“Chamgreen” was a domestically developed rye (Secale cereal L.) cultivar in South Korea, known for its quick heading, cold resistance, and abundant yield of forage. The heading date of cv. 'Chamgreen' averaged April 17th, which was 4 days earlier than the standard cv. 'Gogu'. In the early harvesting stage, the plant height reached an average of 119 cm, 7 cm taller than the standard cv. 'Gogu', and the number of spikes per ㎡ was 865, slightly less than cv. 'Gogu's 897. Resistance to cold and powdery mildow remained consistent across four regions nationwide over three years, with an average rating of 0, matching cv. 'Gogu'. Lodging resistance was also rated at 2, equivalent to cv. 'Gogu'. The dry matter yield of cv. 'Chamgreen' was 9.1 tons per hectare, 15% higher than cv. 'Gogu's 7.9 tons. Although the protein content in cv. 'Chamgreen' was 13.5%, 1.6% lower than cv. 'Gogu', the total digestible nutrients (TDN) content was 5.81 tons per hectare, 20% higher than cv. 'Gogu'. Due to its strong cold resistance, cv. 'Chamgreen' allows for winter cultivation through double cropping and rotation systems in various regions across the country.

‘Choyoung’, a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2015. The cultivar ‘Choyoung’ has the leaves of medium width, long length and green color and a medium grain of brown color. The heading date of the cultivar ‘Choyoung’ was April 30 which was 2 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’. Its tolerance or resistance to cold, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust was similar to those of the check cultivar. But the resistance to the lodging of cultivar ‘Choyoung’ was stronger than that of the check. The average forage fresh and dry matter yield of cultivar ‘Choyoung’ at milk-ripe stages were 40.5 and 15.7 MT ha-1, respectively, which were similar to those (40.3 and 16.1 MT ha-1) of the check cultivar. The silage quality of ‘Choyoung’ was higher than that of the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ in crude protein content (5.9%), while was similar to the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ in acid detergent fiber (33.9%), neutral detergent fiber (57.3%), and total digestible nutrients (62.2%). It showed a grain yield of 5.59 MT ha-1, which was 38% higher than that of the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ (4.05 MT ha-1). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing forage crops in areas in which average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than -10 ℃.

Oats (Avena sativa L.), which are known as one of the forage crops of Korea, have good livestock palatability and are popular to cattle farmers because of their high dry matter. However, the cultivation of double cropping in the rice field was reluctant due to the late maturing for farmers to plant rice continuously. 'Hi-early', a winter oats for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2016. It was derived from a cross between ‘517A2-121’(IT133383) and ‘CI7604’ (IT133379). Subsequent generations followed by the cross were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Suwon, Iksan and Jeonju, respectively. After preliminary and advance yield test for 2 years, ‘SO2004015-B-B-23-1-3-7’, designated as a line name of ‘Gwiri92’, were subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield during 3 years in four parts such as Jeju (upland), Yesan (upland), Iksan (upland), and Jeonju (paddy), from 2014 to 2016, and finally named as ‘Hi-early’. Cultivar ‘Hi-early’ has the characteristics of medium leaves of green color, thick diameter culm, and medium grain of brown color. Over 3 years, the heading date of ‘Hi-early’ was about 9 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Samhan’ (April 26 and May 5, respectively). Average forage fresh yield of ‘Hi-early’ harvested at milk-ripe stage was similar to check cultivar (40.2 tone ha-1 and 40.0 tone ha-1, respectively), and dry matter yield also was similar to check cultivar (14.2 tone ha-1 and 14.0 tone ha-1, respectively). Cultivar ‘Hi-early’ was lower than the check cultivar ‘Samhan’ in terms of the protein content (6.2% and 7.0%, respectively) and total digestible nutrients (61.0%, and 62.5%, respectively), while the TDN yield was more than the check (7.91 tone ha-1 and 7.64 tone ha-1, respectively). Fall sowing cropping of ‘Hi-early’ is recommended only in areas where average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than -6°C, and it should not be cultivated in mountain areas, where frost damage is likely to occur.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of addition of lactic acid bacteria inoculants on quality of rye silage harvested at early heading stage. The nutritive values in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculated group showed similar results to control. The pH of rye silage in LAB inoculation significantly decreased as compared to control (P<0.05). In addition, the content of lactic acid in LAB inoculation significantly increased (P<0.05), but the content of acetic acid in LAB treatments decreased. In addition, lactic acid bacterial counts in LAB inoculation significantly increased as compared to control (P<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that rye silage could be improved by LAB inoculation.

‘Shinseong’, a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2015. The cultivar ‘Shinseong’ was selected from the cross RONDO/2*ERIZO_11//KISSA_4/3/ ASNO/ARDI_3//ERIZO_7 by CIMMYT (Mexico) in 1998. Subsequent generations were handled in pedigree selection programs at Mexico from 1999 to 2004, and a line ‘CTSS98Y00019S-0MXI-B-3-3-5’ was selected for earliness and good agronomic characteristics. After preliminary and advance yield testing in Korea for 3 years, the line was designated ‘Iksan47’. The line was subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield in seven locations, Jeju, Iksan, Cheongwon, Yesan, Gangjin, Daegu, and Jinju from 2013 to 2015 and was finally named ‘Shinseong’. Cultivar ‘Shinseong’ has the characteristics of light green leaves, yellow culm and spike, and a medium grain of brown color. The heading date of cultivar ‘Shinseong’ was April 24 which was 3 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’. The tolerance or resistance to lodging, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust of ‘Shinseong’ were similar to those of the check cultivar. The average forage dry matter yield of cultivar ‘Shinseong’ at milk-ripe stages was 15 MT ha－1, which was 3% lower than that (15.5 MT ha－1) of the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’. The silage quality of ‘Shinseong’ (6.7%) was higher than that of the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ (5.9%) in crude protein content, while was similar to the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ in acid detergent fiber (34.6%), neutral detergent fiber (58.6%), and total digestible nutrients (61.6%). It showed grain yield of 7.2 MT ha－1 which was 25% higher than that of the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ (5.8 MT ha－1). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing forage crops in areas in which average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than －10℃.

‘태한’은 내한성이 있어 남부지역뿐만 아니라 충청지역 에서도 월동이 가능하면서 숙기가 빨라 논에서 벼 앞그루 로 재배할 수 있는 조숙 다수성 귀리 품종 개발을 목표로 2012년 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 육성되었다. 잡종 은 2000년에 ‘말귀리’을 모본으로 하고, ‘CI18015’를 부본 으로 온실에서 인공 교배하여 작성되었으며, 집단 및 계통 선발에 의해 내한성이 강하고 초형이 우수한 ‘SO00020BYB- 15-5-9-4-3’ 계통을 선발하였다. 이 계통은 2008년부터 2009년까지 2개년에 걸쳐 생산력검정시험을 실시하였으며, 숙기가 빠르고 수량이 많아 ‘귀리78호’로 계통명을 부여하 고 2010년부터 2012년까지 3년간 충남 예산, 전북 익산(전 작과 답리작), 제주 등 4개 지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시 하였다. 그 계통은 2012년 9월 신품종으로 선정되었으며, 그 특성은 다음과 같다. 귀리 신품종 ‘태한’은 녹색 잎, 황 색 줄기, 담황색의 종실을 가졌다. 출수기는 전국 평균 5월 8일로 표준품종인 ‘삼한’ 보다 7일 빨랐다. ‘태한’의 내한 성은 ‘삼한’과 대등하였고, 도복에 강하였다. 건물수량은 ha 당 평균 14.5톤으로 14.1톤인 ‘삼한’에 비해 다소 높은 경 향을 보였으나 유의성은 없었다. ‘태한’은 조단백질 함량이 6.3%, 가소화양분총량(TDN)이 60.7%로 ‘삼한’ (각각 7.7 %, 62.1%)에 비해 다소 낮았으나 TDN 수량은 ha당 9.1톤으로 8톤인 ‘삼한’ 보다 1.1톤 많았다. ‘태한’의 적응지역은 1월 최저평균기온이 －6℃ 이상인 지역이면 전국 어느 곳에서 나 재배가 가능하며, 특히 벼 이앙이 빨라 월동작물의 재배가 곤란한 지역에서도 답리작 재배를 통한 조사료 생산 이 가능하다.

‘옥한’은 내한성이 있어 남부지역뿐만 아니라 충청지역에서도 월동이 가능하면서 숙기가 빨라 논에서 벼 앞그루로 재배할 수 있는 조숙 다수성 귀리 품종 개발을 목표로2011년 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 육성되었다. 잡종은 1995년에 출수가 빠르면서 종실이 대립인 ‘아리80’을모본으로 하고, 출수기가 중생 정도이고 대립종이며 초형이 좋은 ‘Maine PI-590’을 부본으로 온실에서 인공교배하여 작성되었으며, 집단 및 계통 선발에 의해 내한성이 강하고 초형이 우수한 ‘SO95027-B-45-16-10-6-2-Y7-10’ 계통을 선발하였다. 이 계통은 2005년부터 2008년까지 3개년에걸쳐 생산력검정시험을 실시하였으며, 숙기가 빠르고 수량이 많아 ‘귀리74호’로 계통명을 부여하고 2009년부터 2011년까지 3년간 충남 예산, 전북 김제와 익산, 제주 등 4개지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시하였다. 2011년 11월 신품종으로 선정되었으며, 그 특성은 다음과 같다. 귀리 신품종‘옥한’은 좁은 녹색 잎, 황갈색 줄기, 황갈색의 긴 종실을가졌다. 출수기가 전국 평균 5월 6일로 표준품종인 ‘삼한’보다 6일, 제주지역에서는 11일 빨랐다. ‘옥한’의 내한성은‘삼한’과 대등하였고, 도복에 강하였다. 건물수량은 ha당평균 15톤으로 14.1톤인 ‘삼한’에 비해 6 % 많았다. ‘옥한’은 ‘삼한’에 비해 조단백질 함량이 9.2 %, 가소화양분총량(TDN)이 58.5 %로 다소 낮았으나 TDN 수량은 ha당 8.7톤 으로 8.36톤인 ‘삼한’ 보다 340 kg 많았다. ‘옥한’의 적응지역은 1월 최저평균기온이 －7 ℃ 이상인 지역이면 전국 어느 곳에서나 재배가 가능하며, 특히 벼 이앙이 빨라 월동작물의 재배가 곤란한 지역에서도 답리작 재배를 통한 조사료 생산이 가능하다.

‘조성’은 국내에서 답리작 재배가 가능한 조숙성 트리티케일 품종 개발을 목표로 2010년에농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 육성되었다. 계통은 1992년에 국제밀 옥수수연구소(CIMMYT)에서 FAHAD_5와 RHINO1R.1D 5+10 5D'5B'의잡종에 FAHAD_5를 여교잡하여 작성되었으며,선발된 고세대 계통인 ‘CTSS92Y-A-4Y-0M-5Y0B’에 대해 2006년부터 2007년까지 2년간 생산력 검정시험을 실시하였다. 이 계통은 숙기가빠르고 건물수량이 많아 ‘익산26호’로 계통명을 부여하고 2008년부터 2010년까지 3년간에걸쳐 제주 익산 청원 예산 나주 대구 및진주 등 7개 지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시하여 2010년 11월 신품종으로 선정되었으며, 그특성은 다음과 같다. 트리티케일 신품종 ‘조성’은 농록색 잎, 황색 줄기, 황갈색의 큰 종실을가졌다. 출수기가 전국 평균 4월 24일로 표준품종인 ‘신영’보다 5일, 제주지역에서는 10일빨랐다. ‘조성’의 한해는 ‘신영’과 대등하였고,도복에 강하였으며, 습해 흰가루병 및 잎녹병등에 저항성이었다. 건물수량은 ha당 평균 14.5톤으로 16.5톤인 ‘신영’에 비해 12% 낮았다.‘조성’은 ‘신영’에 비해 조단백질 함량이 5.3%로 다소 낮았으나 NDF 및 ADF 함량(%)이 낮아 TDN 함량(%)이 64.0%로 ‘신영’에 비해2.1% 높았다. ‘조성’은 ‘신영’에 비해 천립중이46.6g, 중이 692g으로 무겁고, 종실수량이 ha당 5.1톤으로 ‘신영’보다 40% 많았다. 적응지역은 1월 최저평균기온이 10 이상인 지역이면 전국 어느 곳에서나 재배가 가능하며, 특히벼 이앙이 빨라 월동작물의 재배가 곤란한 지역에서도 답리작 재배를 통한 조사료 생산이가능하다.

본 시험은 이탈리안 라이그라스 내한성 품종을 육성하기 위하여 1999년부터 2005년까지 축산연구소 조사료자원과에서 수행되었다. 이탈리안 라이그라스 신품종 '코그린'은 2배체 품종으로서 엽의 색은 녹이며, 월동전 초형은 반직립형, 봄의 초형은 직립형이다. 코그린은 5월 4일경에 출수하는 조숙성 품종이었다. 특히, '코그린'은 'Florida 80' 보다 지엽의 폭이 0.7mm, 지엽의 길이가 2cm로 넓고 길며, 초장은 85m로 Florida 80 보다

‘Jungmo2501’ (Avena sativa L.), a winter oat for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2010. The following is the characteristics of ‘Jungmo2501’ that is characterized as light green leaf, yellow brown culm and whitish yellow grain. The heading date of ‘Jungmo2501’ was about 3 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Samhan’(May 7 and May 10, respectively). Its plant height was 11 cm longer than 103 cm of the check, and the leaf blade ratio of aerial parts was 26 % higher than the check (11.8% and 9.4%, respectively). The cold tolerance, resistance to lodging and wet injury of ‘Jungmo2501’ were similar to those of the check. The average forage dry matter yield of ‘Jungmo2501’ harvested at milk-ripe stage was 5% higher than the check (15.5 ton ha -1 and 14.7 ton ha -1 , respectively). ‘Jungmo2501’ was higher than the check in terms of protein content (6.6% and 5.9%, respectively), neutral detergent fiber (58.5% and 57.6%, respectively), and acid detergent fiber (34.5% and 32.1%, respectively), while total digestible nutrients was lower than the check (61.6% and 63.6%, respectively), and TDN yield was 0.37 ton ha -1 more than that of the check (9.71 ton ha -1 and 9.34 ton ha -1 , respectively). The silage grade of ‘Jungmo2501’ estimated by Flig score showed level Ⅱ, meaning good quality. Fall sowing cropping of ‘Jun

In recent years, the efficiency and accuracy of QTL analysis for identification of useful traits have been increased by high-throughput genotyping. In a previous study, the genome variation of significant DNA polymorphism was observed in early maturing type rice mutant (EMT) by comparing with that of wild type (WT). For detection of major QTL for flowering time, we constructed a linkage map of 36 InDel- and 6 SNP- markers. In the linkage analysis of F2 plants derived from the cross “WT x EMT”, we have detected one potential QTL region on chromosome 6 by M6-3 marker. Also, the Hd1, which contained the target fragment of M6-3 marker, exhibited the relatively high nonsynonymous substitutions in genes located on chromosomal region from M6-2 to M6-4. To evaluate the reliable allele segregation related to expected Mendelian ratio between M6-3 and its flanking markers, M6-3 marker developed in Hd1 gene exhibited the 1:2:1 ratio as clear monogenic segregation in heterozygous F3 plant. Additionally, we further analyzed the different transcript regulations of OsGI and Hd3a gene related to Hd1 involved in photoperiodic flowering pathway. Although the mRNA levels of Hd1 had no difference between WT and EMT, the Hd3a as downstream effector of Hd1 significantly upregulated in EMT, suggesting that Hd1 gene may become nonfunctional.

‘수양’은 우리나라에서 재배가 가능한 조숙 양질 다수성 쌀귀리 품종을 육성하고자 1996년에 조숙성인 ‘식용귀리’를 모본으로, 조숙 대립 겉귀리 계통인 ‘귀리23호’를 부본으로 인공교배를 하여 계통 및 집단육종법에 의해 선발된 ‘SO96025-B-303-44-2-4’ 계통이다. 이 계통은 2003년부터 생산력검정시험을 거쳐 계통명이 ‘귀리56호’로 명명되었고, 2005년부터 지역적응시험을 거쳐 2010년에 육성된 품종이다. ‘수양’의 잎은 담녹색이고 폭과 길이는 좁고 짧으며, 종실은 길고 황갈색이다. ‘수양’의 출수기는 재배지 평균 4월 28일로서, 기존에 육성된 ‘선양’에 비해 11일 빨랐으며, 성숙기 또한 6월 7일로서 ‘선양’에 비해 6일 빨랐다. ‘수양’의 내한성은 표준품종인 ‘선양’ 보다 강하였고, 도복도 ‘선양’과 같은 수준이었다. ‘수양’은 m2당수수가 568개로 51개 적었으나, 1수립수는 73개로서 7개 많았고, ℓ중은 646 g으로서 596 g인 ‘선양’에 비해 50 g, 천립중은 29.2 g으로 4.2 g 무거운 편이었다. 지역적응시험에서 ‘수양’의 평균 종실 수량은 4.35 톤/ha으로 표준품종인 ‘선양’보다 29% 많았다. ‘수양’은 ‘선양’에 비해 탈부율이 100%로 높고, 조단백질 함량이 11.3%, 베타글루칸 함량이 4.7%로 표준품종인 ‘선양’과 비슷하였다.

The timing of flowering, which is of crucial importance for plant growth and survival, is controlled by intricate pathways. To identify heading date-QTL, we constructed high resolution map on chromosome 3 using heterogeneous inbred family-near isogenic lines (H-NILs) derived from F7 RILs generated by the cross of early-heading japonica rice ‘H143’ and middle-late-heading indica-japonica hybrid cultivar ‘Milyang23’. QTL and subsequent sequence analysis using H-NILs revealed that the gene underlining QTL EH3, which is detected in the region of Hd16, is EL1 encoding casein kinase I (CKI). Two types of single amino acid substitutions in Ser/Thr kinase domain of EL1 were found in various cultivars, among which H-NIL(eh3) caused loss of function in EL1 demonstrated by altered heading date and GA response. Moreover, the phosphorylation of EL1 appears to involve in EL1 activity to regulate heading date. Transcriptional analysis clearly indicated that H-NIL(EH3) suppresses heading under LD conditions by down-regulating Ehd1, there by Hd3a and RFT1 expressions were not induced, suggesting that EL1 is photoperiod-sensitive and functions as a LD-specific suppressor of heading. Further characterization suggested that EL1 is likely to involve in anther development and seed settings by regulating GAMYB expression. Our study demonstrated that the genetic basis of natural variation occurred in ‘H143’ was revealed by QTL analysis using H-NILs, and EH3/EL1 function is crucial for heading and development in rice. The genetic natural variation of H-NIL(eh3) may have contributed to adaptation of rice cultivation to the higher regions by regulating the expression of rice flowering activator genes and GA signaling.

Mutation breeding is characterized by its merit, creation of new mutant characters and addition of very few traits without disturbing other characters of variety. Gamma ray is generally used to induce mutation in various crops. Heading dat is one of the key factors in the regional and seasonal adaptation of rice verity. This study was carried out to evaluate agronomic characteristics, genetic variation and grain quality of early heading rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin 1) lines derived from gamma-ray (Co60, 300 Gy) irradiation. The average heading date of the early heading lines in M7 and M8 generation was faster than that of mother verity as 11 (line γ-2), 10 Aug (line γ-5), 6 Aug (γ-1 line), 5 Aug (γ-3 and X-1), 4 (line γ-4) days, respectively. The selected lines showed shorter culm length and ear length compared with the control. Total spikelets per panicle, percent ripened grain and thousand grain weight of the lines were also mostly shorter or lower than those of the control except total spikelets per panicle of γ-4 and γ-5 lines. When genetic variations of rps16-trnK region were evaluated by nucleotide analysis, nucleotide length of the rps16-trnK region was 664 bp in all the early-heading lines and control. Out of 5 sites of nucleotide transposition detected in the region, however, 2 sites were appeared only in the early-heading lines. Amylose content of the early heading lines ranged from 18.3% to 18.4% and the content was included in high eating quality. Protein content of the lines ranged from 6.6% to 7.0%. The content belonged to Top-rice showing under 7% of protein content. Toyo taste value of the lines ranged from 76.3% to 84.8%.

식물유전자원의 소재를 확대하고자 동진 1호 벼의 건조 종자에 감마선(60Co, 300 Gy)을 조사하여 선발한 조기출수 계통의 유전적 변이성을 분석하였다. 선발한 조기출수 계통의 M7(2010년)과 M8(2011년) 세대에서 평균 출수기는 대조품종인 동진 1호(중만생종) 보다 각각 11일(γ-2 계통), 10일(γ-5 계통), 6일(γ-1 계통), 5일(γ-3 계통), 4일(γ-4 계통)이 빠르게 나타났다. ISSR 분석 결과, 선발계통의 유전적 다형성은 γ-2 계통 5.9%, γ-1 계통 7.5%, γ-4 계통 15.1%, γ-3 계통 15.3%, X-1 계통 19.4%, γ-5 계통 23.4%로 대조품종의 4.3% 보다 높게 나타나 방사선 조사로 DNA 수준에서 변이가 증가되었음을 확인하였다. 엽록체 DNA(rps16-trnK 영역) 분석 결과, 염기 길이는 대조 품종과 같은 664 bp인 반면, 총 5개 염기서열 영역에서 치환 변이가 발생하였고 그 중 6 bp 및 587 bp 영역의 변이는 선발 계통에서만 나타났다.

국립식량과학원에서 조사료용 조숙호밀을 개발하고자 1995 년에 ‘조춘호밀’등 10개 품종을 방임수분으로 혼합교배하여 그중에서 형질이 우수한 계통(SR95POP-S1-119-2-11)을 선발하여 생산력을 검정한 결과 그 특성이 우수하여 ‘호밀30호’로 계통명을 부여하고 5개 지역에서 4개년간 지역적응성을 검정하여 조숙이면서 조사료 수량이 많을 뿐만 아니라 지역간, 연차간 재배안정성이 높은 것으로 나타나 2006년 직무육성신품종 선정위원회에서 ‘다그린’으로

국립식량과학원에서 조사료용 조숙호밀을 개발하고자 1995년에 "조춘호밀" 등 10개 품종을 방임수분으로 혼합교배하여 그중에서 형질이 우수한 계통(SR95POP-S1-1072-1-2-4)을 선발하여 생산력을 검정한 결과 그 특성이 우수하여 호밀38호로 계통명을 부여하고 4개 지역에서 3개년간 지역적응성을 검정하여 조숙이면서 조사료 수량이 많을 뿐만 아니라 지역간, 연차간 재배안정성이 높은 것으로 나타나 2008년 직무육 성신품종 선정위원회에서 "올그린"으