Symptomatic joint degeneration is a common chronic musculoskeletal disorder worldwide. The literature has noted that some clinicians find treating this condition “technically challenging,” while others find it to be “unchallengingly routine.” We believe that all clinicians treating symptomatic joint degeneration should have a robust understanding of the mechanobiological interactions between the synovial lining, synovial cells, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and subchondral bone. This four-part narrative review describes how inner lining synovitis and cellular changes in the subchondral region, including the development of bone marrow edema, are symptom generators in some patients with various grades of joint degeneration. This review suggests that physical therapists (PTs) should acquaint themselves with the concept of mechanotransduction and more fully consider cellular mechanosensitivity and mechanoresponsiveness as exercise loading and manual interventions loads are placed upon joints with degenerative change. We call for additional research efforts in the area of protocol development for low-load exercise intervention and between PTs and physicians who may have access to laboratory facilities and imaging equipment. This research could allow for both direct and indirect assessment of intra-articular pressure, synovial fluid, and bone marrow edema after the application of therapeutic exercise and joint mobilization.

Background: Children with cerebral palsy face challenges in maintaining body stability because of structural and functional defects. Their ability for responsive balance control is diminished. While there exist various trunk stabilization exercises such as Kinetic Link training (KLT) and the Bird-dog posture, there is a notable dearth of research that applies KLT specifically to children with cerebral palsy. Objectives: To investigate the effects of KLT and Bird-dog exercise on gross motor function and balance in children with cerebral palsy. Design: Quaxi-experimental study. Methods: The study participants were randomly divided into two groups: 15 individuals in the KLT group and 15 in the Bird-dog group. General characteristics were examined, and initial measurements of Gross motor function measure (GMFM) and Pediatric balance scale (PBS) were taken prior to the intervention. Each group engaged in KLT exercises and Bird-dog exercises for 20 minutes, three times a week over an 8 week period. Following the completion of the 8 week intervention, secondary measurements of GMFM and PBS were conducted. Results: In the KLT group, both PBS and GMFM showed a significant increase after the intervention compared to before (P<.05). Similarly, in the Bird-dog group, both PBS and GMFM significantly increased after the intervention compared to before (P<.05). There was a significant difference observed in PBS when comparing the pre- and post-intervention changes between the two groups (P<.05), whereas no significant difference was found in GMFM between the groups when comparing the pre- and post-intervention changes (P>.05). Conclusion: The interventions involving KLT and Bird-dog exercises were observed to effectively enhance PBS and GMFM in children with cerebral palsy. Specifically, it was evident that KLT was more beneficial in improving balance abilities compared to Bird-dog exercise.

Background: Proprioception in the ankle joint is important for maintaining balance. There is a correlation between joint position sense (JPS), balance and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF-ROM). Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of talocrural joint mobilization (TJM) and muscle energy technique (MET) of plantar flexor muscle (PF) on improving joint position sense (JPS) and static balance. Design: Cross-over randomized trial research. Methods: Sixteen participants (male 10, female 6; 20’s of their age) without ankle instability were recruited. In a randomized, three conditions, no intervention, talocalcaneal mobilization, and PF-MET were all applied to 16 participants. For TJM, the Kaltenborn grade 3 joint gliding method, in which the talus moves posteriorly perpendicular to the tacrocrural joint plane, were used. In the PF-MET, MET method were applied gastrocnemius muscle and soleus muscle with 25% of 1 Repeat Maximum of each muscle. The all participants performed PF-MET and TJM for 18 minutes. DF-ROM measured the weightbearing lunge test. JPS measured using the active joint angle reproduction test. Static balance was measured displacement of center of pressure parameter. Results: PF-MET and TJM had significant differences in DF-ROM and AP displacements. PF-MET significantly increased at 5° and 15° of plantar flexion and 5° of dorsiflexion, and COP velocity significantly decreased in JPS compared to TJM. Conclusion: PF-MET and TJM are effective in increasing DF-ROM. However, PF-MET has a more positive effect on improving JPS and static balance than on talocrural joint mobilization.

Brand resonance plays a crucial role in customer relationship management and the development of brand equity between customers and the brand. Therefore, effective methods for promoting customers’ brand resonance are critical in the hospitality industry for gaining competitive advantages and establishing sustainable management strategies. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationships among brand coolness, customer inspiration, and brand resonance in the hospitality industry, as well as the mediating influence of customer inspiration. A total of 451 customers from 25 well-known brand restaurants in Taiwan returned questionnaires. These restaurants are recommended by TripAdvisor and had elements of coolness indicated in the customer reviews. Among the 451 participants, 260 (57.6%) were female and 191 (42.4%) were male; 344 (76.3%) were unmarried; 279 (61.9%) had received a college-degree certificate or above; and most were 21 to 30 years old (36.6%). The results revealed that brand coolness positively affected customer inspiration and brand resonance and that customer inspiration positively affected brand resonance. Furthermore, customer inspiration mediated the relationship between brand coolness and brand resonance. The study contributes to the hospitality literature of brand resonance. These findings can apply for the practice of brand management and customer relationship management in the hospitality industry.

In this study, when a communication wire harness is defective due to long-term operation of a vehicle with a high-speed CAN communication network, the unique ID information of each controller and the oscilloscope waveform are analyzed to find defects. As a result of the experiment, it was possible to know whether the circuit of the main wiring was disconnected by the differential voltage analysis, and it was possible to confirm whether the sub-wiring was disconnected due to the generation of saw blade waveforms in the bus idle part. In addition, the fault location could be found with controller ID information and communication circuit analysis.

In the event of an defective wire in the low-speed CAN communication of vehicle, the problem had to be solved by relying on fault codes or using expensive measuring equipment. An experiment was conducted to analyze waveforms of communication circuits with wire conditions such as normal, short circuits in the main body, and mutual short circuits. When the controller drives the CAN transceiver and transmits a message, the voltage and current waveforms were measured using an OEM oscilloscope to check for abnormalities in the circuit. As a result, it was confirmed that when a defective wire occurs in low-speed CAN communication, the CAN driver can switch to the fail-safe mode to exchange normal messages.

Background: Bird dog exercise (BDE) is one of the lumbar stabilization exercises that rehabilitate low back pain by co-contraction of the local and global muscles. Previous studies have reported the effect of various type of BDEs (for example, practicing the exercises on various surfaces and changing the limb movement) for muscle co-contraction. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of knee joint flexion position of the raised lower limb on abdominal and back muscle activity during BDE in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Methods: Thirteen males participated in this study (age: 32.54 ± 4.48 years, height: 177.38 ± 7.17 cm). Surface electromyographic (SEMG) data of the internal abdominal oblique (IO), external abdominal oblique (EO), lumbar multifidus (MF), and thoracic part of the iliocostalis lumborum (ICLT) were collected in two knee joint flexion positions (90° flexion versus 0° flexion) during BDE. The SEMG data were expressed as a percentage of root mean square mean values obtained in the maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Results: Greater muscle activity of the IO (p = 0.001), MF (p = 0.009), and ICLT (p = 0.021) of the raised lower limb side and the EO (p = 0.001) and MF (p = 0.009) of the contralateral side were demonstrated in the knee joint flexion position compared to the knee joint extension position. Greater local/global activity ratios of the abdominal muscle (i.e., IO and EO) of the raised lower limb (p = 0.002) and the back muscle (i.e., MF and ICLT) of the contralateral side (p = 0.028) were also noted in the knee joint flexion position. Conclusion: BDE with a knee joint flexion position might be recommended as an alternative lumbar stabilization exercise to enhance muscle activity in both the raised lower limb and the contralateral sides of the trunk for individuals with CLBP

In order to identify the CAN message sent from the ECU, the CAN waveform and operating current were measured during the operation of the CAN driver.CAN ID was identified in the same phase as the measured voltage waveform and operating current, and reverse engineering was performed .And, by measuring CAN bus wire EMI noise, it was tested whether CAN ID was identified.CAN ID verified ECU data using CAN analyzer.

In this paper, each controller's unique ID and PICO oscilloscope were used to measure the voltage waveform of each CAN communication line, and compare and analyze the serial decoding results. Using the voltage change level of the CAN communication line, it was possible to check whether the CAN-High line and the Low line were disconnected. And it was possible to infer the circuit disconnection point between the controller and the controller only with the unique ID information of each controller. And when the CAN-High circuit was disconnected, the voltage of the high line was measured at the same voltage level as the Low line.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of using films on students’ reading comprehension and attitude toward their English study in the context of a college English class. Specifically, it attempted to examine how a film-based English reading class affected students’ reading comprehension and attitudes toward their study, and how they recognized the film-based English reading class. Thirty-one college students were asked to take pre- and post-tests in English reading, and to respond pre- and post-questionnaires regarding their affective domain, and a focus group of four students was voluntarily interviewed with one of two researchers. Quantitatively, a paired t-test was employed to compare the statistical means from those two samples, and qualitatively, the framework developed by Miles and Huberman (1994) was adopted to describe the major phases of data analysis. The results of data analysis indicated that 1) Using films in the college English reading was helpful for students to comprehend the given text, and to understand other cultures; 2) Also this film-based reading class optimally contributed to the affective domain such as students’ attitudes, interests, and confidence levels. Based on these results, pedagogical implications for effective English reading classes were suggested.

Background: The myofascial release technique is known to be an effective technique for increasing posterior fascia flexibility in short hamstring syndrome (SHS) subjects. But therapeutic mechanism of myofascial relaxation remains unclear. Recently, the theory of autonomic nervous system domination has been raised, however, a proper study to test the theory has not been conducted. Objectives: To investigate whether the application of the myofascial release technique can induce changes in the autonomic nervous system and affect the secretion of stress hormones and myofascial relaxation. Design: Quasi-experimental study. Methods: Twenty-four subjects with SHS were randomly divided into two groups. In the experimental group, the suboccipital muscle inhibition (SMI) technique was applied to the subjects for 4 min in supine position, and in the control group, the subjects were lying in the supine position only. A forward flexion distance (FFD) was conducted, blood pressure, heart rate, and cortisol levels were measured before and after the intervention and 30 min after intervention to determine myofascial relaxation and stress hormone levels. The evaluation was conducted separately in blind by an evaluator. Results: A FFD decreased in the experimental group, no change in cortisol was observed. On the contrary, a decrease in cortisol appeared in the control group after 30 minutes. Conclusion: The myofascial release technique is an effective treatment to increase the range of motion through posterior superior myofascial chain, but there is no evidence that myofascial release technique can control the autonomic nervous system.

이전의 스트레스 및 대처 문헌은 효과적인 스트레스 대처 전략이 개인의 복지에 대한 스트레스의 부정적인 영향을 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 대처가 조직에도 도움이 될 수 있다고 제안한다. 본 연구에서는 노력-보상 불균형이 직원의 잡 크래프팅에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고 이 관계에서 직원의 지각이 고용가능성과 조직몰입이 조절역할을 하는지 알아보고자 하였다. 또한, 노력-보상 불균형과 반생산적 과업행동 간 관계를 잡 크래프팅이 매개하는지 알아보고였다. 이를 위하여 본 논문에서는 한국에 종사하는 203명의 직원들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 회귀분석법으로 자료를 분석하였는데, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노력-보상 불균형이 높을수록 잡 크래프팅이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 노력-보상 불균형과 구조적 직무자원을 증가시키는 행동, 사회적 직무자원을 증가시키는 행동, 그리고 도전적인 직무요구를 증가시키는 행동에 정 (+)의 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그런데, 노력-보상 불균형과 방해되는 직무요구를 감소시키는 행동에 관계가 없는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 과도위임과 사회적 직무자원을 증가시키는 행동, 도전적인 직무요구를 증가시키는 행동에 정 (+)의 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 둘째, 노력-보상 불균형과 잡 크래프팅 간의 정적 관계는 지각이 고용가능성이 낮을 때보다 높을 때 더 강하게 나타났다. 셋째, 노력-보상 불균형과 잡 크래프팅 간의 정적 관계는 조직몰입이 낮을 때보다 높을 때 더 강하게 나타났다. 넷째, 잡 크래프팅은 노력-보상 불균형과 반생산적 과업행동 간의 관계에서 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 추가적으로 해당 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과들을 토대로 연구의 의의 및 한계 점, 향후 연구를 위한 제언 등을 통합적으로 논의하였다.