오염되었다. 연료탱크에 남아 있는 연료의 추후 유출 문제와 다른 선박의 안전항해에 저해 요소가 있을 시를 대비하여 공유수면관리청인 부산지방항만청에서는 선체 인양 제거를 선주한테 요구하여..

생강은 다양한 생리활성이 확인됨에 따라 여러나라에서 전통의약재로서 폭넓게 사용되고 있다. 하지만 진저롤 및 그 유도체에서 유래되는 자극적인 향미로 인하여 식품소재로서의 사용에는 다소 어려움이 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 생강을 Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Streptococcus thermophilus, 및 Lactobacillus acidophilus 등과 같은 유산균에 의한 발효를 통하여 생강의 관능특성을 증진시키려 하였다. 발효된 생강은 in vitro에서 전자공여능 및 cyclooxygenase-2 저해활성을 나타내었으며 또한 산화질소의 생성도 억제하였다. 특히 김치유래 유산균으로 발효한 생강추출물인 GLPe와 GLMe는 Raw 264.7 macrophages에서 prostaglandin-E2 의 생성을 60% 이상 저해하였으며 15-lipoxygenase에 대한 저해 활성도 나타내었다. 따라서 GLPe나 GLMe와 같은 발효생강 추출물은 섭취할 때 자극적인 향미로 인한 거부감이 적으며 염증이나 앨러지 등에 의해 야기되는 바람직하지 않은 증상을 일부 완화시킬 수 있는 건강식품소재로서 사용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the horizontal structure of Prelude, Op. 74, No. 4 by Skryabin objectively and logically by utilizing transformational networks to analyze the voice leading of this music. David Lewin explained transformational relations in musical space through a visual graph called a network and introduced a frame of analysis which simplified complicated aspects of music. There were other methods that analyse horizontal voice leading in atonal music by means of Lewin's transformational theory. Of these methods, Henry Klumpenhouwer's ‘transformational networks’ and Shougn J. O'Donnell's ‘dual transformation’ have been adopted as a primary analytical method for this article. The network of Prelude, Op. 74, No. 4 by Skryabin is composed of eleven types of set classes, made up of transposition transformation. The network has verified the similarity between pitch classes by utilizing isography, which shows its pitch-class contents. In this article, I hope to show that atonal music composition has a delicate structure.

소유자가 자신의 소유권에 기하여 실체관계에 부합하지 아니하는 등기의 명의인을 상대로 그 등기말소나 진정명의회복 등을 청구하는 경우에, 그 권리는 물권적 청구권으로서의 민법 제214 소정의 방해배제청구권의 성질을 가진다. 한편 이러한 경우에 소유자가 그 후에 소유권을 상실함으로써 이제 등기말소 등을 청구할 수 없게 되었다면, 이를 위와 같은 청구권의 실현이 객관적으로 불능이 되었다고 파악하여 등기말소 등 의무자에 대하여 그 권리의 이행불능을 이유로 민법 제390조에 의한 손해배상 청구권을 가지는지 여부가 문제될 수 있다.이에 대하여, 대상 판결에서는 민법 제390조에서 규정하는 채무불이행을 이유로 하는 손해배상청구권은 계약 또는 법률에 기하여 이미 성립하여 있는 채권관계에서 본래의 채권이 동일성을 유지하면서 그 내용이 확장되거나 변경된 것으로서 발생하는 것이나, 위와 같은 등기말소청구권 등의 물권적 청구권은 그 권리자인 소유자가 소유권을 상실하면 이제 그 발생의 기반이 아예 없게 되어 더 이상 그 존재 자체가 인정되지 아니하므로 민법 제390조에 의한 손해배상청구권을 가질 수 없고, 이러한 법리는 선행소송에서 소유권보존등기의 말소등기청구가 확정되었다고 하더라도 물권적 청구권의 법적 성질이 채권적 청구권으로 바뀌지 아니하므로 동일하다고 판시하고 있다.그러나 물권적 청구권은 채권적 청구권과 그 성질상 유사한 측면이 강하다는 점, 불법행위에 의한 손해배상 청구권만으로는 진정한 소유자의 보호에 미흡하다는 점 등이 있으므로, 채권적 청구권이 아닌 물권적 청구권의 이행불능의 경우에도 민법 제750조에 의한 손해배상 청구권 이외에 민법 제390조에 의한 손해배상 청구권도 행사할 수 있다고 긍정적으로 해석함이 타당하다.

An aphid usually stays at one feeding site for a long time for development and reproduction. The green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), feed consistently and regularly throughout all stages of nymphs and adult at one feeding site. In M. persicae, honey dew production, which indicates a state of feeding, occurs at regular intervals within a given stage, and moving, which may be related to escape or dispersal, interrupts feeding, The results of the playback experiments showed that acoustic stimuli with frequencies of 100 and 10000 Hz were effective in inducing feeding repression in M. persicae. That is, HDP occurred less often, and MV occurred more often and longer under acoustic stimuli. In this study, we tested whether the acoustic stimulus effective for inducing feeding suppression decreased reproductive rate in M. persicae. A group of 20 aphids were placed in a host plant and was subject to the acoustic stimulus with two frequency components, 100 and 10000 Hz, for a given time (1, 3, 6, and 12 hours) each day for four days. The result of this experiment showed that the acoustic stimulus did not affect the reproductive rate, regardless of exposure time, in M. persicae.

본 연구는 반추동물의 조사료 자원으로서 거대억새를 개발하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 우리나라에서 새롭게 개발된 품종인 거대억새 1호를 완숙기 이후에 채취하여 in vitro 반추위 발효를 이용해반추위내 pH, 암모니아태 질소, 가스발생량, 휘발성 지방산 생성량 및 건물소화율을 조사하였으며,볏짚과 비교하여 평가하였다. 거대억새는 볏짚에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 반추위내 pH를 나타내었다(p<0.01). 암모니아태 질소의 경우 배양 12시간 이후에는 두 처리구간의 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다 (p>0.05). 배양 6시간 이후 부터는 거대억새의 가스발생량이 볏짚에 비하여 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 휘발성 지방산 생성량에 있어 acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate 및 총생상량에서 볏짚이 거대억새보다 높게 나타났다. 그러나 iso-butyrate와 iso-valerate에서는 두 조사료원별 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 건물소화율에 있어 배양 12~24시간 사이의 거대억새 소화율이 볏짚에 비하여 유의적으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 거대억새의 이용성은 볏짚의 약 80% 수준인 것으로 나타났다.

This study conducted comparison and data analysis of evaluation results from three kinds of monitoring methods for indoor air quality monitoring, which are Korean Official test method for indoor air quality, monitoring method by gas analyzer, and continuous measurement by using sensor. NO₂, one of indoor air pollutants, was selected as a evaluation factor for this study because it is commonly generated during the operation of potable gas range. Monitoring results of NO₂ concentration from three subjected methods show that background concentration of NO₂, before operation of portable gas range, was 43.05~50.22ppb. On the other hand, NO₂ concentration for four and half hours (4½) after gas range operation was 64.31~69.89ppb in average. Average concentration of NO₂ during first thirty (30) minutes was increased about 33.85~49.39% than the concentration of NO₂ before operation of gas range. </br>In general, monitoring results by utilizing NO₂ gas analyzer was 8.1% higher than the results by continuous measurement using sensor method. In case of monitoring method using sensor, the results was lower about 6.1% than Korean official test method, and lower about 11.7~3.2% than NO₂ gas analyzer. Especially, change rate of concentration for first thirty (30) minutes measured by Korean official test method was 50ppb/hr, which is 44.4% lower than the change rate from NO₂ gas analyzer, 90ppb/hr, and 43.2% lower than results from sensor, 88ppb/hr. </br>In accordance with this study, it is concluded that monitoring frequency for indoor air quality management must be shorten during the time period having significant change rate of NO₂ concentration. In other words, air quality monitoring must be considered characteristics of concentration changes as well as accuracy of measurement.

We report on the NO gas sensing properties of Al-doped zinc oxide-carbon nanotube (ZnO-CNT) wire-like layered composites fabricated by coaxially coating Al-doped ZnO thin films on randomly oriented single-walled carbon nanotubes. We were able to wrap thin ZnO layers around the CNTs using the pulsed laser deposition method, forming wire-like nanostructures of ZnO-CNT. Microstructural observations revealed an ultrathin wire-like structure with a diameter of several tens of nm. Gas sensors based on ZnO-CNT wire-like layered composites were found to exhibit a novel sensing capability that originated from the genuine characteristics of the composites. Specifically, it was observed by measured gas sensing characteristics that the gas sensors based on ZnO-CNT layered composites showed a very high sensitivity of above 1,500% for NO gas in dry air at an optimal operating temperature of 200˚C; the sensors also showed a low NO gas detection limit at a sub-ppm level in dry air. The enhanced gas sensing properties of the ZnO-CNT wire-like layered composites are ascribed to a catalytic effect of Al elements on the surface reaction and an increase in the effective surface reaction area of the active ZnO layer due to the coating of CNT templates with a higher surface-to-volume ratio structure. These results suggest that ZnO-CNT composites made of ultrathin Al-doped ZnO layers uniformly coated around carbon nanotubes can be promising materials for use in practical high-performance NO gas sensors.

This study was carried out to investigate the toxicity of food Red No.2 in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rat for 4 weeks. SD rats were orally administered for 28 days, with dosage of 500, 1,000, 2,000 mg/kg/day. Animals treated with food Red No.2 did not cause any death and show any clinical signs. They did not show any significant changes of body weight, feed uptake and water consumption. There were not significantly different from the control group in urinalysis, hematological, serum biochemical value and histopathological examination. In conclusion, 4 weeks of the repetitive oral medication of food Red No.2 has resulted no alteration of toxicity according to the test materials in the group of female rats with injection of 2,000 mg/kg. Therefore, food Red No.2 was not indicated to have any toxic effect in the SD rats, when it was orally administered below the dosage 2,000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks.

Colon Nancarrow has been no doubt one of the most revolutionary composers in studying rhythmic innovation of 20th century music. He experimented rhythmic complexity extremely under the influence of Ives and Cowell and affected other significant contemporary composers such as Carter, Ligeti and later composers. The interest in rhythm is reflected well in about fifty pieces called, Studies for player piano. This paper studied the first composition for player piano, Study No. 3. It aims at the development of Ostinato and the formation process of rhythmic complexity. Study No. 3 is proceeded into two parts. First, Ostinato is the basis for structural, pitch, and rhythmic foundation. Second, perceptual polytempo was generated from various polymeter. As a result, Nancarrow's esthetic goal, temporal dissonance was created.

 ,  , Cordyceps (vegetable wasp and plant worm), an entomopathogenic fungi, has been used as a herbal medicine in Asian countries since ancient times. Cordyceps nutans is common but there is little research on this species. This study investigated the optimal culture conditions of C. nutans and the inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cell treated culture broth. The optimal conditions for the mycelial growth were 25℃ and pH 7.0-8.0. Mycelial growth was highest on mushroom complete medium (MCM), V8 juice agar (V8A), and yeast malt dextrose (YMD) medium. Mycelial growth on mushroom minimal medium (MMM) did not occur, so nutrient source was essential. Dextrose and sucrose as carbon sources, and ammonium citrate as a nitrogen source were satisfactory for mycelial growth. Cytotoxicity of C. nutans culture broth was not found in RAW 264.7 cells. C. nutans culture broth suppressed NO production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, our results provided the optimal conditions for cultivation of C. nutans and showed that C. nutans may have excellent physiological activities.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pest species devastating many horticultural, ornamental crops and fruit trees. Difficulty in managing this mite is largely attributed to its ability to develop resistance to many acaricides. Development of 3,700 folds resistance to etoxazole was found in the population of T. urticae collected from rose greenhouses in Buyeo, Chungnam Province in August 2000. This population has been selected for eleven years with etoxazole (over 500 times), and increased over 5,000,000 fold in resistance as compared with susceptible strain (S). Etoxazole-resistant strain was shown to be maternally inherited. The objective of this study was to determine whether resistance of T. urticae to etoxazole was linked with point mutations in the mitochondrial gene. DNA sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1), COX2, COX3, cytochrome b (CYTB), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), ND2, ND3, ND4, ND5, and ND6 were analyzed by comparing two isogenic etoxazole-susceptible (EtoS) and etoxazole-resistant (EtoR) strains. As a result, all genes revealed no point mutations between the two strains.

Crysochroa fulgidissima (Bidan-beole, Spanish fly) is traditionally used as a crude drug and insecticide in the East Asia and Korea, respectively. This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of C. fulgidissima on the NO production activity. The C fulgidissima extract was a potent inducer of NO production in CP AE cells and a stimulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in a dose-dependent manner. This study also evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of this extract by determining the level ofICAM-l, VCAM-l, and prostaglandin E2 from HUVEC cells. Although C. fulgidissima extract was a potent inducer of NO production in the CP AE cells, it showed weak inhibitory effects on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in HUVEC cells. HPLC and GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extract of C. fulgidissima revealed the presence of cantharidin.