The present study was carried out to investigate the biological activity of ethanol extracts from fermented Opuntia humifusa with 3 different mushroom mycelia: Phellinus linteus, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus. Fermented Opuntia humifusa by Phellinus linteus (FOP) and Lentinula edodes (FOL) showed more DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities than non-fermented Opuntia humifusa (NFO) and fermented Opuntia humifusa by Pleurotus ostreatus (FOPO). At a concentration of 250 ppm, the ABTS radical scavenging activities of the FOP and FOL were similar to that of BHA, a synthetic antioxidant. The total polyphenol content had a similar tendency to that of the radical scavenging activity. However, the flavonoid content was increased in the order of NFO, FOL, FOPO, and FOP. At all concentrations, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of FOP and FOPO were significantly higher than that of kojic acid. During adipocyte differentiation, NFO and FOL showed no significant difference in lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. FOP and FOPO showed a higher fat accumulation inhibitory effect than NFO and FOL. These results provide baseline data for Opuntia humifusa as a novel functional food.

Glycoproteins isolated from fruit bodies and mycelial cultures of mushrooms exhibit anti-carcinogenic actions in human cancer cells and animal tumor cells by induction of apoptosis. Here, we report that isoflavone-conjugated glycoproteins (designate Gluvone), exhibit strong anti-carcinogenic effects on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by induction of apoptosis. Gluvone with 9.4 kDa of molecular weight was isolated from submerged-liquid culture of Agaricus blazei mycelia (ABM) in soy flake-containing liquid medium. MCF-7 cells were incubated with various amounts of Gluvone (0~250 μM) for a period of 6 days. Gluvone exhibited anti-proliferative actions in a dose-dependent manner and 62% growth inhibition at 200 μM for 4 days relative to control. Hoechst 33258 staining analysis revealed that Gluvone induced formation of apoptotic bodies. Gluvone was associated with down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression as well as up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax protein expression. Gluvone treatment induced proteolytic activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 through cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol as well as concomitant degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, Gluvone induced activation of caspase-8. Taken all together, these results indicate that the anti-proliferative effect of Gluvone is associated with induction of apoptotic cell death through the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway mediated by enhancement of Bax protein expression and suppression of Bcl-2 protein expression.

Anti-diabetic activities of cultured mycelia from Ganoderma applanatum are being evaluated in this study. The OGTT and 4-weeks of repeated oral efficacy tests are conducted in mice at the doses of 0 (vehicle treatment), 25, 75 and 225 ㎎/㎏/day, respectively. In human study, the test article was administered orally every day for 8-week at a dose of 1,500 ㎎/㎏, tid and placebo group. The blood glucose levels (BGL) at 0.5 hour after treatment are significant decreased in all treatment groups of OGTT test. In the 4-week test, BGL of 75 and 225 ㎎/㎏/day group is continuously decreased during all treatment periods and the BGL of 25 ㎎/㎏/day group show decreasing trends at the final week, the pancreas weight of all treatment groups are being increased, and the Langerhans-islet numbers were increased at all treatment groups with a dose-response manner. There are no test article-related abnormal signs and the fasted blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPG) and HbA1c are decreased significantly after 8-week treatments. These results that the cultured mycelia from Ganoderma applanatum could decrease BGL by protecting the degeneration of Langerhans islets.

새송이버섯(Pleurotus eryngii)은 인기 있는 식용버섯 중의 하나로서 항산화, 항암 또는 면역조절 기능 등의 인체에 유익한 생리활성 기능을 지닌다. 본 연구에서는 새송이버섯 균사체 배양 시 커피음료 생산 과정으로부터 폐기되는 커피박(spent coffee ground: SCG) 첨가에 의한 균사체의 생장과 기능성의 변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과, SCG(1-10%, w/v) 첨가 시 생장속도가 상당히 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 특히 1% SCG 첨가 시 무첨가에 비해 건조중량이 2.5배 증가함으로써 SCG가 탁월한 새송이버섯 균사체의 생장촉진제 기능이 제시되었다. SCG 첨가에 의하여 균사체의 polysaccharide 함량은 변화가 없었으나 polyphenol량 및 항산화능의 증대를 확인할 수 있었다.

Grifola frondosa has been used as an herbal medicine for the treatment of cancer, diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure. In this study, functional polysaccharide was obtained from Grifola frondosa using four different extraction methods: hot water(HwFP), homogenize(HgFP), acid(AcFP), and alkali(AlFP) extraction methods. The effects of these extracts on KB and HepG2 cell lines were then examined for any anti-cancer activity. Alkaline extraction produced a yield of 0.175% and the total sugar content of the extract was 54.97%. We were able to confirm that the polysaccharide extracts from the mushroom produce an anti-cancer effect. The cytotoxicity of AlFP and AcFP against HepG2 cells were 22.86% and 28.88%, respectively, and the cytotoxicity of AlFP against the KB cell lines was 47.76% at a concentration of 1, 000 ㎍/㎖. Therefore, these results suggest that the optimum method for extracting functional polysaccharides from G. frondosa is the alkali extraction method.

Beauveria bassiana is one of universal insect pathogenic fungi that have been used for biocontrol agent against insect pests. This fungus has also been studied for medicinal use. To meet for commercial use, the artificial production of the fruit body of this fungus has been established by the Mushtech Co in Korea. This study was carried out to define the morphological features of the fruit body of B. bassiana developed through artificial cultivation. For the observation of mycelia growth, B. bassiana was cultured on the Sabouraud Dextrose agar plus Yeast Extract(SDAY), nut-supplemented medium, and Fe ion-supplemented SDAY at 25℃ for 15 days. The variation of colony color was observed between the different media. Strong pigmentation was observed on Fe ion-supplemented SDAY. To investigate morphological characteristics of fruit body, geminating ascospores and vegetative hyphae were observed though light microscopy and scanning microscope. During seven weeks of cultivation period, the development process of apical fertile part of stromata can be separated by the development stage of perithecia. To understand the developing process of fruit body at the transcript level, investigating process of distinct gene expression according to cultural condition and developmental stage was discussed.

[Introduction] Matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake), an ectomycorrhizal fungus has low activity for polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes such as amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase. Therefore, only glucose and a few other monoand di-saccharides can be used to grow this fungus. Then, we examined the possibility for the mass production of the mycelia using the saccharified rice bran as growth substrate. [Methods and Results] For the selection of Kouji-mold, 32 strains of Aspergillus spp. were tested. These fungi were cultivated in potato dextrose liquid (PDL) medium added rice bran and amylase activities were assayed. As a result, Kouji-mold from Isesou Mugi Kouji (Asp. oryzae) was selected to use for saccharification of rice bran. When the saccharified rice bran was used as the growth substrate, the mycelical growth was enhanced. In this mushroom, the dry weight mycelia increased at about 3.0 times (control : 50mg, saccharified rice bran : 160mg, 60days, 24℃) by using saccharified rice bran compared with that of the control without saccharified rice bran. From there results, we see that saccharified rice bran is a useful culture material for the mass production of matsutake mycelia. Chemical analysis in saccharified rice bran solution was done with TLC and HPLC. The large amounts of glucose and maltose were detected in the saccharified solution. Now, we are trying to hydrolyze of cellulose and hemicelluloses components in rice bran using Asp. kawachii or Asp. saitoi isolated from Shouchu kouji.

A Lentinula edodes was known to the excellent foods that abundant in nutritious components such as a fiber, minerals and vitamins. Fermentation conditions for rice wine were examined by using the medicinal herbs and the incuvated-rice with mycelia of Lentinula edodes. The average of ethanol contents was in the range of 3.4~4.1% at initial fermentation, increasing up to 16.9% after 15 days. Total acid, pH, reducing sugar and alcohol content were similar to the control during storage periods. The change of colors was measured by Hunter's color value during fermentation. The L value was the highest on 15th day of fermentation.

현재까지 연구로는 흰목이 균사체에서 EPS 생산과 균사생장에 대한 적정 정치배양 조건이 연구되었다. 본 연구로부터 탄소원과 질소원의 처음 농도, 균사 형태와 발효조의 타입의 선택은 흰목이 균사체 EPS 생산에 가장 영향을 미친다는 것을 알게 되었다. 이들 결과는 공기주입식 반응기에서 EPS 생산성은 진탕탱크 반응기 보다 더 높았다는 점을 증명하였다. 또한 흰목이 균사의 정치배양의 생리적 생장에 대한 지식은 아직도 제한적이다.

This study was performed to investigate the possible effect of sunlight on the reduction or degradation of mycelia and aflatoxins. The mycelia and aflatoxins were produced by Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517 in a yeast-extract sucrose broth (YES) and potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and then exposed to sunlight. The weight of mycelia was decreased to 76.8% in 8 hours and to 66.7% in 168 hours(p$lt;0.05). The total aflatoxin level was significantly decreased to below 50% (46.3% in the YES broth and 49.6% in the PDA) in 8 hours (p$lt;0.05). After 168 hours, a 90.4% degradation of aflatoxin in the YES broth and a 77.2% degradation of aflatoxin in the PDA was observed, respectively (p$lt;0.01). The results showed that the degradation ratios of total aflatoxin level increased with increased exposure time to sunlight. These results indicate that sunlight could be an effective factor in aflatoxin degradation although its effect on mycelia was less pronounced.

This study analyzed the physicochemical characteristics of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) fermented with seven different mushroom mycelia. Physicochemical characteristics, such as contents of moisture, pH, total reducing sugars, free sugar, and isoflavonoid, were investigated. The moisture content was increased in most of the samples. The pH values of AM fermented with Phellinus linteus and Flammulina velutipes were increased, while the pH of other samples were similar to that of non-fermented AM. The reducing sugar content was in the range of 211.69~391.74 mg/100 g. The extraction yield using water was higher than that when extracted with 80% ethanol. The free sugar content was increased through fermentation with mushroom mycelia. However, the glucose contents of the 80% ethanol and water extracts were decreased. Finally, the calycosin and formononetin contents in 80% ethanol and water extracts of AM fermented with Phellinus linteus were 2,549.24 mg/g, and 827.66 mg/g for calycosin, and 1,366.69 mg/g and 221.28 mg/g for formononetin, respectively. These results suggest that fermentation with mushroom mycelia could be used to increase the bioactivity of AM. The mycelium-fermented AM might be a valuable source of functional material and edible resource for industry.

감귤 부위별 및 감귤 주스 가공 후 폐기되는 착즙박을 배지로 하여 재배된 간, 표고, 새송이, 산호침, 참부채 및 영지 버섯) 균사체의 GC/MS에 의한 휘발성 물질을 분석하였다. 감귤 분말에서 휘발성 물질은 29종류이었는데, , , , caryophyllene, , germacrene-D 및 은 감귤류의 essential oil 중의 성분들이었으나 8-hydroxy-linalool, , tetradecanoic acid 및 pentadeca