The objective of this study was to determine the ultrasonication-assisted extraction conditions that maximize the DPPH radical scavenging activity of extracts obtained from the stems of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz through the application of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Before delving into the analysis of extraction conditions using the RSM model, we conducted efficiency validation of ultrasonication-assisted extraction and executed single-factor experiments for ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature. The data obtained from these single-factor experiments were employed to construct the Box-Behnken Design (BBD). In these results, in the single-factor experiments, it was evident that the parameters for ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature exhibited quadratic trends. The single-factor experiments allowed us to discern the trends for each parameter leading to the maximum antioxidant capacity, and this data was subsequently applied to the BBD. Following the completion of initial experiments, a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model was constructed based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD). According to the predictive model developed in this study, it was anticipated that performing ultrasonic-assisted extraction for 85.0412 minutes at an ethanol concentration of 32.573% and an extraction temperature of 51.5608°C will result in a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 79.7146%. The predictive results were statistically verified through a comparative analysis with actual measurements and ANOVA analysis, confirming the statistical significance of the model. The finding of this study underscore the significance of optimizing extraction conditions in the precise quantification of the antioxidant potential for economic advantages in both experimental and industrial contexts.

This study evaluated the effects of heat treatment on gastrodin and gastrodigenin content, and antioxidant activities, in Gastrodia elata Blume. Gastrodin and gastrodigenin content was analyzed post-method validation, and antioxidant activity evaluation, including assessing total polyphenol content, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activities, was done. The validation of the analysis method demonstrated excellent linearity. The limits of quantification of gastrodin and gastrodigenin were 2.89 and 3.47 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the results of intra- and inter-day precision analysis demonstrated relative standard deviation values, within 5%. The recovery rates for gastrodin and gastrodigenin were 97.22~98.85 and 97.99~99.91%, respectively, indicating good accuracy. Under different heat treatment conditions, gastrodin and gastrodigenin content significantly increased (p<0.05), ranging from 91.15 to 310.27 and 559.66 to 830.02 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Additionally, the total polyphenol content exhibited a significant (p<0.05) increasing trend, ranging from 1,444 to 1,798 mg/100 g DW, as the temperature and time of heat treatment increased. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities demonstrated an increasing trend at 120℃ during heat treatment. These research findings are expected to enhance our understanding of the changes in gastrodin and gastrodigenin content, and antioxidant effects in Gastrodia elata Blume during heat treatment.

계종버섯은 중국에서 맛과 향에서 최고의 버섯으로 평가받고 있으며, 본초강목에 그 효능이 기록되어 전해지고 있으나 효능과 물질연구 및 인공재배법 개발이 요구되고 있는 상황이다. 항산화 활성과 항염증 활성을 가지는 기능성 물질의 확보와 기능성식품 개발을 위한 기초자료를 확보하기 위하여 유기용매 추출물과 열수 추출물을 제조 하고, 활성이 높은 분획물을 얻고자 하였다. CH2Cl2와 MeOH 혼합용매로 추출한 다음 비극성용매와 극성용매로서 용해성에 따라 분획하고, 열수 추출로 추출물을 확보하였다. 분획물과 추출물을 이용한 항산화 활성 조사에서 는 열수 추출물(TA4)의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능에 대한 IC50값이 1.5 mg/mL로 나타났고, MeOH 분획물(TA2)에서는 IC50값이 1.93 mg/mL로 높게 나타났다. NO생성 억제율로 조사한 항염증 활성은 EtOAc 분획물(TA1)은 조추출물이지만 100 μg/mL 처리농도에서는 79% NO생성이 억제되고, 200 μg/mL 농도에서는 NO가 전혀 생성되지 않았다. TA1 물질을 2차례 TLC로 분리한 TA1-5-6물 질은 15 μg/mL 처리농도에서 대조구와 비교하여 NO생성이 86% 억제되었고, 30 μg/mL 농도에서는 NO 생성이 완전히 억제되었다. 그리고 세포독성 실험에서는 50 μg/mL 농도에서도 전혀 독성이 나타나지 않았다. MeOH 분획물 (TA2) 유래의 TA2-1-5물질은 30 μg/mL 처리농도에서 75% 이상 NO생성이 억제되었으며, 세포 독성은 50 μg/mL에서도 아주 낮게 나타났다. 선택적 용매의 선별과 추출 방법의 개발을 통하여 세포 독성이 없고, 생리활성이 뛰어난 계종버섯 분획물 확보가 가능하였고, 기능성식품 및 건강 기능성소재로서의 충분한 잠재력을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구는 아이스플랜트의 기능성 소금 대체제로서의 가능성을 조사하고자 천연 및 정제소금과의 NaCl, Dpinitol, 총 페놀, 총 플라보노이드 및 DPPH 라디칼 소거능에 대한 기초자료를 비교 조사하였다. 아이스플랜트 동 결건조분말의 NaCl 함량을 분석한 결과 19%이었고 Dpinitol의 함량은 777 mg/100 g으로 천일염 및 정제염에 비해 NaCl 함량은 유의적으로 낮으나 D-pinitol을 함유하고 있어 건강기능성에는 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 아이스플랜트 동결건조분말의 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 115 mg/100 g 및 985 mg/100 g을 함유 하고 있어 DPPH라디칼 소거능의 항산화효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 아이스플랜트 분말의 bioactive compound을 함유한 대체 소금 천연소재로서 가능성을 확인한 기초 연구를 제공하였다.

The change of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of black soybean flours after germination and roasting treatment were evaluated as a part of the purpose of setting the quality of black soybean flours for each application. The moisture content of roasted black soybean flours decreased significantly according to roasting temperature and time, and the crude ash, protein, and fat contents increased. Water binding capacity of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination increased significantly according to roasting temperature and time, however water solubility index and swelling power decreased. The lightness of roasted black soybean flours was significantly decreased, and the redness and yellowness increased. The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours increase with increasing roasting temperature and time. The total polyphenol contents of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination were 5.43∼7.81 and 4.52∼6.17 mg GAE/g, and total flavonoid contents were 2.90∼3.50 and 2.34∼3.01 mg CE/g, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination was 254.98∼415.05 and 171.95∼295.15 mg TE/100 g, and ABTS radical scavenging activity was 459.74∼596.37 and 422.95∼526.85 mg TE/100 g, respectively. As a result, it is necessary to set quality standards for each application considering the quality and antioxidant properties of roasted black soybean flours.

양파의 이용 다변화를 위하여 껍질과 육질을 각각 100∼300℃의 조건에서 아임계수로 추출하여 그 특성을 조사하였다. 양파 껍질과 육질 모두 추출 온도가 상승함에 따라 아임계수 추출물의 페놀 함량이 증가하였다. 양파 껍질 추출물은 250℃에서 quercetin, quercetin 3,4'-diglycoside, quercetin-3- glucoside의 함량이 가장 높았고, 육질 추출물은 quercetin 3,4'-diglycoside 의 함량이 200℃에서 가 장 높았으나 quercetin 및 quercetin-3-glucoside의 함량은 상대적으로 미미하였다. 양파 껍질과 육질 추출물의 quercetin및 그 배당체 함량은 300℃에서 급격히 감소하였다. 양파 껍질과 육질 모두 추출 온도가 증가할수록 아임계수 추출물들의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 alcohol dehydrogenase 활성을 향상시 켰다. 이상의 결과는 적절한 아임계수 조건이 양파 추출물의 생리활성을 향상시킬 수 있음을 시사한다.

The aim of this work was to select suitable fermentation treatments for the efficient bioconversion of cactus (Opuntia humifusa Raf.) bioactive components with an improved radical scavenging activity for use as a nutraceutical. To obtain microorganisms for the microbial conversion of cactus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC8294, Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC 3099, Lactobacillus plantarum KERI 236 and Monascus pilosus KCCM 60029 (ATCC 22080) were used for fermentation. Fermentation by Lac. plantarum KCTC 3099 was the most effective at scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals and reducing iron ( ). In particular, uronic acid levels showed a remarkable increase in fermentation. The polyphenol and quercetin content of the fermented cactus showed large increases from 108.65 μg/mL and 2.71 μg/mL to 227.83 μg/mL and 9.73 μg/mL, respectively, showing a maximum level at 36 h of fermentation with Lac. plantarum KCTC 3099. Thus, cactus fermentation with Lac. plantarum is an useful process for the enhancement of antioxidant contents and activity of fresh cactus.

This study investigated the changes in chemical components, antioxidant compounds, and activity before (BG) and after germinated (AG) brown rice in order to promote the availability of these beneficial factors. The GABA content of BG and AG brown rice were 0.07~6.61 and 11.13~49.72 mg/100 g, respectively. The α-amylase activity of AG brown rice was 1.77~70.25 unit/g fold higher than it was in BG brown rice. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, which are known to be related to antioxidation, were higher in BG brown rice than in AG brown rice. The total polyphenol contents of BG and AG brown rice were 10.52~36.38 and 11.38~26.33 mg/100 g, and the total flavonoid contents were 3.55~13.39 and 3.52~9.78 mg/100 g, respectively. Also, DPPH radical scavenging activity was 57.64~251.34 and 50.49~213.35 mg TE/100 g, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity and total tannin content showed a similar trend to DPPH radical scavenging activity. We expect that this data will be useful in the manufacturing of food products.

본 연구에서는 국산밀 품종에 대해 발아시간에 따른 항산 화 성분 및 항산화 활성을 측정하였다. 발아시간에 따른 국산 밀 에탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀, 플라보노이드 및 탄닌 등 페놀성분의 함량은 발아시간에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보이 는 것으로 나타났다. 무처리 금강밀, 조경밀, 백중밀 및 고소 밀의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 13.74, 15.05, 16.84 및 13.02 mg GAE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 총 플라보노이드 함량은 각 각 5.11, 6.72, 6.28 및 5.43 mg CE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 유의성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 총 탄닌 함량은 각각 9.19, 8.86, 8.93 및 8.66 mg TAE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따 라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 유의성을 보이는 것으로 나타 났다(p<0.05). 금강밀, 조경밀, 백중밀 및 고소밀의 DPPH 라 디칼 소거활성은 각각 30.77, 23.88, 25.35 및 18.73 mg TE/100 g이었으며, 25℃에서 72시간 발아 시료가 각각 47.47, 44.17, 38.22 및 42.85 mg TE/100 g으로 유의적으로 높은 활성을 보 이는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). ABTS 라디칼 소거활성은 각 각 83.42, 88.53, 88.87 및 79.97 mg TE/100 g이었으며, 발아시 간이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다 (p<0.05). 이상의 결과 국산밀의 발아를 통하여 페놀성분 및 라디칼 소거활성이 증진된 효과를 얻을 수 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Calocybe indica (Purkayastha, 1974), Milky mushroom, is a relatively new to the world of mushroom industry, which is belong to Lyophyllaceae of Basidiomycota, and commonly used as edible mushroom in India and Southern Asia country. This study was conducted to investigate the free radical scavenging, skin whitening and anti-collagenase activities of methanol extract from fruiting body of C.indica cultivated in Bangladesh. In addition, the polyphenol compounds of the extract were analyzed by HPLC. The mushroom extract showed good activity in lipid peroxidation which ranged from 29.35% to 55.39% at the concentration 0.125~2.0 mg/mL. The scavenging activity of the extract on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy radicals were from 20.22~83.93% at the same tested concentration, which were comparable with the positive control BHT. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the extract was 76.24~93.92%. The skin whitening effect of the mushroom extract was performed with UV light protecting, tyrosinase and DOPA inhibitory activities. The methanol extract absorbed UV-B wavelength with maximum level of 0.356 at 280 nm. The tyrosinase and DOPA inhibitory activities of the extract were ranged from 30.36 ~ 66.25% and 7.13 ~ 30.25% at the concentration 0.125~2.0 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, anti-collagenase activity were determined by measuring collagenase and elastase inhibitory activity. The collagenase and elastase inhibitory activity of the extract were 42.77% and 51.08% at the concentration 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. The experiment results suggested that fruiting body of Calocybe indica could be used as natural skin care and antioxidant agents.

본 연구에서는 포도즙의 양(0 g, 50 g, 100 g, 150 g, 200 g)을 다르게 첨가하여 포도 양갱을 제조하고, pH, 당도, 색도, 기계적 물성, 총 페놀 함량, DPPH, 관능평가를 실시하였다. 포도양갱의 pH는 포도즙의 첨가량이 증가할수록 pH 값이 낮아지면서 유의적인 차이를 보였으며, 당도는 대조군이 1.47 Brix로 가장 낮게 나타났고, 포도즙 첨가량이 증가할수록 당도가 점점 높아져 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 색도는 명도값(L값)과 황색도(b값)이 포도즙 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였으나, 적색도(a값)는 그와 반대로 증가하였다. 물성 측정 결과, 포도즙 첨가가 증가할수록 경도는 증가하는 경향을 보였지만, 탄력성, 응집성, 점착성, 씹힘성은 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 총 페놀 함량은 포도즙 첨가량이 증가할수록 높은 값을 보였으며, DPPH radical 소거능도 총 페놀 측정 결과와 마찬가지로 대조군에서 가장 낮은 활성을 나타내었으며, 포도즙 첨가가 증가할수록 높은 항산화 활성을 보였다. 관능평가 결과, 색, 향, 맛 등의 전체적인 기호도에서 포도즙 150 g 첨가군이 가장 높은 점수를 받았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 항산화 실험에서 포도즙 200 g 첨가군의 결과가 가장 좋았으나, 관능검사 결과, 포도즙 150 g 첨가군을 가장 선호하는 결과를 함께 고려해 볼 때는 포도즙 150 g이 첨가된 양갱시료의 실용화가 바람직 할 것으로 사료된다.

Russula compacta, a wild mushroom, belongs to Russulaceae, Russulales of Basidiomycota. This study was conducted to evaluate the free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase and anti-α-glucosidase effects from fruiting bodies of R. compacta extracted with methanol and hot water. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging effects, the methanol and hot water extracts showed good scavenging effects comparable with positive control, BHT. The chelating effect of methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom were significantly higher than the positive control, BHT. The reducing power of the methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom were lower than the positive control at the concentrations tested. In the HPLC anaysis of phenolic acids profile of the mushroom extract, 7 phenolic acids such as gallic acid, vanillin, rutin hydrate, resveratol, quercetin formononetin, and biochanin-A were detected. Nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells was inhibited by 1.5-fold with the treatment of methanol extract when compared with the control. In the anti-cholinesterase activity assay, the methanol extract inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) effects by 73.9% and 81.05% at the 1.0 mg/mL concentration, whereas galanthamine, the standard drug, inhibited the AChE and BChE activities by 97.80% and 81.12%, respectively at the same concentration. The methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the α-glucosidase activity by 55.44% and 62.00%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration, while acarbose, the positive control inhibited the α-glucosidase activity by 81.81% at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration. From the experimental results, the fruiting bodies of R. compacta contained natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-diabetic substances, which might be used for health foods.

Coprinellus miaceus, belongs to Coprinaceae of Agaricales, Basidiomycota, has been used for an edible purposes in asian countries. This experiment was initiated to evaluate the free radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of C. micaceus fruiting bodies extracted with methanol and hot water. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, the scavenging activities of methanol and hot water extracts were lower than that of positive control, BHT. The chelating effects of methanol and hot water extracts were significantly higher than positive control, BHT at the concentrations of 0.125-2.0 mg/mL. In the reducing power assay, methanol and hot water extracts exhibited the lower activities than the positive control, BHT at the 0.125-0.2 mg/mL concentration. In the HPLC analysis of phenolic acids profile of the mushroom fruiting bodies, 4 phenolic compounds including procatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin, and naringin were detected. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of methanol and hot water extracts were 91.33% and 91.99% at 2.0 mg/mL concentration, while the inhibitory activity of kojic acid, the positive control, was 99.61%. Nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells were inhibited by the methanol extract in a concentration dependent manner. In the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity assay, methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the AChE by 94.64% and 74.19%, respectively at the 1.0 mg/mL concentration, whereas galanthamine, the standard drug inhibited the AChE activity by 97.80% at the same concentration. The methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the α-glucosidase activity by 62.26% and 67.59%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration, while acarbose, the positive control inhibited the α-glucosidase activity by 81.81% at the same concentration. Therefore, it is concluded that fruiting bodies of C. micaceus contained natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory substances which might be used for promoting human health.

본 연구에서는 느릅나무버섯의 자실체에서 메탄올과 열수를 이용해 추출한 물질의 항산화, 항염증 및 MelanomaB16/F10 세포에서의 멜라닌 생성 저해 효과를 탐색하였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 환원력을 이용해 항산화 효과를 측정한 결과 양성대조군으로 사용한 BHT에 비해 항산화 효과는 낮았지만 다른 종류의 버섯에 비해 효과가 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 철 이온 제거 항산화 실험에서느릅나무버섯의 열수 추출물은 양성대조군인 BHT에 비해 철 이온을 효율적으로 제거하여 항산화 효과가 높게나타났다. 느릅나무버섯 자실체의 염증 저해 실험에서는배양 중인 RAW 264.7 대식세포에 자실체의 메탄올과 열수추출물을 각각 처리 한 후 염증 유도 물질인 LPS를 투여하여 추출물의 NO 생성 저해효과를 조사한 결과, 처리한 추출물의 농도 의존적으로 염증 유발의 주요 인자인NO의 양이 현저하게 감소하는 우수한 소염효과를 보였으며, carrageenan에 의해 흰쥐 뒷발에 유도된 부종을 저해하는 실험에서는 투여한 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라흰쥐의 뒷발에 유도된 부종의 용적도 비례적으로 감소하여 항염증 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. Melanoma 세포에 버섯추출물을 처리하고 생합성된 멜라닌의 양을 측정한 결과 농도 의존적으로 melanoma 세포내 멜라닌의 양이 감소하여 멜라닌 저해 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다.따라서 느릅나무버섯 자실체의 항산화, 항염증 및 멜라닌생성 저해 선분은 앞으로 항산화제, 소염제 및 미백제로의 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

This study investigated the antioxidant activities of Amaranth (Amaranthus spp. L.) seed extracts. Methanol and hotwater extracts of the seeds were evaluated for their total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin content, antioxidant activ-ities, and protective effects against oxidative stress on L-132 cells. The hot water extracts showed higher total phe-nol (4.23mg GAE/g) and tannin (0.511mg TAE/g) content, while the methanol extracts showed higher flavonoidcontent (1.53mg CE/g). The methanol extracts performed better than the water extracts for DPPH radical-scavengingactivity, while the water extracts performed better for ABTS radical-scavenging activity and SOD-like activity. WithL-132 cells, the water extracts showed strong protective effects against oxidative stress in a dose dependent mannerwith an effect three-fold higher than that of the methanol extracts at a concentration of 500µg/mL. A higher inhi-bition activity of nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells was observed with the water extracts than with the methanolextracts at a concentration of 250µg/mL. In summary, the water extracts showed the highest total polyphenol andtannin content and a more powerful protective effect against oxidative stress and inhibition effect of NO. Our resultssuggest that amaranth seeds may be useful as natural antioxidant compounds.

Propolis, bee glue is a sticky substances, which is used to prevent corruption of the ones who broke into the hive, and which is known as a substance that inhibits the growth of microorganisms within the hive. In order to use this propolis, is required to extract the active ingredients from the raw propolis. Mainly goes through the process of extraction with ethanol. Propolis is registered as health functional food for food and drug safety with a valid registration which is anti-oxidant effects and anti microbial effects of oralflora. Inthis study, in order to determine the antioxidant effect of propolis produced in various regions collected 58 regions. Antioxidant effects were tested by DPPH free radical scavenging effects method. Asa result, the propolis concentrations by 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000㎍ were 43, 73, 78, 82, and 73%, in Gangwon province, Gyeonggi Province, 57, 83, 83, 79, and 71%, Chungcheong Province, 55, 80, 80, 76, and 68%, Jeolla province 48, 75, 78, 78, and 71%, Gyeongsang province 47, 77, 81, 79, and 71%, respectively. More than a certain concentration was to determine antioxidant falling rather. These results can be said to suggest if you use the edible excess should be avoided.

In the present study, acetone extract and sub-fractions of Albizia amara stem bark were evaluated for their free radical potential. The results showed that the crude extract and all the fractions exhibited antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities under different in vitro assays. Among the different fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities than the standard quercetin. A. amara stem bark might be valuable source of natural antioxidants that could be used for medicinal and food applications.