본 연구는 송라 추출물이 피부관련 질환에 중요한 기능성 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 항산화와 항염효과를 확인하였다. 그 결과 DPPH 와 ABTS 라디컬 소거능 활성에서 50% 에탄올, 70%에탄올, 95% 에탄올 추출물에서 높은 항산화 활성을 확인하였고, 부분적으로 70%에탄올, 95% 에탄올 추출물에서 다른 추출물과 달리 낮은 농도에서도 높은 항산화 활성을 나타냄을 확인하였다. 높은 항산화 활성을 보이는 70% 에탄올, 95% 에탄올 추출물에 대해 피부각질 세포인 HaCaT 세포주를 이용해 피부염증 완화 효능을 검증한 결과. 70% 에탄올 95% 에탄올 추출물을 농도별 처리시 TNF-α와 IFN-γ에 의해 증가된 사이토카인인 CCL17과 CCL22의 수치가 농도의존적으로 감소되는 것을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 송라 70% 에탄올, 95% 에탄올 추출물은 향후 피부질환에 관련된 기능성 소재 및 민감성 피부관련 화장품 소재로서 사용될 가능성이 사료된다.

콩과는 전 세계적으로 약용식물로 흔히 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 약용식물이자 다양한 용도로 사용되는 염료식물인 콩과에 속하는 황기(Astragalus membranaceus), 소목(Caesalpinia sappan L.), 감초 (Glycyrrhiza uralensis F.), 갈근 및 갈화(Pueraria lobate O.), 자단향(Pterocarpus santalinus L.) 추출물을 이용하여 항산화능 및 세포 보호능을 비교하고자 한다. 염료 추출물은 라디칼 소거능, 총 페놀 함량 및 MTT assay를 활용한 간세포 보호능이 확인되었다. 소목(5 mg/mL) 추출물에서 93.49%의 가장 높은 라디칼 소거능을 확인하였으며, 황기(5 mg/mL) 추출물에서 7.83%의 가장 낮은 라디칼 소거능을 확인하였다. 또한 소목 추출물의 총 페놀 함량은 310.93 mg GAE/g extract로 확인되며, 가장 높은 총 페놀함량을 확인 하였고, 황기 추출물의 총 페놀 함량은 15.33 mg GAE/g extract로 확인되며 가장 낮은 총 페놀 함량을 확인하였다. 게다가, 가장 높은 항산화능을 나타낸 소목(100 μg/mL) 및 자단향(100 μg/mL) 추출물에서 산화적 스트레스에 대한 세포 보호능을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과 콩과 5종 물질 중 적색 천연색소를 가지는 소목 및 자단향에서 높은 항산화능이 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

Curcumin is a hydrophobic polyphenol extracted from turmeric that exhibits a variety of biological functions has albeit with limited efficacy as a functional food material owing to its low absorption when administered orally. The newly developed curcumin powder formulation exhibits improved absorption rate in vivo. This study evaluates the anti-oxidant effects of Theracurmin® (TC), which is highly bio-available in curcumin powder. The antioxidant activity of TC was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, ferrous reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, NO radical, superoxide radical, H2O2 scavenging activity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Additionally, we evaluated the antioxidant activity of TC in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Type 2 diabetic rats. As a result of oral administration of TC for 13 weeks in type 2 diabetic rats, the group administration of 2,000 mg/kg significantly increased FRAP, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced the level of glutathione (GSH) in liver tissue 1.9, 1.2, and 1.2-times, respectively. Furthermore, serum TAC levels increased by 1.3-fold after the rats were administered with a dose of 500 mg/kg. These results were consistent with the in vitro assay results. In conclusion, TC exhibited its potential as a functional food material through its antioxidant properties.

본 논문은 재배가 용이하고 민간요법에서 다양하게 이용되고 있는 곰보배추의 에탄올 추출물이 화장품 소재로서 가능성이 있는지를 알아보기 위해 항산화, 미백효능에 대하여 관찰하였다. B16F10 세포에서 곰보배추 에탄올 추출물 25, 50, 100 ㎍/mL 농도에서 독성이 나타나지 않았다. DPPH radical 소거능을 관찰한 결과 모든 농도에서 소거능을 보여주었고, 50 ㎍/mL의 농도에서 65.2%, 100 ㎍/mL에서 77.6%의 강한 항산화 효능을 나타냈다. Raw 264.7 세포 내에서 ROS 생성 저해능을 관찰한 결과 농도 의존적으로 유의하게 나타냈고, 100 ㎍/mL 농도에서는 39.1% 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. NO생성 억제를 관찰하기 위해 Raw 264.7 세포에 곰보배추 에탄올 추출물을 25, 50, 100 ㎍/mL 농도 별로 첨가하여 관찰한 결과 농도 의존적으로 NO생성을 억제하였다. 시험관 내에서 L-DOPA와 L-tyrosine을 이용하여 곰보배추 에탄올 추출물이 tyrosinase activity를 농도 의존적으로 억제하는 것을 나타냈다. 세포 내에서 MSH를 가한 B16F10 세포에 곰보배추 에탄올 추출물을 25, 50, 100 ㎍/mL의 melanin 함량을 관찰한 결과 농도 의존적으로 억제하는 것을 보여주며 100 ㎍/mL에서 30.7%로 억제하였다. 따라서 곰보배추 에탄올 추출물이 항산화 기능이 있는 미백 기능성 화장품의 소재로서 개발 가능성이 충분히 있는 것으로 사료된다.

Akebia quinata fruit(AQF), as identified in the preceding paper, polyphenols and other phenolic components of saponin also has similar or higher levels. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of akebia quinata fruit extract, well-known for soothing, anti-oxidizing effects, on the improvement of the moisture, sebum, melanin, erythema content of facial skin. As a result of measuring DPPH radical scavenging activity to examine independent anti-oxidation of AQF, there was a slight scavenging activity. Compared to before the usage of cream, a group who used cream with akebia quinata fruit extract showed a very slight increase in the moisture content and slight decrease in the sebum, melanin, erythema on their faces after 4 weeks of tests, indicating that there was some statistically significant changes found. This study proves that the akebia quinata fruit(AQF) extract has a positive effect on the overall improvement of facial skin and italso implies that the akebia quinata fruit extract has high potential as an ingredient of cosmetic products.

느타리버섯은 한국사람들에게 인기있는 버섯이며 새송 이버섯, 팽이버섯과 더불어 대부분 많이 재배되어지는 버 섯이다. 느타리버섯의 항산화 효능과 폴리페놀 함량을 비 교 분석하였다. 항산화 효능을 분석한 결과 열수추출에서 는 ASI 2099가 가장 높게 나타났으며, 주정과 메탄올 추 출물에서는 ASI 2122가 가장 높게 나타났다. 폴리페놀 성분은 대부분 7~10 mg/g 이었으며, 추출용매별 함량차 이는 크지 않았다.

Rutin is one of the major flavonoids found in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). While rutin is already known to exhibit anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities. However, the health beneficial function of rutin metabolites is not well understood. In DPPH radical scavenging assays, the present study found that 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid had the highest total anti-oxidant activity, followed by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, rutin, homovanillic acid, and 3-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid. Further, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid strongly reduced LPS-induced IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells, compared with other metabolites. Therefore, these results suggest that rutin metabolites have potential to be utilized as food ingredients with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Fraxinus rhynchophylla (Oleaceae), a deciduous tree, is known to have properties that include anti-inflammatory, convergence, febricide, antiblenophthalmia, antidiarrhea, antileukorrhea, and so forth. In addition, it has been used for traditional herbal medicine in East Asian countries, including Korea. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Fraxinus rhynchophylla ethanol extract (FRE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cells with FRE pretreatment. We performed DPPH-assay, Western blot, and Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). FRE showed 85% free radical scavenging activity at concentrations of 80 µg/ml. Results of this study also showed that FRE down-regulates Cox-2 and iNOS expression in mRNA and protein level. In conclusion, crude ethanol extract of Fraxinus rhynchophylla exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and it may potentially provide a valuable source of natural herbal agent to inhibit inflammation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate anti-oxidant effects of loach muscle-derived peptides in vitro and in vivo. Loach muscle peptides were prepared by 4 different methods: boiling (B), enzymatic hydrolysis (E), boiling and enzymatic hydrolysis (BE), alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis (AE). Two different in vitro analyses, DPPH radical scavenging activity and xanthine-xanthine oxidase-induced superoxide radical scavenging activity, were performed. All the four preparations showed concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity. However, superoxide radical scavenging activity was found only with AE and E preparations. To evaluate in vivo effects, mice were fed with 10% AE-containing diets for 4 weeks before hepatotoxicity induction with CCl4. In serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels, total antioxidant levels, and relative hepatic weight ratio, no evidence for anti-oxidant effects was found with AE indicating the absence of anti-oxidant effect in the in vivo mouse experiment. It needs to be clarified why anti-oxidant activity of loach protein hydrolysates was not evident in vivo. Furthermore, these results suggest that in vivo evaluation is crucial in demonstrating anti-oxidant activities.

The anti-inflammatory effect of PHBV/Collagen (PHCP) was examined in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced skin inflammation. Vascular permeability on the back skin was measured by the local accumulation of Evan’s blue dye after subcutaneous injection of LPS (30 µg site^-1 ). Dye leakage in the skin showed a significant increase at 2 h after injection of LPS. This LPS-induced dye leakage was also completely inhibited by HO-1 inhibitor, ZnPP, and antioxidants, including methyl gallate, trolox, and mannitol. To study the possible mechanisms underlying the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of PHCP against LPS-induced inflammation, we also examined the effects of PHCP on malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione levels in skin tissues and found that pretreatment with PHCP resulted in inhibited MDA elevation and a remarkable reduction of glutathione level. In addition, similar results were obtained after pretreatment with antioxidants, including trolox and mannitol, and HO-1 inhibitor, ZnPP. Histopathologically, an influx of neutrophils into the skin dermis was detected between 24 h and 72 h after LPS injection (30, 100 µg site^-1), compared to control animals after injection of saline. This increase was greater in mice treated with 100 µg of LPS than in those treated with 30 µg of LPS and was significantly suppressed by pretreatment with PHCP, antioxidants, and HO-1 inhibitor. These results collectively suggest that PHCP has an anti-inflammatory effect against LPS-induced inflammation model in vivo and may be a good candidate for the skin tissue engineering biomedical application primarily through manipulation of the redox state.

The root extracts of Paeonia lactiflora cv. ‘Red Charm’ has been studied by many groups, however, little attention has been paid to its flower petal. Paeonia is the genus in the Paeoniaceae family. ‘Red Charm’ Paeonia is a soft-stemmed herbaceous peony hybrid of P. officinalis and P. lactiflora. We previously showed the flower petal extract of Red Charm might have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, however, it was not clear which components might be involved in this activity. Bioinformatics analysis previously indicated these extracts have potential anti-oxidant materials. One of them is identified as paeoniflorin, which is major component in root extract of Red Charm. In this study, we compared paeoniflorin and oxypaeoniflorin using DPPH assays to measure its anti-oxidant activities. Oxypaeoniflorin showed higher levels of radical scavenging activity, similar to ascorbic acid control, whereas paeoniflorin did not. Furthermore, nitric oxide assay showed they have similar anti-inflammatory effects. Taken together, these results suggest oxypaeoniflorin may play a more important role in the anti-oxidant activity of the flower petal and root extracts of Red Charm, compared to paeoniflorin. Further studies may be able to provide a platform to develop potential dual effects therapeutics for oxidant-mediated and inflammation-mediated disease in the near future.

Coriandrum sativum L., an annual herbaceous plant of Apiaceae family. The present study evaluated the anti-oxidant activities and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of C. sativum. The anti-oxidant activities of C. sativum were measured by total contents of polyphenol, flavonoid, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and reducing power activity. And anti-inflammatory effects of C. sativum were measured by LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that the contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid were 76.03 ± 1.36 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g and 182.23 ± 4.32 mg of rutin equivalents/g at concentration 1 mg/ mL of C. sativum. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be 52.8% at 500 μg/mL. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was shown in 58.3% after exposure to 1,000 μg/mL. Reducing power activity was found to be 66.8% at 2,000 μg/mL. The inhibitory effect of NO production was found to be 65% concentration 500 μg/mL. In the generation quantity of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β in cell culture medium, the expression levels of inflammatory proteins in cells were showed decrease with the increase of concentration. Therefore, we suggest that the C. sativum should be a potential source of alternative anti-inflammatory drug with good anti-inflammatory effects.

Veronica persica (V. persica) is a perennial plant that is broadly distributed in Europe, Asia and so on. V. persica is used for pain about the lower abdomen and low back. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidant and antiinflammatory effects of V. persica ethanol extract in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. To evaluate the anti-oxidant activity, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and reducing power activity were carried out. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were evaluated as 72.0% and 73.0% at the concentrations of 200 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of V. persica extracts were measured as 65.22 mg/g and 43.82 mg/g at the concentration of 1 mg/mL. The reducing power activity measurement showed 53.0% activity at 1 mg/mL. The anti-inflammatory effects of the V. persica extract were evaluated in LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells. In the evaluation of cell viability by proliferation ＆ cytotoxicity assay kit, the cytotoxicity of the extract was not confirmed at 0~800 μg/mL concentration. And the V. persica significantly inhibited NO production in a concentration dependent manner. The inhibition effects of NO in cell medium of V. persica was over 80% at 800 μg/mL. The V. persica also suppressed the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and phosphorylation of NF-κB and IkB-α proteins. These results indicate that the V. persica has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating NF-κB signaling pathways and can be used as natural functional materials.

The roots of Rosa multiflora Thunberg have been used in traditional oriental medicine as remedies for rheumatic arthralgia and scabies. In this study, the anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of a supercritical extract of Rosa multiflora root were investigated in vitro. To investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the supercritical extract, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and the inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were examined, respectively. In addition, the anti-fungal activities of the extract were assessed. The results showed a concentration-dependent, increase in ABTS radical scavenging activity. The supercritical fluid extracts of Rosa multiflora root exhibited low toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells at 100 μg/mL the highest concentration tested. Cells stimulated with LPS produced more nitric oxide than normal control cells; however, cells treated with the supercritical fluid extract decreased this production in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, the supercritical fluid extracts showed significant anti-fungal activity. These results suggest that extracts of the roots of Rosa multiflora might be used to develop potent anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents, and may be useful as ingredients for related new functional cosmetic materials.

Peach seeds contain a large amount of phenolic components and exhibit excellent physiological effects in various diseases. We examined the antioxidant effects of stone and seed of three peach cultivars (Miwhang, MH; Kanoiwa hakuto, KH; and Cheonhong, CH) by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, ferric reducing activity of plasma (FRAP) assay, and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) reduction. The results showed that the stone extracts of CH had higher levels of total phenols and flavonoids than those of the other cultivars do, and the stone extracts of KH and CH have the potential to reduce DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC activities. In addition, we found that KH, MH, and CH stone extracts decreased nitric oxide generation in RAW 264.7 and BV2 cells. The total phenol and flavonoid contents had no significant correlation with anti-oxidant activities. On the other hand, the anti-inflammatory activity had a low linear correlation with anti-oxidant activities and total phenol and flavonoid contents. The present results suggest that the correlation between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of stone and seed, and the appropriate combination of the stone and seed extracts could be used as an anti-inflammatory treatment and prevention material, respectively.

In this study, the anti-oxidant, whitening, and anti-wrinkle effects of Castanea crenata inner shell extracts processed by enzyme treatment and pressurized extraction were investigated. The Castanea crenata inner shell was first hydrolyzed using celluclast, viscozyme, or hemicellulase. Then, it was subjected to pressure extraction for different durations (30, 60, and 120 min). The yields of the Castanea crenata inner shell extracts processed by different enzyme treatments followed by pressurized extraction for different times are in the range of 12.42-29.80%. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the C30m (celluclast enzyme and autoclave extracts at 30 min) extract were 15.48, 10.82, and 15.82 g/100 g, respectively. The total sugar content of the H120m(hemicellulase enzyme and autoclave extracts at 120 min) extract is 61.07 g/100 g. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of the C30m extract at 1,000 μg/mL are 89.20, and 81.96%, respectively. The superoxide radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power of the C30m extract at 1,000 μg/mL are 67.63% and 1,324.79 μM, respectively. Further, the tyrosinase and elastase inhibition activity of the C30m extract at 1,000 μg/mL are 61.32, and 61.06%, respectively. Our results indicate that the Castanea crenata inner shell extracts processed by enzyme treatment followed by pressurized extraction could have beneficial effects on facial skin and they should be considered for use in new functional cosmetics.

Background : We studied the anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahlenb. var. parvifolium (Adams) Herder extract (RLE). Methods and Results : The RLE was prepared using methanol. The antioxidant effects of RLE was evaluated for its DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity, reducing power. Subsequently, using the RAW 264.7 cells, the cell viability of RLE was evaluated with or without LPS (lipopolysaccharide), and the anti-inflammatory effects of RLE was also estimated by nitric oxide (NO) and using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The extract showed antioxidant activity (DPPH free-radical scavenging activity) with RC50 value of 57.67 ㎍/㎖. The reducing power of the extract was Abs 0.77 at 250 ㎍/ ㎖. The result indicated that RLE would have significantly high anti-oxidative effects. Cell viability was determined using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity, we examined the inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. The NO inhibition rate was 85.44% at 200 ㎍/㎖ RLE. At the same concentration, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 also decreased. In RLE 50 ㎍/㎖ concentration showed the highest decrease. Conclusion : This result suggest that RLE is a novel resource for the development of foods and drugs that possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Also, RLE can be developed as an inflammatory agents for cosmetic bases in the future.

Background : We studied the anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Spiraea fritschiana Schneid extract (SFSE). Methods and Results : The SFSE was prepared using methanol and was evaluated for its total phenol and flavonoid content, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and effect on nitric oxide (NO) production, and cell viability by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The total phenol content was 212.78 ㎍• gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/㎎ and the total flavonoid content was 66.84 ㎍• quercetin equivalent (QE)/㎎. The extract showed antioxidant activity (DPPH free-radical scavenging activity) with RC50 value of 76.61 ㎍/㎖. The reducing power of the extract was Abs 0.58 at 250 ㎍/㎖. Cell viability was determined using the MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity, we examined the inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-(LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. The NO inhibition rate was 90% at 200 ㎍/㎖ SFSE. At the same concentration, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 also decreased. Conclusions : Our results suggest that SFSE is a novel resource for the development of foods and drugs that possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.