PURPOSES : In this study, the speed limit violation behavior of drivers after experiencing traffic law punishment was analyzed. Simultaneously, the tendency of such drivers to violate other traffic laws besides the speed limit was empirically analyzed. METHODS : Over a two-month period (May–June, 2024), 1,235 responses were collected through a mobile on-line survey targeting drivers living in the urban areas of Chungnam Province, South Korea. After building a binary logit regression model on drivers’ speed limit violations with their personal attributes (e.g., gender, age, education, job, marital status, driving frequency, and driving experience) and the number of past traffic law violations as explanatory variables, the speed limit violation determinants were derived. Additionally, the relationship between the different types of traffic violations were investigated. RESULTS : As the driver age increased, the rate of speed limit violations decreased. Drivers working in relatively high-paying jobs are more likely to incur in speed limit violations. The greater the driving experience, the lower the possibility of a speed limit violation. The greater the number of fines imposed in the previous 12 months, the more likely it is to violate the speed limit. Additionally, drivers who had violated the speed limit were found to be more likely to violate laws by failing to follow stop lines at crosswalks, not activating turn signal lamps, entering intersections under a red light, and not wearing seatbelts on public roads. CONCLUSIONS : Fines work as a means of sanctioning to ensure their effectiveness in suppressing repeated law violations. Particularly, there is a limit to the fact that compulsory collection cannot be implemented when the arrears are not large, and institutional improvements are required to improve awareness of the fact that when a violator is imposed with a fine, it is not considered seriously. Meanwhile, there is a need to develop educational programs so that drivers can follow traffic laws under any circumstance, expand crackdowns on traffic violations, and strengthen preventive campaigns and promotions for traffic safety. Additionally, continuous efforts are needed to help drivers who repeatedly violate traffic laws develop negative attitudes toward violating these laws.

PURPOSES : Driving simulations are widely used for safety assessment because they can minimize the time and cost associated with collecting driving behavior data compared to real-world road environments. Simulator-based driving behavior data do not necessarily represent the actual driving behavior data. An evaluation must be performed to determine whether driving simulations accurately reflect road safety conditions. The main objective of this study was to establish a methodology for assessing whether simulation-based driving behavior data represent real-world safety characteristics. METHODS : A 500-m spatial window size and a 100-m moving size were used to aggregate and match the driving behavior indicators and crash data. A correlation analysis was performed to identify statistically significant indicators among the various evaluation metrics correlated with crash frequency on the road. A set of driving behavior evaluation indicators highly correlated with crash frequency was used as inputs for the negative binomial and decision tree models. Negative binomial model results revealed the indicators used to estimate the number of predicted crashes. The decision-tree model results prioritized the driving behavior indicators used to classify high-risk road segments. RESULTS : The indicators derived from the negative binomial model analysis were the standard deviation of the peak-to-peak jerk and the time-varying volatility of the yaw rate. Their importance was ranked first and fifth, respectively, using the proposed decision tree model. Each indicator has a significant importance among all indicators, suggesting that certain indicators can accurately reflect actual road safety. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed indicators are expected to enhance the reliability of driving-simulator-based road safety evaluations.

서울시의 대표적인 대중교통 수단인 도시철도를 이용하는 승객 수는 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 출 퇴근시간대에 열차 내의 혼잡뿐만 아니라 역사내의 혼잡까지 이어져 안전사고가 발생하기도 한다. 본 연구는 역사에서 발생되는 보행흐름의 위험 여부를 판단하기 위해 도로의 교통류에서 활용되고 있는 vehicle accumulation과 travel time 간의 elliptic bivarate relationship을 적용하였다. 또한 보행흐름과 교통류의 혼잡발생 과정을 비교하여 차이점을 규명하였다. 본 연구에서는 도시철도 역사내 CCTV영상을 기반으로 실제 데 이터를 추출하여 역사내 통로에 발생하는 여러 보행흐름을 혼잡강도와 혼잡지속도에 따라 분류하여 비교분석하였다. 혼잡이 발생하는 여러 역의 첨두, 비첨두, 주말등 다양한 시간대의 CCTV 영상을 확보하였고, ByteTrack 방식을 활용하여 객체를 검지하였다. 검지된 보 행흐름을 강도, 지속도에 따라 분류하고 보행 누적량과 평균통행시간을 산출하여 비교분석하였다. 또한, elliptic bivarate relationship의 형태가 교통류와는 어떠한 차이점이 있는지를 규명하고 보행에서의 위험 상황 여부를 그래프를 통해 확인하였다. 분석 결과, 혼잡발생 강도가 높을수록 그래프 타원의 장축이 길게 나타났고, 보도유효폭이 클수록 타원의 기울기가 낮게 나타났다. 또한, 사람들의 평균보 행속도가 클수록 타원이 낮게 위치하였다. 마지막으로 흐름이 바로 해소되지 않고 지속되는 보행흐름의 경우, 일반적인 타원형태에서 우측부분에 타원이 추가로 형성됨을 확인하였다. 교통류와 비교한 결과, 차량의 경우 교통량에 따라 속도가 일정하게 나타나지만, 보 행의 경우 보행량과 속도의 관계가 비교적 불분명하였다.

PURPOSES : This study aims to improve pedestrian safety by analyzing the effectiveness of displaying the remaining time of red crosswalk signal that provide pedestrians with information regarding the time available for crossing METHODS : This study analyzes the effectiveness of newly installed displays for remaining time of the red pedestrian signal in the cities of Yeongcheon and Yeongju in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The data collection was divided into periods before and after the installation of the facilities. Pedestrian departure delays were measured at the introduction and subsequent stages of installation, and changes in pedestrian behavior were quantitatively analyzed. Statistical significance of the results was verified using a t-test. RESULTS : For the displays of remaining time of crosswalk red signals installed in Yeongju, the pedestrian departure loss time decreased from 3.36 seconds before installation to 1.85 seconds after installation. Additionally, compared to the pre-installation situation, the postinstallation situation showed a relatively lower standard deviation, indicating that the pedestrians exhibited a more consistent pattern when starting to cross. Similarly, for the displays of remaining time of crosswalk red signal installed in Yeongcheon, the pedestrian departure loss time decreased from 2.37 seconds before installation to 1.89 seconds after installation. As in Yeongju, the post-installation situation showed a relatively lower standard deviation, indicating that the pedestrians exhibited a more consistent pattern when starting to cross. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, we verified the effect of newly installed pedestrian countdown signals on improving pedestrian safety at two intersections in Yeongcheon and Yeongju, which were selected through a survey of traffic accident-prone areas in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Pedestrian countdown signals were quantitatively confirmed to have a positive impact on pedestrian safety. Based on the observations, it is anticipated that expanding the installation of these signals will have a positive effect on pedestrian safety, particularly in areas with frequent traffic accidents and the senior and children protection zones. Results of this study indicate that the proposed policy measures are expected to strengthen pedestrian safety and reduce traffic accidents.

The domestic swine industry is currently facing a threat due to the recent increase in pork imports. This study aims to determine what factors influence consumers' intention to consume imported pork and suggest measures to support the domestic pork industry. To achieve this, we analyzed data from the Korea Rural Economic Institute's Food Consumption Behavior Survey using a binary logistic regression model. The results revealed that a higher intention to consume imported pork is linked to a higher intention to consume imported rice, purchasing meat online, frequent purchases of HMR, and procuring U.S. beef, especially among urban residents. On the other hand, a lower intention to consume imported pork is associated with a higher awareness of animal welfare certification, frequently dining out, and older age. Based on these findings, we propose the following response measures for the domestic swine industry: implementing educational programs, marketing, and advertising specifically targeting urban residents to improve their perception of domestic agricultural products; enhancing price competitiveness through distribution optimization; and developing policies to promote the use of domestic pork as an ingredient in processed foods.

커피 섭취 연령이 낮아짐에 따라 중고등학생들의 커피 섭취실태와 커 피에 함유된 카페인 섭취 및 인식도를 조사하여 커피에 대한 올바른 섭취 및 커피에 함유된 카페인 인식 자료를 제공할 필요성이 대두된다. 이 연 구는 중학교 2학년부터 고등학교 3학년까지 남녀학생을 대상으로 하여 2 022년 11월 01일부터 12월 15일까지 45일간 설문지로 조사하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년들은 성별에 따라 남학생이 여학생보다 커피를 처음 마 시기 시작한 시기가 중1 남학생 9%, 중1 여학생 4%로 조금 빠른 것 으로 나타났다. 둘째, 고학년일수록 커피를 많이 마시는 것으로 파악되며 신장과 체중 에 따른 커피 음용 여부는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 커피 선택 및 섭취 행태로는 커피전문점 커피를 선호하였고, 선호하는 커피 종류로는 라떼 종류와 원두커피이었다. 넷째, 카페인에 대한 지식을 잘 알고 있는 학생일수록 카페인 성분 이 건강에 미칠 영향에 대해 적당히 마시면 도움이 되고, 카페인이 기 억력 증진이나 잠을 안 오게 하는 각성 효과가 있어서 공부 혹은 피로 회복에 도움이 된다는 인식이 더 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 다섯째, 연구 대상 청소년들의 약 18% 정도가 커피 카페인으로 인 한 의존 현상 및 부작용을 경험한 바가 있는 것으로 파악되었으며, 부 작용 경험으로는 위장장애가 가장 많았고 다음이 두통, 불면증, 손발 떨 림 순으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 청소년들은 커피를 일상에서 어른들과 똑같이 즐기고 있고, 커피의 긍정적인 면과 부정적인 면에 다 같이 노출되어 있는 것 으로 파악되었으며, 커피 카페인에 대한 사전 지식을 가진 청소년이 커 피 음용을 합리적으로 대처하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 기호식품인 커 피를 통해 학업에 도움을 주고, 커피 및 카페인의 부작용으로부터 건강 을 지켜나갈 수 있도록 청소년들에게 커피 및 카페인에 대한 올바른 지 식을 학교와 가정에서 제공하여 주는 것이 필요하다고 보인다.

This study examined dietary habits and mental health according to generalized anxiety disorders (GAD) and caffeine consumption in adolescents. The data were collected from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey with a sample of 51,850 students. The proportion of students in the GAD High-Risk · Caffeine consumption group (GHRCC) who consumed sweet drinks (p< .001), fast food (p< .001), and midnight meals (p< .001) every day was 15.6, 21.9, and 22.4%, respectively. These proportions were higher than those of students who consumed sweet drinks, fast food, and midnight meals 1-2 times a week, 3-4 times a week, or not at all. In addition, the proportions of GHRCC among students who responded “yes” to experiencing sadness and despair (p< .001), suicidal thoughts (p< .001), suicide plans (p< .001), suicide attempts (p< .001), and loneliness (p< .001) were higher than students who responded “no.” The GAD High-Risk group (GHR) had higher odds with the consumption of midnight meals (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 2.10-2.99), caffeine consumption (OR: 2.46, 95% CI: 2.21-2.74), and fast food (OR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.75-2.55) than GAD Low-Risk group. Based on the above results, the risk of GHR was higher among students who consumed midnight meals, caffeine, and fast food daily than those who did not.

PURPOSES : This study explores the preference of shared autonomous vehicle service in an underground dedicated environment. METHODS : A stated preference survey was conducted to examine the mode choice behaviors on autonomous vehicle service competing with existing modes. Multinomial logit was employed to estimate the parameters of explanatory variables from the surveyed data. The model was estimated with alternative specific parameters rather than generic parameters. The value of time was also estimated using the parameters of the mode choice model. RESULTS : The results showed that the travel cost had the highest sensitivity to public transportation and the lowest to private cars. We also found that the value of the in-vehicle travel time was highest for private cars, lowest for public transportation, and intermediate for SAVs, suggesting that SAVs could serve as a premium public transport option. Additionally, the out-vehicle time coefficient was higher for public transportation compared to that for SAVs, indicating that users are more willing to tolerate longer out-vehicle times for SAVs due to their high-speed service compared to that of public transportation. CONCLUSIONS : This study presents a direction for policy regarding the adoption of shared autonomous vehicle services by considering the attributes that are valued by users of each mode.

본 연구는 2020년 미국 대선 결과를 중심으로 도시, 농촌, 그리고 교 외 지역 주민의 투표행태를 분석하고 있다. 2000년대 이후 미국에서 지 역기반 정체성이 강화되며 도농 양극화가 높은 수준에 이르고 있다. 이 에 따라 도시 지역은 민주당, 시골 지역은 공화당의 강한 당파색을 드러 내고 있다. 그 결과 도시와 시골 지역에 거주하는 주민들은 도덕성이 낮 은 후보자를 선거를 통해 배제하지 못하고 있다. 통계 및 사례분석 결과 2020년 미국 대선에는 재임 당시 많은 도덕적 논란을 빚었던 도널드 트 럼프 후보가 출마했음에도 후보자 도덕성을 중요하게 생각하는 도시, 시 골 거주민들의 투표 행태는 그렇지 않은 주민들과 차이가 없었다. 이와 는 달리 도시와 시골의 특징을 모두 갖고 있는 교외 지역에서는 후보자 도덕성을 중요하게 여길수록 트럼프 후보에 대해 표를 주지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 교육 수준이 높은 경우 이러한 경향이 더욱 명확하게 나 타났다.

이 글의 목적은 지난 21대 총선과 한국의 민주주의를 반추(反芻)하면 서 한국의 민주주의에 얼마나 국민적 가치를 보여줄 수 있는가를 고찰하 는 데 있다. 이 연구는 21대 총선에서 준연동형 비례대표제 도입이 여야 거대 양당의 공천과정에 어떤 변화를 보여주는지를 선거제도의 비례성과 당내 공천과정의 민주성을 중심으로 평가하고자 한다. 이 연구의 결과, 준연동형 비례대표제 도입의 변칙성, 준연동형 비례대표제의 비례성의 감소, 거대 양당에 의한 위성정당 난립과 비제도화, 공천과 공직후보자 추천에서 정당의 당내 민주화 부재를 보여주었다. 따라서 총선을 통해 당내 민주주의를 정착시킬 수 있는 것은 당리당략이 아닌 여야 합의에 의한 비례대표제 채택, 제대로 된 국회의원 선거제도에서의 비례성 확대, 거대 양당에 의한 위성정당 난립 방지 위한 정당법 및 선거법의 개정, 비례대표 의석을 거대 양당 배제하고 군소정당만으로 전국 득표율 수 에 따라 배분, 총선과정에서의 정당의 비민주적 행태 지양과 당내 민주 주의 확대하는 것이다.

This study was conducted to investigate whether there were differences in eco-friendly food, home meal replacement (HMR) purchases, and eating-out behavior according to the level of agri-food consumer competence. The data for the study were extracted from main food consumers (n=3,321) in the 2022 Food Consumption Behavior Survey. The competence index was divided into awareness-attitude-practice items, and three groups were classified by competence level. The results showed an agri-food consumer competency score of 70.62, with the highest score for awareness (73.96), followed by practice (69.28) and attitude (66.18). The frequency of purchasing eco-friendly food was higher in the excellent group compared to other groups, and quality and price satisfaction was higher with higher competency (p<0.001). Regarding HMR, the results showed that the shortage group had the lowest HMR consumption rate, and satisfaction decreased as competence decreased (p<0.001). The main reason for eating-out was to enjoy food in all groups (59.0%), followed by a lack of cooking time in the excellent group (15.7%) and hassle with food preparation in the moderate and shortage groups (17.3%, 16.6%) (p<0.001). In short, agri-food consumption competency showed differences by contents and components, and differences in food purchases and eating-out behavior by competency level were found.

This study was undertaken to provide basic data to aid product development and marketing by identifying purchasing behaviors and performing Important Performance Analysis (IPA) according to the consumption values of rice cakes. This study was conducted on 426 consumers who purchased rice cakes. Analysis was performed to determine general characteristics, consumption behaviors, preference for rice cakes, material preferences for rice cake development, need for rice cake development, and importance and satisfaction when selecting rice cakes. Cluster analysis classified consumption values into three clusters. The high and middle consumption value groups contained the greatest proportions of consumers aged over fifty. The high and medium consumption value groups preferred rice cakes more than the low consumption value group. Higher rice cake consumption value was positively associated with the greater preference for rice cakes. Furthermore, the perceived need to develop rice cakes was greatest in the high consumption value group. In addition, importance and satisfaction were positively associated with consumption value. IPA analysis showed that the attributes that require continuous attention because of their contributions to importance and satisfaction were taste, quantity, and hygiene. Different rice cake marketing and product development strategies are required for different consumption values.

This study examined the determinants of healthy food purchases before and after COVID-19 in Korea. Binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were applied to Korea Rural Economic Institute's Food Consumer Behavior Survey data from 2019 to 2021. The analysis revealed a significant decrease in the non-intake of healthy food in 2021 compared to 2019, suggesting the impact of COVID-19 on healthy food consumption. Consumption patterns also changed, with a decrease in direct purchases and an increase in gift-based purchases. Several variables showed significant effects on healthy food intake. Single-person households exhibited a higher probability of eating healthy food after COVID-19. The group perceiving themselves as healthy had a lower likelihood of consuming healthy food pre-COVID-19, but this changed after the pandemic. Online food purchases, eco-friendly food purchases, and nut consumption showed a gradual decrease in the probability of non-intake over time. Gender and age also influenced healthy food intake. The probability of eating healthy food increased in the older age group compared to the younger group, and the probability increased significantly after COVID-19. The probability of buying gifts was significantly higher in those in their 60s, indicating that the path to obtaining healthy food differed by age.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between household economic changes by COVID-19 and dietary habits in Korean adolescents. The study analyzed data from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 2021. A total of 54,848 middle and high school students, 28,401 males and 26,447 females, participated in this study. COVID-19 lead to deterioration of household economy in the lower level of household economic status (p<0.001). The deterioration of household economic status by COVID-19 was associated with dietary habits such as lower breakfast intake, and higher fast food, soda drinks, and sweet drinks consumption (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that deterioration of household economic status was significantly decreased in frequency of breakfast intake (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.67~0.80). The deterioration of household economic status by COVID-19 was also significantly associated with increased frequency of fast food (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.16~1.41), soda drinks (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.30~1.56) and sweet drinks (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.24~1.46) consumption (p<0.001). In conclusion, it was confirmed that the change in household economy caused by COVID-19 was associated with dietary habits in adolescents. As the household economy deteriorated, there was an increase in undesirable dietary habits including skipping breakfast and fast food consumption.

In this research, we examined the shifts in determinants influencing the frequency of eco-friendly food purchases pre- and post-COVID-19. Our analysis utilized filtered 2019-2021 Consumption Behavior Survey data from the Korea Rural Economic Institute Food, excluding any irrational responses. Given the nature of the dependent variable, a multinomial logistic regression model was employed with demographic factors, variables pertaining to food consumption behavior, and variables concerning food consumption awareness as predictors. Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, an individual's level of education was observed to positively influence the frequency of eco-friendly food purchases. In contrast, income level and fluctuations in food consumption expenditure did not appear to have a discernible impact on the purchasing frequency of such eco-friendly products. Irrespective of the advent of COVID-19, variables such as the frequency of online food purchases, the utilization of early morning delivery services, dining out frequency, and the intake of health-functional foods consistently demonstrated a positive correlation with the propensity to purchase eco-friendly foods. Overall, consumers prioritizing safety, quality, and nutrition over price, taste, and convenience in their procurement decisions for rice, vegetables, meat, and processed foods exhibit an increased inclination toward the acquisition of eco-friendly food products.

PURPOSES : Because a driving simulator typically focuses on analyzing a driver’s driving behavior, it is difficult to analyze the effect on the overall traffic flow. In contrast, traffic simulation can analyze traffic flow, that is, the interaction between vehicles; however, it has limitations in describing a driver’s driving behavior. Therefore, a method for integrating the simulator and traffic simulation was proposed. Information that could be controlled through driving experiments was used, and only the lane-change distance was considered so that a more natural driving behavior could be described in the traffic flow. METHODS : The simulated connection method proposed in this study was implemented under the assumption of specific traffic conditions. The driver’s lane-changing behavior (lane-changing distance, deceleration, and steering wheel) due to the occurrence of road debris was collected through a driving study. The lane-change distance was input as a parameter for the traffic simulation. Driving behavior and safety were compared between the basic traffic simulation setting, in which the driver's driving behavior information was not reflected, and the situation in which the driving simulator and traffic simulation were integrated. RESULTS : The number of conflicts between the traffic simulation default settings (Case 1) and the situation in which the driving simulator and traffic simulation were integrated (Case 2) was determined and compared for each analysis. The analysis revealed that the number of conflicts varied based on the level of service and road alignment of the analysis section. In addition, a statistical analysis was performed to verify the differences between the scenarios. There was a significant difference in the number of conflicts based on the level of service and road alignment. When analyzing a traffic simulation, it is necessary to replicate the driving behavior of the actual driver. CONCLUSIONS : We proposed an integration plan between the driving simulator and traffic simulation. This information can be used as fundamental data for the advancement of simulation integration methods.

본 연구는 농식품 소비자패널을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 소비자의 소비성향에 따른 저탄소인증농산물의 소비행태를 살펴본다. 소비자의 소비성향을 윤리적 소비성향과 합리적 소비성향으로 구분하여 집단을 구성하였고, 집단 간 소비행태 차이를 분석하였다. 윤리적 소비성향 집단과 합리적 소비성향 집단 간에 저탄소 농산물 인증제의 인지도, 탄소발생 감소를 위한 노력, 탄소중립 개념 인지도 및 저탄소인증농산물에 대한 구매의도 는 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 저탄소인증농산물의 소비활성화를 위해서 합리적 소비성향을 가진 소비자들의 저탄소인증농산물 구매를 유도할 수 있는 방안을 마련할 필요가 있다.