ZnO/Cu/ZnO (ZCZ) thin films were deposited at room temperature on a glass substrate using direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF, 13.56 MHz) magnetron sputtering and then the effect of post-deposition electron irradiation on the structural, optical, electrical and transparent heater properties of the films were considered. ZCZ films that were electron beam irradiated at 500 eV showed an increase in the grain sizes of their ZnO(102) and (201) planes to 15.17 nm and 11.51 nm, respectively, from grain sizes of 13.50 nm and 10.60 nm observed in the as deposited films. In addition, the film’s optical and electrical properties also depended on the electron irradiation energies. The highest opto-electrical performance was observed in films electron irradiated at 500 eV. In a heat radiation test, when a bias voltage of 18 V was applied to the film that had been electron irradiated at 500 eV, its steady state temperature was about 90.5 °C. In a repetition test, it reached the steady state temperature within 60 s at all bias voltages.

Cars using diesel have always had problems with reducing exhaust fumes, and have been studied steadily in this regard. There were studies on the remanufacturing effect of DOC catalyst deactivated by diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, analysis of vehicle fire accident cases caused by damage to diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, and related studies on the remanufacturing effect of diesel vehicle smoke reduction device DPF. This study also developed a burner system in a smoke reduction device suitable for exhaust engines to completely burn smoke generated by institutions using diesel engines in low-temperature exhaust gases. The main systems to be developed are high-performance heaters, burner structures that can maintain ignition in exhaust flows, and exhaust flow control units that reduce exhaust gas backflow effects caused by diesel engines.

Coupled thermo-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) processes are essential for the long-term performance of deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. In this study, a numerical sensitivity analysis was performed to analyze the effect of rock properties on THM responses after the execution of the heater test at the Kamaishi mine in Japan. The TOUGHFLAC simulator was applied for the numerical simulation assuming a continuum model for coupled THM analysis. The rock properties included in the sensitivity study were the Young’s modulus, permeability, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion coefficients of crystalline rock, rock salt, and clay. The responses, i.e., temperature, water content, displacement, and stress, were measured at monitoring points in the buffer and near-field rock mass during the simulations. The thermal conductivity had an overarching impact on THM responses. The influence of Young’s modulus was evident in the mechanical behavior, whereas that of permeability was noticed through the change in the temperature and water content. The difference in the THM responses of the three rock type models implies the importance of the appropriate characterization of rock mass properties with regard to the performance assessment of the deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste.

Small-sized heater is usually used to make the hot water in resting place, factory, household affairs and so on. One of methods to obtain hot water in short time is known as using instantaneous electric water heater. In this study, numerical analysis for small-sized hot water heater with straight double tube-type was tried to achieve the basic design data. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of thermal flow, for instance, such as pressure difference, outlet mean temperature and velocity, due to clearance. As the clearance is decreased, outlet mean temperature and pressure difference(Pmax.-Pmin.) are increased. Therefore appropriate relations between area of heat source and pressure difference should be set up. Further small-sized hot water heater in this study must be equipped with electric device capable of heating over 90℃.

This paper reports critical heat flux(CHF) performance on wire heater according to material, thickness, length, cross sectional shape. Water was employed as the working fluid, which was saturated at 1 atm. By comparison of CHF values with difference conditions of wire length, contact resistance inherent in the experimental apparatus could be analyzed, which had made the bias error in many research groups. So, exact value of CHF could be measured, which was consistent with the literatures. The CHF value showed decrease tendency, as the cross sectional area increased and reach to the capillary length of the working fluid. Meanwhile, the effect of thermal properties on CHF was not observed in the experimental cases. This data would be used as a reference data in research field of CHF using wire heater, i.e. reactivity initiative accident(RIA).

This study analyzes the internal temperature characteristics of heater module using a numerical method when the constant heat flux and heat flux time are applied to the surface heating element. The horizontal and vertical dimensions of heater module are 100mm, and the height is 5mm. The heat flux is 10,000W/m2, 15,000W/m2, and 20,000W/m2, and heat flux time is 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 15 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds and 50 seconds, respectively. When the heat flux time was 50 seconds, the temperature of the surface heating element rose to 120.5°C, while the skin epidermis temperature rose 1.7°C. As a result, the surface temperature of the surface heating element increased greatly in the horizontal direction, while it increased low in the depth direction. This is because the heat conduction of the surface heating element is transmitted in the X-Y plane direction, and the thermal conductivity of the pet(polyethylene terephthalate) film and insulation sheet under the surface heating element is very low. when the heat flux at the surface heating element is 20,000W/m2, the skin's epidermal temperature rises up to 0.82℃ compared to 10,000W/m2 and 15,000W/m2.

In this study, optimizations were carried out for a heater core and an evaporator installed in a passenger car. The main geometric parameters of each component were selected as design variables, and the main performances examined were the outlet temperature and the pressure drop. In addition, the sensitivity analysis was performed to grasp the dominant design variable. The thermal flow analysis for each component was performed using the commercial program STAR CCM+. On the other hand, EasyDesign, a commercial program based on DOE and metamodel-based optimization, was used as an optimization tool. The optimized performances of the heater core were compared with performance target, and finally, the improved designs of the heater and the evaporator were presented.

Both theoretical and experimental investigations were conducted to analyze defrosting behavior of a window heater operating in the low outdoor temperature(-20℃). To achieve this purpose, first a warm-chamber experiment(23℃) were performed to measure inner and outer surface temperature of the rear window as functions of both time and position. Secondly, a cold chamber experiment was made to continuously record defrosting process of the frosted window. Therefore this study was carried out to presume for mutual relation of analysis condition to get the optimum temperature distribution by three-way layout. The results shown that coefficient of determination has a fine reliability over 99.77%, 99.85% and temperature distribution is made by three-way layout.

본 연구에서는 서로 다른 열전달 특성을 가진 탄소섬유 전기발열체와 경유온풍난방기가 온실 내부의 온습도, 에너지소비, 작물생육 등에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 오이 재배 단동온실에 대한 난방 비교시험을 수행하였다. 전기발열체 온실에서 난방용량이 온실 환경과 난방기 운전에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 온실에 6, 9, 16kW의 전력을 각각 공급한 결과 전기발열체 ON-OFF 주기는 각각 9, 11, 15회로 비례하여 증가하였으며 온실 내부 평균온도는 각각 15.2, 15.3, 15.6oC, 평균상대습도는 84, 81, 76%로 나타나 난방 용량이 클수록 온실내부 온도는 높고, 상대습도는 낮게 나타났다. 또한 6, 9kW 가동 시 하부온도가 상부보다 0.1oC 높았으며 16kW 가동 시는 상부 평균온도가 하부보다 0.2oC 높았다. 전기발 열체와 경유온풍난방기의 비교 시험에서는 난방 시 온실 상부와 하부의 온도차가 전기발열체 온실이 0.1~0.2oC로 경유온풍난방기 온실의 0.5~0.6oC보다 작았으며, 온실 상류와 하류의 온도차는 전기발열체 온실이 0~0.1oC로 경 유온풍난방기 온실의 1.3~1.4oC보다 작아 정밀한 온도관리가 가능하였다. 난방기간 동안 사용한 에너지사용량은 경유온풍난방기 온실이 경유 867L를, 전기발열체 온실이 전력량 8,959kWh를 사용하였으며, 난방비용은 각각 607 천원과 403천원이 소요되어 전기발열체 온실에서 약 34%의 비용절감 효과가 있었다. 전기발열체 온실의 경우 상대적으로 군락 상하부의 환경관리가 균일하여 초장을 비롯한 전반적 생육상황이 경유온풍난방기 온실보다 좋았으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으며, 수확량 역시 전기발열체 온실의 작물군락 하부 온도가 경유온풍 난방기 온실보다 1.3oC 더 높게 관리되어 4.3% 증수효과가 있었으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 원예 시설의 최적 난방 관리를 위해서는 각 난방기의 열전달 특성에 기초하여 난방기 용량, 배치, 열분배 방법에 대한 설계가 요구되며, 전열선 형태의 난방기 역시 작물형상 및 재배방법을 고려하여 전열선의 개수, 위치, 방열 온도 등에 대한 설계가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.

우리나라 시설 재배면적은 2015년 기준 52,526ha이고 이 중 난방면적은 15,878ha이다. 이중 석유를 이용하여 난방하는 온실 면적은 13,314ha로서 전체 난방면적의 84%를 차지하고 있다. 고가의 시설비가 투자된 자동화 온실에서 겨울철에 난방기를 사용하여 채소 및 화훼류를 재배할 경우 생산비 중에 난방 비가 차지하는 비중이 40%를 웃돌고 있다. 우리나라의 폐윤활유 발생량은 2015년에는 249,965kL이고 이중 회수량은 197,469kL로서 발생량의 79% 수준이다. 또한 회수한 폐윤활유의 재활용량은 2015년 기 준 195,691kL로서 재활용율이 99%에 달한다. 그러므로 저가의 대체연료 사용에 따른 농가 소득 증대의 관점에서 볼 때 시설난방에 폐윤활유를 사용하는 것은 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 폐윤활유를 농용 난방기의 연료로서의 사용 가능성을 분석하고자 하였다. 연구결과 농용 난방기의 연소 가스온도는 폐윤활유를 연료로서 사용하였을 때가 중유를 연료로서 사용했을 때에 비해 평균 6.1%, 경 유를 연료로 사용하였을 때보다 평균 3.1% 높게 나타났다.

In the industrial field, various type of fuel have been used for product processing facilities. Recent for 10 years, the usage of natural gas (NG) was gradually increased. Because it has many merits; clean fuel, no transportation, storage facility and so on. There are common safety concept that strict explosion protection approaches are needed for facilities where explosive materials such as flammable liquid, vapor and gases exist. But some has an optimistic point of view that the lighter than air gases such as NG disperse rapidly, hence do not form explosion environment upon release into the atmosphere, many parts has a conventional safety point of view that those gases are also inflammable gases, hence can form explosion environment although the extent is limited and present. In this paper, the heating equipments (Hot Oil Heater) was reviewed and some risk management measures were proposed. These measures include hazardous area classification and explosion-proof provisions of electric apparatus, an early gas leak detection and isolation, ventilation system reliability, emergency response plan and training and so on. This study calculates Hazardous Area Classification using the hypothetical volume in the KS C IEC code.

PURPOSES: The national highways and expressways in Korea constitute a total length of 17,951 km. Of this total length of pavement, the asphalt pavement has significantly deteriorated, having been in service for over 10 years. Currently, hot in-place recycling (HIR) is used as the rehabilitation method for the distressed asphalt pavement. The deteriorated pavement becomes over-heated, however, owing to uncontrolled heating capacity during the pre-heating process of HIR in the field. METHODS: In order to determine the appropriate heating method and capacity of the pre-heater at the HIR process, the heating temperature of asphalt pavement is numerically simulated with the finite element software ABAQUS. Furthermore, the heating transfer effects are simulated in order to determine the inner temperature as a function of the heating system (IR and wire). This temperature is ascertained at 300 ℃, 400℃, 500℃, 600℃, 700°℃, and 800℃ from a slab asphalt specimen prepared in the laboratory. The inner temperature of this specimen is measured at the surface and five different depths (1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm) by using a data logger. RESULTS: The numerical simulation results of the asphalt pavement heating temperature indicate that this temperature is extremely sensitive to increases in the heating temperature. Moreover, after 10 min of heating, the pavement temperature is 36%~38% and 8%~10% of the target temperature at depths of 25 mm and 50 mm, respectively, from the surface. Therefore, in order to achieve the target temperature at a depth of 50 mm in the slab asphalt specimen, greater heating is required of the IR system compared to that of the gas. CONCLUSIONS : Numerical simulation, via the finite element method, can be readily used to analyze the appropriate heating method and theoretical basis of the HIR method. The IR system would provide the best heating method and capacity of HIR heating processes in the field.

In this study, temperature variation characteristics in a flat plate with sheath heater are investigated through experiment and numerical analysis. ANSYS fluent is used to calculate the temperature distribution in the heating plate system. Transient condition is applied to observe temperature variation with the sheath heater operation, and thermal resistance on the contacted surfaces is also considered. Experimental data agree well with numerical results obtained for heat generation rate from sheath heater, Local temperature variation on the surface of flat plate is also predicted through this simulation. There is large temperature variation in the air surrounded flat plate, especially at the top of flat plate with natural convective heat transfer. These results will be helpful in optimal design for various systems equipped with sheath heater.

This paper analyzed air temperatures at outlet according to condition of absorber plate of the solar air heater. Effects on air temperature at outlet of duct according to absorber plate temperature were analyzed by using numerical analysis technique. And also the effects on air temperatures at outlet were analysed by the height and position of absorber plate. As the results, air temperatures at outlet of duct was small influenced in velocity 5 m/s of inlet according to absorber plate temperature. And the highest outlet average temperature distribution appeared at the height of 2 cm and the bottom absorber plate of duct at the inlet aspect ratio 2.

PURPOSES : To design a pre-heater for warm in-place recycling equipment, three different heating systems were evaluated to determine their thermal efficiency. METHODS: In this study, a 30cm×30cm×15cm wheel-tracking specimen was used to measure the inner temperature as a function of the heating system. The inner temperature of the specimen was measured with a data logger at the surface, and at depths of 1cm, 2cm, 3cm, 4cm, and 5cm. To evaluate the thermal efficiency, the researchers used three different types of equipment, namely, IR, a heating wire, and a gas burner. RESULTS: The IR heating system exhibits a higher level of performance than the others to achieve the target temperature at a depth of 5cm in the specimen. The gas burner system was capable of heating the surface to a temperature of up to 600℃. The other types, however, cannot heat the surface up to 600. The thermal efficiencies were measured based on the laboratory conditions. CONCLUSIONS: To find the most effective system for application to the development of a pre-heater for warm in-place recycling, various systems (IR, heating wire, gas burner) were examined in the laboratory. As a result, it was found that the hot plate of a gas burner system provides the highest temperature at the surface of the asphalt but, of all the systems, the IR system provides the best internal temperature increase rate. Furthermore, a gas burner can age the asphalt binder of the surface layer as a result of the high temperature. However, the gas burner cannot attain the target temperature at 5cm. The IR system, on the other hand, is effective at increasing the internal temperature of asphalt.

In this study, temperature variation characteristics in the stone board cutting device with sheath heater were analyzed through numerical investigation. Four 2kW sheath heaters whose length and diameter are 1800mm, 11mm are installed, and the initial temperature is -5℃. Also Transient condition is used for temperature variations with the operating time of sheath heater. From the analysis, transient temperature variations of cutting device after operating the sheath heater were predicted. Temperature variations were predicted that mainly appears in part contacted with the sheath heater. The result will be helpful in optimal design for various system equipped with sheath heater.

The performance of cascade cycle air-source heat pump has been investigated experimentally. The cascade heat pump cycle consists of high temperature of R134a and low temperature of R410a. We have complementary primary air source heat pump. As a result, we produce the products with the best performance. The rated capacity of heat pump is 25kW and the cold capacity of heat pump is 25kW. The KSCOP_C of colder condition is 2.61 and KSCOP_A of average condition is 2.74 and KSCOP_W of warmer is 2.74.