Cordyceps militar is (Clavicipitales) is an edible mushroom which is widely distributed in China, Japan and Korea. Various phytochemical constituents, cordycepin, homocitrully laminoadenosine and sterols have been reported from this source and a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, macrophage activation, anticancer, immune modulatory effects were studied. In a continuing search for bioactive constituents from Korean mushrooms, we performed a phytochemical investigation of the MeOH extract from the fruiting bodies of C. militaris. By repeated column chromatographic separation of the extract, fourteen compounds, were isolated. The identification and structural elucidation of the compound was based on NMR spectral data. anti-aging activities were performed on adriamycin-induced cellular senescence model. Human dermal fibroblasts(HDFs) and human umbilical endothelial cells(HUVECs) treated with adriamycin for inducing aging were used for cytotoxicity and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase(SA-β-gal) activity assay.

We tested the effects of roasted and non-roasted Zizyphi Spinosi Semen (ZSS) hot water extracts on pentobarbital-induced sleeping behavior, pentylentetrazole-induced convulsions, and locomotor activity in mice. Both ZSS extracts decreased locomotor activity and pentylentetrazole-induced convulsions. Both extracts alos dose-dependently shortened the sleep onset and prolonged the sleep time induced by pentobarbital, with roasted extract being more potent. In addition, chemical constituents in HPLC also were different. Thus, both roasted and non-roasted ZSS extracts potentiate the sleep onset and the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital, decrease locomotor activity, and reduce pentylentetrazole-induced convulsions, with roasting improving extract potency.

표고버섯은 Trichoderma spp.의 침입을 받으면 두 균이 접하는 부위에 다량의 laccase을 분비하여 갈색 대치선을 형성하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만, 어떤 경우에는 이러한 갈변현상이 전혀 혹은 거의 나타나지 않거나 상대적으로 늦게 발현되기도 한다. 또한, 현장에서는 Trichoderma spp. 의 종류에 의해 오염이 된 톱밥배지에서 갈색 대치선이 형성되지 않은 채 표고버섯에 따라 그리고 두 길항균이 처한 사항에 따라 표고버섯의 laccase 유도정도 및 갈변현상의 형성 및 변화 정도가 다른 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 표고버섯과 Trichoderma spp.의 균사가 서로 접한 부위에서 발생하는 두 균의 상호작용에 대해 다양하게 조사하였다. 1. YME 배지에서 표고버섯의 laccase 활성은 주로 10일 이후에 증가되기 시작하였고 20일을 기점으로 급격히 증가하였으며 30일을 전후하여 다시 감소하기 시작했다. 또한, laccase 활성도는 균체량 상관이 있었다. 2. 본 연구에 사용된 모든 Trichoderma spp.는 표고버섯의 laccase 활성을 촉진시켰으며 균주별로 약간의 차이가 있었다. 3. YMEA 배지에서 대치배양된 표고버섯은 모든 Trichoderma spp.의 침투에 대해 brown-line을 형성함으로써 길항작용을 보이면서 두 길항균은 서로의 균사생장을 억제하였으며 표고버섯의 균사생장이 더 억제되는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, T12균주의 경우 6일 이하로 배양된 표고버섯의 영양균사의 갈색 대치선의 형성을 유도하지 못했다. 4. Brown-line 형성 이후 Trichoderma spp.의 영양균사는 표고버섯의 영양균사 위로 계속해서 생장을 하였으며 이때, 갈색 대치선은 Trichoderma spp. 영양균사의 정단부위 직전에 형성되면서 이동하였다. 하지만, T4와 표고버섯의 영양균사가 서로 근접했을 경우 뚜렷한 갈색 대치선이 먼저 형성되고 그 이후 서로의 영역을 침범(over-growing)하지 못했으며 갈색 대치선은 이동하지 않고 안정적이었다. 5. 두 길항균이 서로 대치한 지역의 laccase 활성율을 부위별로 조사한 결과 laccase 활성율은 Trichoderma류의 종류에 상관없이 모든 처리구에서 B, C, A의 순으로 나타났다. 6. 두 길항균이 서로 대치한 지역의 pH를 조사한 결과 표고버섯의 균사 분포지역의 pH는 4.3~4.4, T12, T13의 경우 pH 4.5∼5.0, T1, T2, T5의 경우 pH 5.5∼6.7의 범위였으며 두 길항균의 길항작용 지역의 경우 두 균이 갖는 pH 범위의 중간정도의 값을 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는, T12, T13의 경우 표고버섯의 갈변 현상 유도가 느리거나 거의 유도하지 않는 점을 고려한다면, 갈변 현상 형성에 있어서 길항균의 pH 범위가 중요한 역할을 하는 것을 추정할 수 있었다. 7. 미강이 첨가된 톱밥배지 상에 3, 6, 9cm 기배양된 표고버섯에 접종된 Trichoderma spp.는 모든 처리구에서 갈색 대치선을 형성하였다. 하지만, 한천배지에서와는 상반되게 대치 후 2~3일이 지나면 표고버섯의 영양균사는 Trichoderma spp.의 균사 위로 생장을 하였다. 또한, 이때 배지의 pH는 표고버섯의 점유지역의 경우 pH 4.0∼4.5, Trichoderma spp.의 경우 pH 5.0∼6.0, 그리고 갈색 대치선을 형성지역의 경우 pH 4.5∼5.5의 범위였으나 표고버섯이 Trichoderma spp. 위로 생장한 지역의 pH는 4.3∼4.8의 범위를 나타냈다.

구기자혹응애(Eriophyes kuko KISHIDA)의 침입기에 의하여 구기자나무(Lycium chineens MILL.)외 잎형성된 혹(mite gall)의 생화학적 성질을 구명할 목으로 몇 가지 효소의 활성도, 화학성분의 함량 및 호량 등에 관하여 실험한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Catalase와 peroxidase 활성도는 건전한 잎의 직보다 혹 조직에서 높았으며 혹이 점차로 커짐에 따라 활성도도 높아졌다. 2. 조효소의 phosphorylase 활성도는 큰 혹(matured gall) 조직과 건전한 잎의 조직에 있어서 차이가 없었으나 활성 측정에 미치는 다른 효소의 영향을 고려하면 건전한 잎의 조직이 높은 것 같으며, phosphomonoesterase의 활성도는 건전한 잎의 조직보다 큰 혹 조직이 5배 가까이 높았으며 와 invertase 등의 활성도는 큰 혹 조직이 2배 가까이 높았다. 3. 조단백질 함량은 혹의 발생 형성초기인 작은 혹일때는 정도 건전한 잎의 조직보다 증가하였으나 혹이 점차 커 짐에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 환원당은 자은 측일 에는 약간 감소하는 경향이었으나 혹이 점차 커짐에 따라 증가하였다. 인과 tannin의 함량도 혹이 점차커짐에 따라 증가하여를 혹이 건전한 잎보다 2배정도 많았다. 4, 호흡에 있어서 는 혹 조직이 건전한 잎보다 높았으나, 는 반대로 건전한 잎이 높았으며, RQ는 혹 조직이 낮았다.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. In previous study, we isolated five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. In this study, we confirmed the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in leaves of O. elatus by different cultivation environment. Methods and Results : We analyzed three types of O. elatus in different cultivation environment (in vitro plant, in vivo plant and wild plant). We detected five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) in three types of plants by using HPLC. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the different cultivation environment. Syringin and adenosine were detected on all plants and showed different contents, respectively. We compared antioxidant activities such as total phenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH and reducing power assay. The values of antioxidant activities (DPPH and reducing power) in leaves of in vitro plants were higher than other plants. Also TPC and TFC in leaves of in vitro plants showed the highest contents. Conclusion : These results could be basic data for cultivation methods about enhancement of syringin and adenosine compounds contents in leaves of O. elatus.

This study was performed to analysis of chemical constituent in Polygonum multiflorum root (PMR) by different dry methods (hot-air dry, shade dry, and freeze dry). The results are summarized as followings; major free sugar were detected fructose, glucose, and sucrose in dried PMR based on various dry methods. The highest content of free sugars was found in freeze dried PMR. The four organic acids were detected in dried PMR by HPLC analysis. The content of oxalic acid in shade dried PMR was higher than the dried PMR by different dry methods. The content of total amino acid and essential amino acids were high in the orders of freeze drying > shade drying > hot-air drying. The potassium and magnesium levels of freeze dried PMR was significantly higher than the other drying method of PMR. Whereas the calcium and sodium levels were higher in hot-air dried PMR. The major fatty acids were determined the linoleic acid in PMR by different dry methods.

Background : In the previous results, antidepressants and anxiolytic Effects were reported from the leave extracts of Valeriana fauriei. The major compounds of leave were valeranone and valerianate. The purpose of this study was to the investigation of nerve related bioassay correlation and of low-molecular’s chemical constituents from different parts of V. fauriei. Moorover, we proposed the biochemical pathways from the low molecular’s chemical constituents of V. fauriei. Methods and Results : First, in order to investigate the chemical constituents of V. fauriei, we were analyzed the references of V. fauriei. And, we were analyzed the low molecular’s chemical constituents by using GC-MS from extracts of different parts from V. fauriei. As a result, 39 compounds, which are (+)-8-hydroxypinoresinol, (+)-hydroxipinoresinol, 2S (-)hesperidin, 4a, 10a-epoxy-aromadendrane, 6-methylapigenin, 8-hydroxypinoresinol, acetoxy- valerenic acid, acetylvalerenolic acid, actinidine, anismol A, baldrinal, dihydrode hydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9-isovalerate, E- (-)-3,4-Epoxyvalerenal, E- (-)-3,4-Epoxyvalerenyl acetate, E-valerenyl acetate, E-valerenyl isovalerate, hydroxy- valerenic acid, linarin, mononorvalerenone, orientalol C, pinorespiol, pinorespiol, spatulenol, valdiate, valeranone, valerenal, valerenic acid, valerenol, valerenyl hexanoate, valerenyl n-valerate, valerianine, valtrate, volvalelactone A, volvalelactone B, volvalerenone A, volvatrate A, volvatrate B, Z-valerenyl acetate, Z-valerenyl isovalerate. were reported as the chemical constituents of V. fauriei. And also, hexadecane, propanoic acid, 3-β-hydroxypregn-5-ene-20-carb oxylic acid, spiro [cyclopropane-1,8’ (1H’) methano, from flower, cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid, 1,1-Dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane, oleamide, 3-β-hydroxypregn-5-ene-20-carboxylic acid, per (trimethylsilyl)-D-lyxose from leaf, N- [(-)-jasmonoyl]- (S)-glutamic acid from stem, 9-octadecenamide, 1-ethyl-4- phosphorinanone, thiosemicarbazone, raffinose from root, were detected. We proposed the biochemical pathway from the chemical constituents of V. fauriei. Conclusion : The results of our study suggest that the proposal biochemical pathway of V. fauriei will be useful in the study of correlation of nerve related bioassay.

Background : Oplopanax elatus has many compounds such as essential oils, saponin, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyacetylenes etc. in all part of stems, roots, and leaves. It is traditionally used to treat asthma, depressive states, chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, and wounds. In this study, the evaluation of several factors affecting the variation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in stem of O. elatus. Methods and Results : Five compounds (uracil, adenosine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, and scoparone) were isolated from the water extract of in stems of O. elatus. We extracted stems of them with hot water by different temperature (85 and 100℃) and times (1, 4, and 7 hrs.) and analyzed contents of five compounds by HPLC and antioxidant activity such as DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assay. The contents of five compounds varied depending on the extraction time and extraction temperature, the contents of uracil and protocatechuic acid in extracts of stems reduced with times. However, there is no difference the amount of variation in chemical constituents in stems of O. elatus. The antioxidant free radical scavenging activities of its stem extracts in 85℃ water (IC50 = 34.56 ± 0.8 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) showed more activity than extracts in 100℃ water (IC50 = 39.58 ± 1.6 ㎍/㎖ of extracts) in ABTS assay. Conclusion : In conclusion, the contents of five compounds were not significantly affected by extraction time and extraction temperature. Therefore, these results could be basic data for the quality management of five compounds in stems of O. elatus extracted with hot water.

In this study, we investigated the variation in free sugars, amino acids, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity of Solanum nigrum Linne based on harvest time. Major amino acids identified by HPLC analysis were proline, histidine, and serine. The highest content of total amino acids were found in S. nigrum aerial parts and roots harvested on July 10th and August 10th. Four kinds of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose) were detected in S. nigrum, and the free sugar content varied significantly with harvest time. The fructose content of S. nigrum decreased with as harvest time increased. The total polyphenol content of S. nigrum was highest in those harvested on August 30th. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract from S. nigrum collected at different harvest times were measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts were assayed via nitric oxide suppression in C6 glioma cells with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. The anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant effects were the highest in the extract from S. nigrum collected on August 30th. Good correlations were observed between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in ethanol extract of S. nigrum roots harvested on August 30th.

Background: Previous phytochemical studies of whole Vernonia cinerea L. plants have identified sesquiterpene lactones, sterols, and triterpenes, which possess anticancer, antifeedant, and antimalarial activities. However, there are no reports of other types of bioactive metabolites. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify phenolic compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in the aerial parts of the plant.Methods and Results:Compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of V. cinerea using a silica and C-18 gel columns and semipreparative HPLC instrument, and the structures of the compounds were determined using one- and two- dimension nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The chloroform soluble extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potential based on their ability to inhibit nitric oxide production and TNF-α induced NF-κB activity.Conclusions:Phytochemical study of the aerial parts of V. cinerea led to the isolation of six phenolic compounds. Compound 1 was a major metabolite, and to the best of our knowledge, compounds 2 - 6 were isolated from V.cinerea for the first time. Among the isolates, compounds 1 and 3 exhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB activity with IC50 values of 7.5 and 11.5 M, respectively, and the inhibitory activity of phenyl propanoid compound 3 on TNF-α-induced NF-κB was evaluated for the first time.

With the development of diverse agricultures worldwide, biofortified rice noted for its preferable marketability and palatability plays an important role in the world's agricultural economics and rice breeding programs. In this report, several M5 of T-DNA inserted lines derived from the donor cultivars, 'Hwayong' and 'Dongjin', were selected for high or low protein, high lipid and low amylose content, respectively. The coefficients and ranges of variation for the chemical constituents between M4 and M5 T-DNA inserted lines were evaluated in comparison with those of the donor varieties. Results indicated that T-DNA insertion might be an effective way to generate useful variations for chemical composition of rice grains which could be used for the development of biofortified rice cultivars.