PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the SDAR (solvent deasphaltene residue), which is obtained from the solvent deasphalting (SDA) process, as a pavement material. METHODS : The physical properties of the SDAR were evaluated based on its chemical composition, and asphalt mixtures with the SDAR were fabricated and used for the evaluation of mechanical properties. Firstly, the chemical composition of SARA (saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene) was analyzed using the TLC-FID (thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization detector). Moreover, the basic material properties of the asphalt binder with the SDAR were evaluated by the penetration test, softening point test, ductility test, and PG (performance grade) grade test. The rheological properties of the asphalt binder with the SDAR were evaluated by the dynamic shear modulus (G*) obtained using the time-temperature superposition (TTS) principle. Secondly, the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixtures with the SDAR were evaluated. The compactibility was evaluated using the gyratory compacter. Moreover, the tensile strength ratio (TSR) was used for evaluating the moisture susceptibility of the asphalt mixtures (i.e., susceptibility to pothole damage). The dynamic modulus E*, which is a fundamental property of the asphalt mixture, obtained at different temperatures and loading cycles, was used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixtures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION : The SDAR shows stiffer and more brittle behavior than the conventional asphalt binder. As the application of the SDAR directly in the field may cause early failures, such as cracks on pavements, it should be applied with modifiers that can favorably modify the brittleness property of the SDAR. Therefore, if appropriate additives are applied on the SDAR, it can be used as a pavement material because of its low cost and strong resistance to rutting.

The taste properties of enzyme hydrolysates of rice protein residue were investigated, and then their taste enhancingeffects were evaluated by examining the changes in total taste pattern after their addition to a yeast extract. Whileenzyme hydrolysates of rice protein residue showed different taste properties according to the enzyme that was usedfor hydrolysis, the Flavourzyme treated sample expressed the strongest umami and bitter taste among the enzymetreated samples. On the other hand, the Protamax treated sample showed considerable umami with a slight bittertaste so that it is expected to be suitable as a taste enhancing ingredient. Furthermore, by LC-MS/MS analysis, theeffective fraction isolated from the Protamax treated sample was found to contain peptide fractions such as Ile-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Leu-Pro-Arg (Mw: 1175); therefore, it is expected that the peptide fractions contained in Prot-amax hydrolysates of rice protein residue could be applied for preparing a natural taste enhancing ingredient.

본 연구에서 사용한 QRD(Quadratic Residue Diffusor) 마이크로파는 일반적인 마이크로파와 달리 파장의 위상차를 변화시켜 균일한 살균을 유도할 수 있어 저전력으로 효과를높일수있는새로운기술로알려져있다. 따라서친환경적이고 에너지 소비가 적은 QRD 마이크로파를 이용하여 목재를 소독 할 가능성에 대한 기초적인 연구를 수행하였으며 얻은 결과는 아래와 같다. 본 연구에 사용된 QRD microwave의 효율성은 E=5.75e0.32S (R²=0.908)로 나타났으며 초기 수분 함수율은 일정하지 않았고 평균 수분함수율은 30.3%이었다. 자연건조 1주일 후의 수분 함수율은 22.6%로써 평균 약 8% 수분함량이 줄어들었다. 또한 마그네트론의 용량이 3 kW에서 9 kW까지 증가할수록 지수함수적인 관계로 온도 상승시간이 줄어드는 것을 알 수 있었다. 목재 강도 시험 결과에서는 QRD microwave 처리 전후로 휨강도, 압축강도, 할렬의 차이는 없었다. 따라서 QRD microwave 용량을 3, 5, 7, 9 kW로 제작하여 실험한 결과 9 kW가 가장 효율성이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 목재 내부의 선충이나 흰개미 등의 퇴치를 위해서 QRD microwave 용량을 일정부분까지 높여 공급할수록 에너지 효율성에서 유리한 것으로 나타났다.

사과 중 triazole계 살균제 flusilazole 및 myclobutanil의 생물 학적 반감기와 출하전 잔류허용기준을 산출하기 위해 안 전사용기준에 근거한 기준량과 3배량의 약제를 살포하고 그 잔류량을 조사하였다. 시험기간 중 두 농약의 잔류량은 각각의 MRL 이하로 나타났으며, 사과 중 생물학적 반감기 는 flusilazole의 경우 기준량 처리구에서 6.7일, 3배량 처리 구에서 6.2일로 나타났다. 반면에 myclobutanil의 반감기는 기준량 처리구에서 13.3일, 3배량 처리구에서 24.8일로 나 타나 flusilazole보다 더 긴 반감기를 가지는 것으로 조사되 었다. First order kinetics에 근거한 감소지수식을 이용하여 산출된 각 농약의 감소상수는 flusilazole에 대하여 0.0513, myclobutanil에 대하여 0.0244이었으며, 산출된 감소상수들 을 이용하여 출하 전 잔류허용기준(PHRL)을 계산한 결과, 안전사용기준을 준수한 농약살포를 가정하였을 때 flusilazole은 수확 일주일 전 0.43 mg/kg, myclobutanil은 같은 시기 0.59 mg/kg 이하로 잔류하면 수확 시 잔류농도가 MRL 이하로 잔류할 것으로 예측된다.

The physical properties of jellified soybean curd residue (Biji) with the addition of various gums were investigated to optimize the direct availability of a by-product of the tofu production process. The lightness (L value) of the jellified Biji prepared with various gums was approximately 77~80, regardless of the concentration of gum used. Especially at the concentration of 0.1% and 0.3%, a pectin showed a significantly higher value compared with other gelling agents (carrageenan and agar). The strength of samples prepared on the basis of carrageenan showed the value of 335~569 g/㎠ and 234~335 g/㎠ according to the addition of locust bean gum and xanthan gum, respectively. On the other hand, the samples made with pectin and agar were 134~272 g/㎠ and 50~215 g/㎠, respectively. Where locust bean gum was used as a viscous agent, the adhesiveness of sample prepared by adding carrageenan was greater than those made with pectin or agar. The values were －6.0~－11.0 g, －2.7~－10.2 g and －3.7~－7.0 g, respectively. Overall, the strength and adhesiveness of samples according to increase of the added amount of Biji showed constantly increasing trend regardless of the type of gelling agent used. In the sample containing carrageenan this trend was most noticeable.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of soybean curd residue as an ingredient of TMR on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers. Twenty four Holstein steers of 7 months age(average body weight 274.6 kg) were randomly allocated to 3 experimental groups, which contained 8animals per group during 15-months feeding trial. The treatments composed of the group fed concentrate and rice straw separately (Control), the group fed TMR containing low levels of soybean curd (T1), the group fed TMR containing high levels of soybean curd residue (T2). Body weight and average daily gain were not significantly different among the treatment groups during the feeding trial periods. Feed intake was not differ among treatment groups, but feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in T2 group compared to T1 group during late fattening stage (p<0.05). However, it was not different in overall average. According to the yield traits, carcass weight of control, T1 and T2 were 466.4, 451.1 and 460.1 kg, respectively. Back fat thickness, rib eye area and yield index were not different among the groups. The marbling score, meat color, texture and maturity in quality traits were not different among the treatment groups, but fat color was significantly higher in T2 group compared to T1 group (p<0.05). The quality grade (1+:1:2:3, NO.) tended to be higher for T1(0:2:1:5) and T2 (0:1:4:3) compared with the control (0:0:3:5). Therefore, these results indicated that TMR with soybean curd residue may be appropriate the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers.

We evaluated the larvicidal activity of 20 plant essential oils and components from ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) and Peru balsam (Myroxylon pereira) oils against Aedes aegypti. Of the 20 plant essential oils, ajowan and Peru balsam oils at 0.1 mg/mL exhibited 100% and 97.5% larval mortality, respectively. At this same concentration, the individual constituents, (+)-camphene, benzoic acid, thymol, carvacrol, benzyl benzonate and benzyl trans-cinnamate caused 100% mortality. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in 2 active oils indicated that thymol and benzyl benzoate were major contributors to the larvicidal activity of the artificial blend. We also tested the acute toxicity of these 2 active oils and their major constituents against the water flea, Daphnia magna. Peru balsam oil and benzyl trans-cinnamate were the most toxic to D. magna. Two days after the treatment, residues of ajowan and Peru balsalm oils in water were 36.2% and 85.1%, respectively. Less than 50% of benzyl trans-cinnamate and thymol were detected in the water at 2 days after treatment. Our results show that the essential oils of ajowan and Peru balsam and some of their constituents have potential as botanical insecticides against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae.

국내 유통 주류 95점에 대하여 에틸카바메이트 잔류실태 조사를 실시하였다. 탁주, 약주, 청주, 과실주를 비롯하여 소주, 브랜디 그리고 에틸카바메이트 잔류가 많이 보고되고 있는 리큐르 등을 대상으로 하였다. 액액분배를 통하여 정제하였으며, GC/MS/MS 분석법을 정립하였다. 카트리지(cartridge)나 농축 과정이 없기 때문에 식품공전에등재되어 있는 GC/MS 분석법보다 분석시간이나 소요비용 면에서 매우 효율적이었다. 정성한계는 1.3 ug/L이었으며, 정량한계는 4.0 ug/L이었다. 탁주, 약주, 청주에 대하여각각 0.63, 7.01, 14.11 ug/L의 평균 잔류량을 나타내 캐나다의 청주 허용기준 200 ug/L나 약주, 청주에서 논의되고있는 허용기준치 200 ug/L와 비교하여 보았을 때 안전한수준인 것으로 나타났다. 복분자주, 포도주에서는 각각 평균 1.66, 2.64 ug/L 검출되어 현재 캐나다, 체코에서 포도주허용기준치로 설정되어 있는 30 ug/L와 비교하여 보았을 때역시 안전한 것으로 나타났다. 과실주 중 매실주의 경우 평균 79.18 ug/L로 본 연구를 통하여 평가된 모든 주종 중 가장 높은 잔류량을 나타내었으나, 외국의 다른 유사 주종에대한 허용기준치 (예로서 캐나다의 경우 400 ug/L 과실 브랜디)와 비교하여 보았을 때 안전한 수준으로 평가할 수있었다. 증류식 소주, 일반증류주, 리큐르도 논의되고 있는기준치와 비교하여 보았을 때 안전한 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 조사결과는 우리술의 에틸카바메이트 잔류실태가위험한 수준이 아니라는 근거 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이며, 향후 이러한 유해물질의 지속적인 잔류조사 및 위해평가를 통하여 우리 술 및 전통발효식품의 품질 및 안전성을 확보해 나가야 할 것이다.

This study was investigated to determine the contents of sulfur dioxide residues in medicinal herbs in Seoul Yang Nyoung Shi in 2010 (1,522 samples of 189 kinds). Samples were measured by modified Monier-Williams method. Of the total samples, 618 samples (84 kinds) were domestic, and 904 samples (158 kinds) were imported. The content of sulfur dioxide in the domestics showed the range of 0.0 to 1,298.0 mg/kg (average 12.7 mg/kg), while those in imported samples were the range of 0.0 to 3,982.2 mg/kg (average 42.4 mg/kg). The average (mg/kg) amount of sulfur dioxide by parts in medicinal herbs was as follows; Tuber 122.3, Radix 69.3, Rhizoma 37.4, Cortex 33.3, Fructus 8.8, Ramulus 4.9, Semen 4.6, Folium 3.4, Flos 2.7, Perithecium 1.4. Of the total samples (1,522), 52 samples (3.4%) were violated the KFDA regulatory guidance of sulfur dioxide. Among these 52 unsuitable samples, 16samples (7 kinds) were domestic, and 36 samples (23 kinds) were imported. Approximately 88.1% of the total samples was less than 10 mg/kg of sulfur dioxide and 6.3% of the total samples showed more than 30 mg/kg of sulfur dioxide.

The removal amount of pesticide residue which were remained in baechu (Chinese cabbage) and perilla leaf were measured during the preparation process of kimchi. The amounts of diazinon, procymidone and endosulfan applied to chinese cabbage were 9.18 ± 0.03 mg/kg, 22.27 ± 0.22 mg/kg and 10.46 ± 0.02 mg/kg respectively. When chinese cabbage was brined with 10% salt solution for 12 hours, the removal rates of three pesticides were 22.5%, 25.3% and 0.6% for diazinon, procymidone and endosulfan, respectively. When chinese cabbage was brined and rinsed 3 times with water, the removal rates of three pesticides were 69.9%, 85.6% and 11.2% for diazinon,procymidone and endosulfan, respectively. When kimchi was prepared and fermented for 28 days at 4oC, the removal rates of three pesticides were 79.4%, 94.4% and 21.0% for diazinon, procymidone and endosulfan, respectively. The relative percentages of removal dose of pesticides during brining were 28.4%, 26.9% and 3.2% for diazinon, procymidone and endosulfan, respectively and which were 59.7%, 63.8% and 50.4% during rinsing and which were 11.9%,9.3% and 46.4% during fermentation, respectively. The amounts of diazinon, procymidone and endosulfan applied to perilla leaf were 18.11 ± 0.62 mg/kg, 31.80 ± 0.33 mg/kg and 12.01 ± 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. When perilla leaf was rinsed 3 times with water, the removal rates of three pesticides were 60.5%, 52.0% and 23.7% for diazinon, procymidone and endosulfan, respectively. When perilla leaf was rinsed and brined with 10% salt solution for 14 days, the removal rates of three pesticides were 93.9%, 92.4% and 49.6% for diazinon, procymidone and endosulfan, respectively. The relative percentages of removal dose of pesticides during rinsing were 64.5%, 56.3% and 47.8% for diazinon,procymidone and endosulfan, respectively, and which during brining were 35.5%, 43.7% and 52.2% for diazinon, procymidone and endosulfan, respectively.

쌀단백질을 이용한 고부가가치 천연 조미소재를 개발하기 위하여 쌀단백질을 프로테아제로 효소분해한 배지에서 Saccharomyces cerevisiae를 배양하여 제조한 효모 추출물(Yx)에, 효소분해 후 남은 쌀단백질 잔사를 Bacillus licheniformis 혹은 Bacillus subtilis로 발효하여 얻은 발효물(Rfl, Rfs)을 각각 첨가하였다. 쌀단백질 잔사의 발효물이 첨가된 효모추출물(YxRfl, YxRfs)의 전체적 선호도는 첨가전의 효모추출물(Yx)에 비하여 높았으며, 특히 쌀단백질 발효물의 보충에 의해서 감칠맛과 같은 풍미가 증가함을 미각센서 분석 및 관능검사에 의해서 확인할 수 있었다. 쌀단백질 잔사발효물에 의한 감칠맛의 상승은 감칠맛을 내는 아미노산 이 외에도 쌀단백질의 발효에 따라 유리된 다양한 펩타이드 분획의 영향이 있었을 것으로 예상된다. 이와 같이 감칠맛 아미노산 및 펩타이드가 함유된 쌀단백질 발효물이 보충된 효모추출물은 감칠맛과 풍미의 상승작용으로 전체적인 기호도가 높아짐에 따라 고부가가치 천연조미소재의 제조에 응용될 수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.

The goal of the present work was to investigate the development of a geopolymeric ceramic material from a mixture of mine residue, coal fly ash, blast furnace slag, and alkali activator solution by the geopolymer technique. The results showed that the higher compressive strength of geopolymeric ceramic material increased with an increase in active filler (blast furnace slag + coal fly ash) contents and with a reduction of mine residue contents. The geopolymeric ceramic had very high early age strength. The compressive strength of the geopolymeric ceramic depended on the added active filler content. The maximum compressive strength of the geopolymeric ceramic containing 20 wt.% mine residue was 141.2 MPa. The compressive strength of geopolymeric ceramic manufactured by adding mine residue was higher than that of portland cement mortar, which is 60 MPa, when cured for 28 days. SEM observation showed the possibility of having amorphous aluminosilicate gel within geopolymeric ceramic. XRD patterns indicate that the geopolymeric ceramic was composed of amorphous aluminosilicate, calcite, quartz, and muscovite. The Korea Standard Leaching Test (KSLT) was used to determine the leaching potential of the geopolymeric ceramic. The amounts of heavy metals were noticeably reduced after the solidification of mine residue with active filler.

This study describes the development of a web-based system that collects all data generated in the research conducted to set pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs) for agricultural product safety control. These data, including concentrations of pesticide residues, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, recoveries, weather charts, and growth rates, are incorporated into a database, a regression analysis of the data is performed using statistical techniques, and the PHRL for an agricultural product is automatically computed. The development and establishment of this system increased the efficiency and improved the reliability of the research in this area by standardizing the data and maintaining its accuracy without temporal or spatial limitations. The system permits automatic computation of the PHRL and a quick review of the goodness of fit of the regression model. By building and analyzing a database, it also allows data accumulated over the last 10 years to be utilized.

수입과일을 대상으로 captan, chlorpyrifos, methidathion 및 kresoxim-methyl 을 각각 1000, 250, 400 및 157 mgkg−1 농도 로 수확 후 처리 하여 저장 기간에 따른 경시적 변화를 관찰한 결과 captan 은 처리 직후 과일 전체에서 0.9-12.5 mgkg−1, 과육에서 ND-0.23 mgkg−1 으로 조사 되었으며, 4주 후에는 과일 전체에서 0.7-3.2 mgkg−1, 과육에서 ND-0.67 mgkg−1 으로 조사되었다. chlorpyrifos 은 처리 직후 과일 전체에서 0.4-2.2 mgkg−1, 과육에서 ND-0.32 mgkg−1 으로 조사 되었고, 4주 후에는 과일전체에서 0.3-0.9 mgkg−1, 과육에서 ND-0.02 mgkg−1 으로 조사 되었다. methidathion 은 처리 직후 과일 전체에서 0.7-3.1 mgkg−1, 과육에서 ND-0.05 mgkg−1 으로 조사 되었고, 4주 후에는 과일 전체에서 0.4-2.0 mgkg−1, 과육에서 ND-0.05 mgkg−1 으로 조사 되었다. kresoxim-methyl 은 처리 직후 과일 전체에서 1.3-2.1 mgkg−1, 과육에서 ND-0.16 mgkg−1 으로 조사 되었고, 4주 후에는 과일 전체에서 1.3-1.8 mgkg−1, 과육에서 ND-0.15 mgkg−1 으로 조사 되었다. 농약처리 4주 후 농도의 감소율은 captan 이 52% 로 가 장 높았으며 다음으로 chlorpyrifos, methidathion 및 kresoximmethyl 이 각각 47, 41 및 11% 순으로 조사 되었다.

A simple, selective and sensitive procedure for the confirmation of 14 sulfonamide antibacterials in milk was developed. The milk samples were homogenized, extracted and deproteinized by acetonitrile and defatted by n-hexane. Analysis was performed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in positive mode for all 14 analytes. Mass spectral acquisition was performed in the multi reaction monitoring mode (MRM), selecting two structurally significant transitions per compound. The calibrations were performed in sample matrixes and the interference effect of sample matrixes on the ionization was effectively eliminated. Good linear relationship (R2=0.992～ 0.999) were observed at 6 concentrations of 2.5～100 ng/g. Satisfied recoveries (86.3～110.2%) of all sulfonamides were demonstrated in spiked milk at three levels from 5 to 20 ng/g. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) for sulfonamides ranged from 0.25～2.1 ng/g.

Pesticide residues were investigated in 16 commodities (rice, foxtail millet, buckwheat, kidney bean, peanut, sesame, orange, grapefruit, kiwifruit, spinach, perilla leaves, leek, garlic stem, garlic, ginger and oak mushroom)collected from 22 provinces (Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Ulsan, Suwon, Seongnam, Goyang,Bucheon, Yongin, Cheongju, Jeonju, Jeju, Cheonan, Changwon, Pohang, Gumi, Jinju, Wonju and Yeosu) in 2009. Pesticides (172 kinds) were analyzed using multiresidue method by GC/MS/MS from 510 samples, and phenthoate in kiwifruit was violated by exceeding MRL. The intake assessment for 24 kinds of pesticide residues including the detected pesticides at multi pesticide residue monitoring (bifenthrin etc.) were carried out. The result showed that the ratio of EDI (estimated daily intake) to ADI (acceptable daily intake) was 0.000007~0.458% which means that the detected pesticide residues were in a safe range so that residual pesticides in the agricultural products in Korea.

The larvicidal activities of 11 Myrtaceae essential oils and their components against Aedes aegypti were tested by the immersion method. We also tested the acute toxicity of 4 active oils and their components against the water flea, Daphnia magna. Further, the aqueous residues of these oils and their components were determined at 2 and 7 days after suspending in water. Among the 11 oils tested, 0.1 mg/mL of Melaleucalinariifolia, M. dissitiflora, M. quinquenervia, and Eucalyptus globulus oils showed strong larvicidal activity against A. aegypti. Among the test compounds, allyl isothiocyanate, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, (+)-limonene, (-)-limonene, γ-terpinene, and (E)-nerolidol showed strong larvicidal activity against A. aegypti. The acute toxicity test revealed M. linariifolia was the most toxic to D. magna. Among test compounds, allyl isothiocyanate was the most toxic to D. magna. Two days after treatment, the residues of M. dissitiflora, M. linariifolia, M. quinquenervia, and E. globulus oils in water were 55.4, 46.6, 32.4, and 14.8%, respectively. Low concentrations of allyl isothiocyanate, γ -terpinene, p-cymene, (-)-limonene, (+)-limonene, and γ-terpinene were detected in the water at 2 days after treatment. Therefore, Myrtaceae essential oils and their components could be developed as control agents against mosquito larvae.