목적 : 본 연구는 전북지역 거주 노인의 이동 현황과 자가운전 인식을 조사하여 노인의 이동권에 관한 기초자료를 제시하 고 시사점을 논의하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 2024년 7월 22일부터 동년 8월 16일까지 전라북도 소재 노인복지기관을 방문하여 65세 이상 노인을 대상으로 이동 현황과 자가운전 인식에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 배포된 설문지 200부 중 195부를 회수하였고, 이 중 불분명한 설문지 33부는 제외하여 총 162부를 자료 분석에 활용하였다. 자료 분석은 기술통계와 다중응답 분석을 사용하였다. 결과 : 연구 참여자들은 버스(34.6%), 자가운전(32.1%), 이륜차(16%) 순으로 이동 수단을 활용하는 것으로 나타났으며, 주로 복지시설(31.1%)과 병원 진료(23.7%), 사회활동(17.5%)을 위해 교통수단을 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. 노인들이 인 식하는 운전의 주요 제약 요인은 시력 저하(38.3%), 반응 속도 저하(21.0%), 인지 저하(14.8%) 순의 결과를 보였다. 연 구 참여자 53.1%는 자가운전이 필요하다고 응답하였고, 반면에 면허 반납에 대한 인식은 69.1% 수준으로 높은 필요성을 보였다. 연구 참여자 40.7%는 운전중단 시기를 스스로 운전을 못한다고 생각할 때로 응답한 비율이 가장 높았다. 운전 재활에 대한 인식률은 91.4%로 매우 낮게 나타났고, 자가운전 지속을 위해 필요한 도움으로 운전 재활 전문가의 교육이 33.3%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구는 전북지역 노인의 이동 현황과 자가운전에 대한 인식을 조사하여 주요 이동 수단, 이용 목적, 자가운전의 제약 요인 및 면허 반납에 대한 인식을 파악하고 정책 및 제도 수립을 위한 기초자료를 제공하였다. 향후 연구에서는 연 구 대상 지역과 집단의 범위를 확대하고, 운전중단 이후의 대체 교통수단과 운전 재활 지원 방안에 대한 후속 연구가 필 요하다.

This study examined subject-auxiliary inversion errors in wh-questions produced by 88 Korean EFL elementary learners, focusing on whether types of wh-words and auxiliaries could affect inversion acquisition and whether explicit instruction on movement rules could facilitate this process. Guided writing tasks were used as a pretest and a posttest to analyze influence of wh-words and auxiliaries on learners’ inversion in the pretest and effects of instruction on movement rules in the posttest. Results showed that both whwords and auxiliaries significantly influenced learners’ inversion acquisition. Learners struggled more with why-questions than with what-questions, which were selected as representatives of adjunct and argument wh-questions, respectively. More inversion errors occurred in wh-questions requiring do-support than in those involving auxiliary be or modal will, although no significant difference was found between be and will. Experimental lessons with brief explicit instruction on auxiliary movement during regular classes significantly improved learners’ inversion accuracy, particularly in dosupport questions, which posed the greatest challenge in the pretest.

Purpose: This study was aimed to explore and analyze the experiences of nurses regarding department transfers following the sudden closure of a ward due to the collective resignation of residents. Methods: Data were collected from November 1 to 29, 2024, and a qualitative content analysis was employed. The participants were 11 nurses who were transferred to different departments following a ward’s sudden closure owing to the residents’ collective resignation. Results: A total of six themes and 24 sub-themes were identified. the first theme is ‘After the resident left, the ward was closed’. The second theme is ‘Various job placements were assigned after the ward’s unfortunate closure’. The third theme is ‘Difficulty adjusting to the new environment and leaning to adapt’. The fourth theme is ‘Changes in the nurse-physician relationships’, and the subtheme is ‘Surprised by doctors seeking nurses' opinions due to the absence of residents. The fifth theme is ‘Become an expert at adapting’. The sixth theme is ‘Worries about the future and a faint glimmer of hope’. Conclusion: This study highlights the challenges nurses encountered in adjusting to new departments following the unprecedented mass resignation of residents and the ensuing ward closure. Nurses initially faced difficulties, feeling expendable in the new environment. However, through the support and collaboration of their colleagues, they demonstrated resilience and adapted effectively. The study also noted that, despite the absence of residents, direct communication between medical staff and patients continued to function smoothly, facilitating their involvement in treatment planning alongside specialists and professors. Although departmental transfers can lead to increased job stress for nurses, successful adaptation during these transitions fosters professional growth by enhancing their knowledge, skills, and influence. Furthermore, knowledge sharing among nursing staff contributes to the overall development of the organization. To promote both personal growth and organizational advancement, nursing managers must actively listen to nurses’ perspectives about departmental transfers and provide compassionate support to assist in their adaptation. Creating an organizational culture that recognizes and values the contributions of colleagues who have undergone transfers is essential. By establishing a systematic approach that facilitates successful adaptation and fostering a positive, accepting nursing culture, departmental transfers can be transformed into an effective strategy for enhancing the professionalism and capabilities of nursing staff.

국내 도심지에 적용하고 있는 중앙버스정류장의 포장은 주로 아스팔트 포장으로 시공되어 있으나 중차량인 버스의 하 중으로 인해 포장 파손 사례가 증가하여 시민들의 안전에 악영향을 미치고 있으며 유지보수 비용이 매년 증가하고 있다. 서울시에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 국내 최초로 중앙버스정류장 신설 구간에 현장타설 방식으로 연속철근 콘크 리트 포장(CRCP)을 시공하였다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 구간의 연속철근 콘크리트 포장에 대한 이동차량 하중에 의한 동 적 거동 특성을 분석하고자 포장 슬래브에 콘크리트 변형률계를 설치하고 덤프트럭을 통과시키며 동적 하중 재하 실험 을 수행하였다. 실험에서는 이동차량의 속도를 다양하게 변화시켜 차량 속도에 따른 포장 슬래브의 동적 거동을 비교 분 석하였으며 이동차량이 CRCP의 여러 위치에서 정지하도록 하여 정지 위치에 따른 거동도 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 차량 이 CRCP를 통행할 경우 차량 속도 및 정지 위치에 따른 포장 슬래브의 동적 변형률은 매우 유사한 것으로 분석되었다.

늘어나는 교통 수요에 대응하기 위해 지하도로 건설이 추진 중이다. 지하도로 건설 시, 진출입부에서의 차량 간 합류 및 분류로 인해 교통정체 및 안전성 저하에 대한 우려가 제기된다. 교통정체가 빈번히 발생하는 경부고속도로 금토JCT-양재IC 구간에 서울-용인 지 하도로, 양재-한남 지하도로, 양재-고양 지하도로 건설이 예정되었다. 특정 구간에 다수의 지하도로 건설 시, 접속부 배치 및 위치에 따라 이동성 및 안전성이 변화할 것으로 고려된다. 본 연구에서는 서울-용인 지하도로와 양재-한남 지하도로, 양재-고양 지하도로에 대한 접속부 배치 및 위치에 따른 이동성 및 안전성 분석을 통해 교통혼잡 완화 및 교통안전이 증가하는 지하도로 연계 방안 도출하 였다. 본 연구에서는 지하도로 연계 방안별 이동성 및 안전성 분석을 위해 4가지 시나리오 (1안 : 지하도로 미시행, 2안 : 지하도로 미 연계, 3안 : 양재-고양 연계, 4안 : 양재-한남 연계)를 선정하였다. 교통 시뮬레이션을 활용해 지상도로 및 지하도로 네트워크를 구축 하고 지하도로 내 차량 주행행태를 구현하였다. 이동성은 평균 통행속도와 통과교통량비로 분석하였으며, 안전성은 상충률을 통해 분 석하였다. 이동성 분석결과, 지상도로 합류부에서는 시나리오 3안 (양재-고양 연계)이 지하도로에서 합류되는 교통량이 가장 적어 모 든 이동성 평가지표에서 가장 큰 이동성 개선 효과가 나타났다. 그러나, 지하도로 합류부에서는 시나리오 3안에 비해 시나리오 4안 (양재-한남 연계)이 이동성 개선 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이는 유사 교통량 대비 차로수 증가 및 지상도로 합류부 정체의 영향인 것으로 분석된다. 안전성 분석결과, 지상도로 합류부에서는 시나리오 3안이 안전성이 높았으나 지하도로 합류부에서는 시나리오 4안이 안전성이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 시나리오별 교통혼잡 완화 및 교통안전 증진 효과를 정량화해 지하도로 연계 방안 결정을 위한 예비타당성 조사에 반영하는 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 논문은 식민지 말기 간행된 잡지 《관광조선》에 실린 특집 기사와 독자 투고문을 분석한다. 1939년에 창간된 이 잡지는 각 호마다 특집기 사를 구성하여 식민지 조선의 관광지와 산업·자원을 홍보하며 발전된 근 대 공간 조선을 부각했다. 그러나 이는 전시 체제가 강화됨에 따라 병참 기지화와 전쟁 동원을 강조하는 방향으로 전환되는 양상을 보였다. 또한 독자 투고를 바탕으로 하는 「도시의 풍모」 글들을 통해 일본인을 포함한 대중들이 조선의 도시를 어떻게 체험하고 인식하는지에 대해 살펴보았 다. 근대적인 생활 인프라와 산업화·교통 발전·새로운 도시 문화에 대한 적극적인 홍보는 조선의 변화를 긍정적으로 그려내었다. 이 글을 통해 일본인들의 조선에 대한 장소애적 감정을 엿볼 수 있으며 이는 토포필리 아(Topophilia)라는 개념을 통해 설명된다. 이를 통해 일본인들이 조선 에서 경험한 문화적 변화와 상호작용이 중요한 요소로 작용했음을 알 수 있다. 본 논문은 식민지 후기 기행 담론과 매체가 제국주의 이념 및 전 시 동원 체제와 어떻게 맞물려 작동했는지를 살펴보고 그 속에서 나타나 는 조선의 변화상을 조망하고자 했다.

Various road traffic signs are placed on the shoulder to inform drivers of the work situation ahead, speed limits, and lane changes in highway work zones. In this study, we analyze the effectiveness of a portable lane-change assistance system (PLCS) that can replace existing traffic signs from the perspectives of driver visibility and lane-change behavior. The existing highway work zone traffic management guidelines were regarded as a scenario without PLCS, and the case of replacing the existing traffic signs proposed by the manual with PLCS was set as a scenario with PLCS. For each analysis scenario, we analyzed the change in subjective awareness of traffic signs, perception accuracy of PLCS, advance lane-change rate, and lane-change location. The subjective perception analysis showed that the subjective perception change rate increased by 13.85% for two-lane highways and 5.29% for three-lane highways when PLCS was applied compared to that without PLCS. Regarding PLCS perception accuracy, all drivers correctly recognized the lane closure information for the two-lane case. Two PLCS are used in the three-lane case to provide lane-closure information. Regarding the first PLCS, all drivers correctly recognized lane closure information for the first lane sign, and 31 drivers correctly recognized lane closure information for the second and third lane signs. Regarding the second PLCS, all drivers correctly recognized lane closure information for the first and third lane signs, and 30 drivers correctly recognized lane closure information for the second lane sign in the second PLCS. Analysis of lane-change behavior showed that the proportion of advance lane changes increased by 31.25% in the two-lane case and 59.38% in the three-lane case with PLCS compared to that without PLCS. Additionally, lane-change locations where drivers performed lane changes from the starting point of the work zone area were analyzed. Drivers changed lanes at 653.68 m without PLCS and at 919.66 m with PLCS resulting in a 265.98 m increase in lane change location for the two-lane case. The drivers changed lanes twice in the three-lane scenario. Drivers changed lanes at 1014.41 m and 743.64 m without PLCS and at 1137.05 m and 868.24 m with PLCS, resulting in a 122.64 m and 124.60 m increase in the lane change location for the three-lane case. The proposed PLCS demonstrated a greater recognition capability than existing traffic signs and was effectively encouraged. This can be useful for replacing existing traffic signs in highway work zones.

In this study, we aim to classify personal mobility (PM)-related traffic crash data into four categories: PM-to-vehicle, PM-to-pedestrian, PM-single, and vehicle-to-PM crashes, and analyze the factors influencing the severity of each crash type. To overcome the limitations of existing studies in explaining the impact of independent variables on ordinal dependent variables, a random forest model was combined with the Shapley additive explanation technique. This approach visualizes the influence of independent variables on a dependent variable, providing clearer insights and enhancing interpretability. The analysis of PM traffic accidents, categorized into at-fault, single-vehicle, and victim accidents, revealed distinct key factors for each type. The main contributors to the severity of crashes caused by PM are traffic violations by teenagers and collisions with elderly pedestrians. Single-vehicle accidents were predominantly caused by overturn incidents, with inadequate driving skills among PM users aged 40 years and older, and significantly increasing severity. Victim accidents primarily occur at intersections, where the behavior of the at-fault driver and age of the PM user are critical factors influencing the severity. We identified various factors influencing the severity of PM crashes by type, highlighting the need for tailored policy measures. Proposed policies include physically separating bicycle–pedestrian shared spaces and strictly regulating illegal PM sidewalk riding, introducing PM licenses for teenagers to ensure compliance with traffic rules, and implementing regular safety education programs for all age groups. Although this study applied a new analytical technique, it relied on limited crash data, thus limiting the results to estimates.

Microreactors, a type of Small Modular Reactor (SMR) under 20 MWt, are being developed globally for use in remote areas, utilizing fourth-generation nuclear technology for enhanced safety. However, there are no established standards for their commercialization. This study reviews road transport regulations for microreactors and proposes necessary design loads and evaluation criteria for their transport. Transport concepts were identified through a review of overseas developments, with requirements derived for both accident and normal conditions. The study also presents an approach for evaluating transport stability based on land-based nuclear plant regulations, considering load conditions from drops and puncture impacts, as well as random vibrations during road transport. This work aims to support the design of mobile reactor transport systems and contribute to new regulatory and licensing procedures for advanced reactors.

The Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) is considered one of the most suitable technology for micro mobile reactors due to its low operating pressure (3 ~ 5 atmospheres), which reduces weight and volume compared to pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Unlike PWRs, MSRs use molten salt as both fuel and coolant, enabling compact and transportable designs. This study outlines the conceptual design of a micro mobile MSR and establishes safety criteria for transient states. It proposes strategies for managing the primary loop, intermediate heat transfer system, and air-cooled Balance of Plant (BOP) while addressing thermal and structural constraints, such as maximum temperatures and molten salt freezing points. Control approaches for reactor output and BOP systems are analyzed, highlighting fast response and adaptability to frequent power changes. The study also compares fixed-speed and variable-speed pump operations and provides a framework for operational modes, from high-temperature standby to transport-ready conditions. These findings offer a foundation for efficient, safe, and flexible MSR deployment.

In this work the multiple moving magnetic abrasive machining (MAM) process was used to polish the surface of spherical bar that is the components that widely used in many applications such aerospace, medical implantation, and the mechanical engineering industries. The smooth surface of spherical ball plays an important role for improving the lifespan, durability, and functionality of the components. In. Therefore, the moving MAM process was fabricated to achieve high quality surface of the spherical ball sample. This process used the multiple moving actions of the machining tools for polishing the surface sample. The experiments used in this work was set as the rotational speed of sample (50, 120, and 250 rpm), movement of machining tools (X-axis: 12 mm/sec, Y-axis: 12 mm/sec), and the polishing times (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 min). The results demonstrated that within 6 min of the polishing time the surface roughness of sample was significantly reduced from 0.29 μm to 0.02 μm under the polishing action of machining abrasive tool (size: 1-μm). This can be concluded that the multiple moving MAM process is an effective method to achieve high surface quality of sample with extremely low surface roughness (Ra).

This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the measurement and distribution of microplastics in the atmosphere and their role in the adsorption and transport of organic and inorganic pollutants. Due to their small size, large surface area, and hydrophobic nature, microplastics can adsorb a wide range of pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals. These pollutants, strongly bound to the surface of microplastics, can remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods, facilitating the widespread distribution of contaminants. Building on existing research, this paper systematically reviews the sampling, pretreatment, and analytical methodologies applied to study microplastics in the air. Furthermore, it examines the influence of environmental factors on the adsorption and desorption dynamics of pollutants associated with microplastics. Various studies indicate that microplastics can interact with pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, and microorganisms to form complex contaminants. These complexes can be transported and redistributed across long distances in the atmosphere, amplifying their environmental and health impacts. This review highlights that microplastics are not merely a pollutant themselves but serve as a vehicle for the migration and dispersion of other contaminants. This dual role emphasizes the significant risks microplastics pose to public health and the environment, necessitating further research and effective mitigation strategies.

This study developed an unmanned autonomous moving algae collection device (HAMA-bot) to remove high-density algae concentrated in the waterfront of urban agricultural reservoirs, and analyzed the effect of algae removal after field application to medium-sized urban reservoir. The algae reduction effect (Chl-a) of the study site in the reservoir by the HAMA-bot operation showed an average 18.5% higher in the treatment area compared to the control area before operation, while the average reduction of 24% in the treatment area after operation. In addition, the Chl-a removal rate, which directly analyzed the influent and effluent of HAMA-bot, showed a very high level with an average of 96.9% (94.7~99.2%). Currently, it is optimized for urban reservoirs and manufactured on a small scale, but it is a useful tool that can be applied on a large scale to large dams and rivers, and it is considered that the field applicability would be improved with the optimized scale.

Tricholoma matsutake, one of the most famous edible mushroom in Asia, has been cultivated in red pine forest. Because of its difficulty in artificial cultivation, T. matsutake cultivation has relied on foraging in the forest. Under certain environmental conditions, T. matsutake form the Shiro, the condensed mycelium, and develop into fruiting bodies. Among the certain environmental conditions, fungal communities play a major role in the mushroom development. Therefore, fungal community investigations for Bonghwa and Yangyang have been conducted on soil with fairy rings in the past, soil with existing fairy rings, and soil with presumptive fairy rings developing in the future. From the six soil samples, total 163 genera of fungi were detected and species diversity and species abundance of each sample were also analyzed. In result, the species diversity and species abundance of the fairy rings in Yangyang were lower than those in Bonghwa. In comparison with the fairy rings in Yangyang and Bonghwa, the dominance of the genus Tricholoma was higher and that of the genus Motilella was lower in Yangyang. Through the continuous study, establishment of optimal environmental conditions to promote the T. matsutake cultivation is highly expected.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the severity of traffic crashes caused by personal mobility (PM) devices compared with those involving victims. METHODS : Traffic crashes involving PM devices were used to build a non-parametric statistical model using a classification tree. Based on the results, the factors influencing both at-fault and victim-related crashes caused by PM devices were analyzed. The factors affecting accident severity were also compared. RESULTS : Common factors affecting the severity of traffic crashes involving both perpetrators and victims using PM devices include occurrences at intersections, crosswalks at intersections, single roads, and inside tunnels. Traffic law violations by PM device users (perpetrators) influence the severity of crashes. Meanwhile, factors such as the behavior of perpetrators using other modes of transportation, rear-end collisions, road geometry, and weather conditions affect the severity of crashes where PM device users are the victims. CONCLUSIONS : To reduce the severity of traffic crashes involving PM devices, it is essential to extend the length of physically separated shared paths for cyclists and pedestrians, actively enforce laws to prevent violations by PM device users, and provide systematic and regular educational programs to ensure safe driving practices among PM device users.

PURPOSES : The reliability of traffic volume estimates based on location intelligence data (LID) is evaluated using various statistical techniques. There are several methods for determining statistical significance or relationships between different database sets. We propose a method that best represents the statistical difference between actual LID-based traffic volume estimates and the VDS values (i.e., true values) for the same road segment. METHODS : A total of 2,496 datasets aggregated for 1-h LID and VDS data were subjected to various statistical analyses to evaluate the consistency of the two datasets. The VDS data were defined as the true values for comparison. Four different statistical techniques (procrutes, 2-sample t-test, paired-sample t-test, and model performance rating scale) were applied. RESULTS : In cases where there is a specific pattern (e.g., traffic volume distribution considering peak and off-peak times), distribution tests such as Procrustes or Kolmogorov-Smirnov are useful because not only the prediction accuracy but also the similarity of the data distribution shape is important. CONCLUSIONS : The findings of this study provide important insight into the reliability of LID-based traffic volume estimation. To evaluate the reliability between the two groups, a paired-sample t-test was considered more appropriate than the performance evaluation measure of the machine-learning model. However, it is important to set the acceptance criteria necessary to statistically determine whether the difference between the two groups in the paired-sample t-test varies according to the given problem.

Effective mixing of different-sized aggregates in mobile asphalt plant dryers is crucial for ensuring high-quality, consistent asphalt production. This study explores the application of spatial analysis techniques, particularly the Discrete Element Method (DEM), to understand and optimize the mixing process of aggregates in drum dryers. The research emphasizes the importance of proper mixing to achieve uniform moisture removal and heating across various aggregate sizes. Larger aggregates heat more slowly, while finer particles risk overheating or being carried away by air currents, necessitating careful management of the mixing process. Using LIGGGHTS, an open-source simulation framework, we conducted DEM simulations to analyze the spatial distribution and behavior of aggregates within a 3D model of a drum dryer. The study considered multiple factors affecting mixing efficiency, including drum inclination, rotational speed, and aggregate feeding frequency. Results indicate that the rotational speed of the drum dryer has the most significant impact on mixing effectiveness. The DEM simulations provided valuable insights into particle movement, heat transfer, and potential segregation issues within the dryer. Further investigations into additional factors that may influence aggregate mixing in drum dryers is recommended, paving the way for improved efficiency and quality in asphalt manufacturing.

본 연구의 목적은 공유형 개인이동장치 주차공간/면에 대한 이용자 중심의 선호도를 파악하는 것이다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위한 방법은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문헌고찰을 통해 공유형 개인이동장치 주차공간/면에 대한 설계요소를 도출한다. 둘째, 주차공간/면 설 계요소 조합을 통해 공유형 개인이동장치 주차공간/면에 대한 설계대안을 도출한다. 셋째, 설문조사를 통해 공유형 개인이동장치 이용 자를 대상으로 주차공간/면 설계대안에 대한 선호의식 데이터를 수집한다. 마지막으로 선호도 분석을 통해 공유형 개인이동장치 이용 자가 선호하는 설계요소를 도출한다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 공유형 개인이동장치 주차공간/면에 대한 설계요소로 주차면, 주 차각도 및 방향, 주차방법을 도출하였다. 공유형 개인이동장치 주차공간/면 설계요소를 바탕으로 16개의 설계대안을 도출하였다. 공유 형 개인이동장치 주차공간/면 설계대안에 대한 이용자의 선호도를 분석하였다. 이를 바탕으로 공유형 개인이동장치 이용자의 특성 및 이용행태별로 선호하는 설계요소를 도출하였다. 본 연구의 연구결과를 바탕으로 공유형 개인이동장치 주차공간/면 설계대안에 대한 기 준 마련을 위한 기초자료를 제시하였다.