This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects that the difference of planting time by a method of cultivation in the non-heated greenhouse and the open field with spring planting had on growth and yield. With regard to the tested variety of Momordica charantia, variety ‘Dragon’ (Japan Yae 農藝) was selected. And 3 treatments on March 20, April 5 and April 20 for the greenhouse cultivation and 3 treatments on April 20, May 5 and May 20 for the open-field cultivation 1 month later than those for the greenhouse cultivation were planted by the randomized complete block design, and 4 secondary vines were trained. In the results of examining 15-day average atmospheric temperature after planting according to the methods of greenhouse and open-field cultivation and planting time, it was shown that there was a tendency for atmospheric temperature inside the greenhouse to decrease as the planting time was moved up. In particular, the average atmospheric temperature was 16.7oC when seedling was planted on April 20 in the open-field cultivation, which was approximately equal to 17.0oC of the average atmospheric temperature when a seedling was planted on March 20 in the greenhouse cultivation. With regard to the date of first harvest by the method of cultivation, it was shown that there was a tendency for the date of first harvest to be earlier in the greenhouse cultivation than in the open-field cultivation, and the date of first harvest was moved up as a seedling was planted earlier for the planting period. The number and weight of harvested fruits per plant showed a tendency which was almost similar to that of total number of harvest days and number of harvests. Thus, the number of fruits was 189 and the weight of fruits was 31,649g in case of the greenhouse cultivation and planting on March 20, which were maximum. In case of planting on the latest planting date : May 20 in the open-field cultivation, the number of fruits was 77 and the weight of fruits was 12,502g, which were at a level of 40% of those of planting on March 20 in the greenhouse cultivation 2 months earlier. The total yield per 10a was 10,228kg in the greenhouse cultivation and was 2.2 times as heavy as 4,607kg in the open-field cultivation with regard to the method of cultivation. For the planting period in the greenhouse cultivation, it was 10,539kg and 10,517kg in planting on March 20 and April 5, which was higher by 9% than 9,629kg in planting on April 20. And in the open-field cultivation, it was 4,785kg in planting on April 20 and 4,872kg in planting on May 5, which was higher by 15~17% than 4,163kg in planting on May 20. Taking the above results into account, it is considered proper to plant Momordica charantia from March 20 to April 5 for the greenhouse cultivation and from April 20 to May 5 or thereabouts when a risk of late frost is gone for the open-field cultivation in southern area.

This study investigated the chemical composition of Cirsium japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura essential oil and the quantitative changes of major volatile flavor compounds according to the harvesting season. The essential oils obtained by the method of hydrodistillation extraction from aerial parts of C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Sixty-four volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oil from C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura harvested in May 2012; hexadecanoic acid (49.31%) was the most abundant compound, followed by 6,10,14- trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.72%), phytol (13.40%) and 9-hexadecenoic acid (4.16%). Eighty-three compounds were identified in the essential oil from the plant harvested in October 2012; phytol (40.56%), hexadecanoic acid (17.69%), 6,10,14- trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.71%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.15%) were the most abundant compounds. Types and levels of volatile compounds from different harvesting seasons varied. The essential oil composition of C. japonicum var. ussurience Kitamura harvested in the spring and autumn was characterized by higher contents of aliphatic fatty acid, diterpene and sesquiterpene, respectively.

Water dropwort(Oenanthe javanica) is grown usually in submerged paddy field and is widely used as additive in foods like Kimchi, fish soup. However, its cultivation in the under submerged cultivation has been known to cause the reduction in quality of water dropwort plants mainly due to the presence of dirt and some parasites like leeches and water animals. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate a wetland cultivation(WLC) of water dropwort plants compared to the conventional submerged cultivation(SBC) in the greenhouse paddy field conditions. WLC and SBC treatments maintained water levels to the depth of less than 5cm and about 20cm, respectively. Vegetative stem sections were planted in September and plants were harvested in early April. The results showed that height and yield of water dropwort plants were higher in SBC than in WLC. Total yield per 10a in WLC was 12.3% lower than in SBC (2.34 vs 2.63 tons). However, the useful quality factors such as vitamin C, inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll, and anthocyanin contents were found to be considerably higher in WLC. That is Ca, K, Mg, and anthocyanin contents in the stem were increased 235%, 6%, 143% and 290%, respectively, compared to those of SBC plants. The length of underground internodes from WLC elongated about 2 times more than that of SBC, resulting in an increase in plant length and advance in harvest time. On the other hand, water dropwort plants with wetland cultivation can be produced with good cleanliness and quality, but the cultivation system should be optimized and developed to get more yield the same as SBC.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of closed season policy using an integer linear programming, targeting the large purse seine fishery in Korea. In the analysis, based on Cheng and Townsend(1993), fishing effort (fishing days by month) was assumed to be distributed for profit maximization of vessels and catch of immature fish was estimated. The analytical results showed that the effects of closed season policy would vary in accordance with the monthly closures in terms of fishing profits and catch of immature fish. A closed season policy by month had different effects on fishing profits and catch of immature fish by species. It implies the importance of considering seasonal changes of fish species when limiting fishing efforts with the closed season policy.

본 연구는 수확시기에 따른 수확 후 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP) 처리가 조생종 배‘한아름’의 상온유통 중 과실품질 변화와 생리장해발생에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 과실경도의 경우 무처리구는 상온유통 시작 이후 경도가 지속적으로 감소하는 경향을 보여 상온유통 20일에 후 만개 후 103일에 수 확한 과실과 만개 후 110일에 수확한 과실에서 각각 20.3N과 18.6N으로 떨어져 상품성을 상실하였다. 반면에 1-MCP처리의 경우 동일에 유통기간에 만개 후 103일에 수확한 과실과 만개 후 110일에 수확한 과실에서 각각 40.9N과 34.5N으로 경도 유지 효과가 탁월한 것으로 조사되었다. 외관품질 유지에도 1-MCP처리가 효과적인 것으로 나타났는데 과피색의 경우 1-MCP를 처리한 과실은 수확시기에 관계없 이 상온유통기간 동안 L*, b* 및 hue angle 유지에 탁월한 효과를 보였고, 외관지수 또한 거의 변하지 않은 것으로 조사되었다. 1-MCP처리는‘한아름’배의 상온유통 중 발생하는 생리장해를 유의하게 경 감하였는데 만개 후 103일에 수확한 과실의 경우, 과심갈변은 상온유통 25일간, 분질장해는 20일간 완 벽하게 그 발생을 억제한 것으로 조사되었으며, 과피장해 발생 및 과실부패 경감에도 효과가 있는 것으 로 나타났다. 수확시기별 1-MCP처리에 따른 상온유통 중 에틸렌발생량은 큰 차이는 없는 것으로 나타 났으며, 호흡량의 경우 두 수확시기 모두 1-MCP처리가 무처리에 비해 상온유통 기간 동안 호흡량이 낮은 것으로 나타났는데 그 효과는 만개 후 103일에 수확한 과실에서 그 정도가 크게 나타났다.

A surveillance of chigger mites was performed to monitor the incidence of scrub typhus vectors at 4 environmental collection points of 6 locations from September to November 2014 in Korea. During the survey period, 420 chigger mites were collected and the dominant species was Leptotrombidium scutellare (42.6%). The first appearance of chigger mite was at 37th week (9.3.-9.10.) and the collected numbers of chigger mites was the highest at 43rd week (10.17.-10.23.). In Goryeong-gun, 299 chigger mites were collected, whereas 5 chigger mites were collected In Yesan-gun. The high environmental collecting rates were recorded at rice field (56%) and waterway (20%). The annually collected numbers (2012-2014) of chigger mites were compared with the average temperatures in August. This result suggests that the average temperature in August might be related with the annual incidence of scrub typhus vectors in Korea. However, the relationship between climate factors and the density of chigger mites needs to be studied by long-term periodical surveillance.

본 연구는 현재 국립축산과학원 가축유전자원세터에서 보유 하고 있는 재래닭을 순수화된 품종인 것으로 판단하고, 일반 적으로 이용되고 있는 산란사료 및 사양관리 방법을 적용하여 특히, 동절기에 있어 재래닭의 정자의 보존 기간과 수정률 및 초기배자의 생존율을 각각 비교함으로써 재래닭의 생산성 향 상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고, 나아가 표준능력을 고찰하고 자 수행하였다. 본 시험에 사용된 공시계는 39주령의 재래닭 6계통 적갈색(R, Red Brown Strain), 황갈색(Y, Yellow Brown Strain), 회갈색(G, Gray Brown Strain), 흑색(L, Black Strain), 백색(W, White Strain) 그리고 오계(O, Ogol Strain)를 대상 으로 하고 대조군으로는 3계통 즉, 외래도입종 중에서 대표적 인 다산종인 White Leghorn (F Strain), Rhode Island (C Strain) 그리고 육용종인 Cornish (H Strain)의 수정률 및 초기배자 생존율을 조사하였다. 단 한번의 인공수정 후, 3 주간 생산된 알의 수정률 확인을 한 결과, 재래닭의 경우, 6 계통간의 유의 적인 차이는 없지만 93.3 ~ 100.0비율로 인공 수정 후, 2일째 부터 수정률이 6일째 동안 최고 높음을 확인했다. 6일째까지 상대적으로 일정하게 높은 수정률을 유지하다가 7일부터 17일 째 까지 점진적으로 감소함을 확인했다. 17일 이후 생산된 알 의 경우 무정란임을 확인 할 수 있었다. 재래닭(R, Y, 그리고 O) 21일간 생산된 알의 배발생정지율의 결과, 인공수정 후, 약 4일째 생산된 알(3 ~ 6일)에서 외래도입종 3품종간의 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았지만, 배발생정지율이 0%임을 확인하였다. 세 품종 모두 약 7일째 생산된 알부터 배발생정지율이 13.8 ~ 26.7%로 급격히 증가하고 12일부터 감소하는 것을 확 인했다. 재래닭 3 계통의 결과도 인공수정 후, 약 4 일째 생 산된 알에서 외래도입종 3 품종과 유사한 패턴을 나타내면서 배아 사망율이 6 일째까지 0%를 보였다. 금후, 체내 정자보존 기간이 수정률 및 초기배자 생존율에 미치는 영향을 좀더 엄 밀하게 조사하기 위해서는 정액 성상 및 활력 검사와 더불어 암탉의 주령에 따른 변화도 함께 보다 세부적이고 입체적인 방법의 체계적인 조사가 반드시 필요하다고 할 수 있겠다.

In this study, growth and yield characteristics of 14 potato varieties were analyzed in the uncultivated field Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land in spring season cropping and to select suitable varieties for the cultivation. The shoot emergence has been started about 20 days after planting and has been continued for 10 ~ 22 days after first emergence. All varieties showed 90% or higher emergence rate. The potato varieties yield was classified into three groups depend on the total yield. High yield varieties; Atlantic, Chuyeong, Seohong, Chubaek and medium yield varieties; Chudong, Goun, Haryung, Jopung, Dejima, Superior and low yield varieties; Hongyoung, Jayoung, Jowon, Namseo. For the marketable yield, Jowon, Altantic, Chuyeong, Jopung, Seohong, Goun, Superior and Haryung varieties showed 70% or higher while Hongyoung showed the lowest with 47%. According to the results of virus detection test after two year successive cultivation in reclaimed tidal land, very low amount of Potato virus Y (PVY) was detected only on Seohong sprouts (fitst year) and Dejima leaves (second year) while other varieties were shown no symptom of virus. From the survey with consumers, Haryung, Superior, Goun, Dejima and Chuyeong varieties were found to be relatively higher in the purchase preference for the shape, color and taste. The measurement of antioxidant activity showed Jayoung variety to be excellent with the total phenol contents and DPPH antioxidant activity. Atlantic, Chuyeong, Seohong, Goun, Haryung and Jopung varieties showing high total yield and marketability of 70% higher were considered to be suitable for cultivation in the sandy loam of Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. According to the above results, the growing possibility of spring potatoes in he sandy loam of newly Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land.

여름철에 파프리카 코이어 배지경에서 ‘Cupra’, ‘Piesta’ 2품종을 공시하여 시설 내 포그냉방 효과에 의한 파프리카 생육을 검토코자 하였다. 시설 내 포그 냉방처리를 통해 무처리보다 온실 내의 온도가 2~3oC 낮았으며 최고온 도를 35oC이하로, 그리고 실내습도도 80% 내외로 유지할 수가 있었다. 초장, 엽수 등 생육은 포그냉방 처리구가 무처리에 비해 양호하였다. 평균과중은 두 품종 모두 포그 냉방 처리구에서 158~160g으로 무처리보다 무거웠고, 주 당 착과수는 ‘Cupra’, ‘Piesta’ 모두 포그냉방 처리구가 각 각 18.4, 18.3개로 무처리에 비해 7~8개 많았다. 상품수량은 ‘Cupra’, ‘Piesta’ 두 품종 모두 포그냉방 처리구가 각 각 6,027, 5,890kg/10a으로 무처리에 비해 유의적으로 많았다. 과실의 당도는 처리간에 차이가 없었으며 ‘Cupra’, ‘Piesta’ 두 품종 모두 5~6oBx 였으며 과육의 두께는 포그 냉방 처리 효과가 없었다. 과실의 열과 발생률은 포그냉방 처리구가 낮았으며 품종 간에는 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 여름철 파프리카 수경재배시 포그냉방으로 시설내 온도의 강하와 습도조절이 가능하였으며 그에 따른 결과, 생육이 양호하며 과실의 품질 또한 좋 아짐을 알 수 있었다.

목화진딧물(Aphis gossypii Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)은 감귤에서 그을음병을 유발하여 감귤 과실에 경제적으로 피해를 주는 해충이다. 본 연구는 무가온 하우스 감귤에서 계절초기 목화진딧물이 어떠한 경로를 거쳐서 감귤나무에 정착하는지 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 감귤나무에서 진딧물 월동알 조사결과 가을순이 난 여름순에서 많이 발견되었는데 월동알은 대부분 조팝나무진딧물이었으며, 목화진딧물 월동알은 발견되지 않았다. 봄순에 정착하는 목화진딧물 유시형 성충은 크게 4월 하순(조기비산)과 5월 하순(지연비산)에 두 차례 관측되었다. 지연비산은 완전생활형 간모세대에서 유시형이 출현하는 시기와 일치하였다. 조기비산 시기에 황색수반트랩에서도 목화진딧물 유시형 성충이 유살되었는데 확실하지는 않으나 월동잡초에서 잔존하고 있던 불완전세대 개체군으로 추정되었다. 결과적으로 무가온 하우스 감귤에서 목화진딧물의 정착은 불완전생활형의 조기비산과 완전생활형의 지연비산으로 일어난다는 것이 확인되었다.

광환경에 따라 외형과 엽색의 특징이 잘 변화하는 다육식물 ‘황금화월’, ‘우주목의 동계기간동안 겨울철 관상가치를 높이고, 고품질 연중재배를 할 수 있도록 인공광원별 효과를 구명하고자 보광광원에 따른 다육식물의 생육과 잎의 특성을 조사하였다. LED램프 보광이 황금화월(Crassula ovata ‘Hummel’s Sunset’)의 생육을 촉진하였고, HPS램프 보광이 생육을 억제시켰다. 경도와 최대응력에서는 MH + HPS 혼합보광이 크게 나타났다. 황금화월의 생육특성을 고려해보면, 초장이 짧고 염수와 분지수가 많은 MH + HPS 혼합광이 생육에는 효과적일 것으로 사료된다. 하지만, 엽색의 관상가치는 적색광의 비율이 높고 상대적으로 강광인 MH램프와 HPS램프 보광이 우수하였다. 우주목(Crassula ovata ‘Gollum’)은 외형 특성상 초장이 짧고 엽수와 마디수가 많았던 HPS램프 보광이 생육특징을 잘 유지할 것으로 보이고, 엽색의 관상가치는 청색광 비율이 높은 MH램프의 보광이 짙은 녹색에 잎 선단에 강한 적색을 나타내고 있어 효과적일 것으로 사료된다. 우주목에서 HPS보광이 초장은 비교적 짧으나 다른 생육이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 즉 겨울철 인공보광이 다육식물의 품종에 관계없이 전반적으로 대조구보다 생육이 양호하였으며, 품질유지에도 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 하절기 고품질 토마토 공정묘 생산을 위한 차광제 종류와 처리 농도에 따른 소형 간이온실 내부의 온도 하강 효과와 작물생육에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시되었다. 차광제는 Greenshade(Daesung C & S Co. Ltd., Korea)와 Redusol, Reduheat(Mardenkro Co. Ltd., Netherlands)를 각각 30%(water:shade agent = 7:3, v/v)와 60%(30%×2회)의 농도로 처리하였다. 차광제 처리에 따른 식물체 온도는 Greenshade(GS) 30% 처리구에서 가장 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 초장은 처리별 유의차가 없었으며, 경경은 대조구에서 높은 값을 나타냈다. 엽장과 엽폭은 GS 30% 처리구에서 시간이 경과함에 따라 높은 값을 나타냈다. 엽록소 값 역시 GS 30% 처리구에서 가장 높아 Greenshade가 광 선택적 차광제로써 효과적인 것으로 판단된다. 엽록소 형광은 3주차 GS 60% 처리구에서 가장 낮은 값으로 측정되어 스트레스 수치가 높았다. 근장과 엽면적, 지상부와 지하부의 생체중 및 건물중은 차광제 처리에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 지상부와 지하부의 건물중 무게 비율인 T/R율은 대조구와 GS 30%에서 가장 낮은 값이 나타났다. 따라서 Greenshade 30%를 처리하는 것이 식물체의 온도 저감과 생육에 가장 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

We have conducted a verification test of correlation between bird community indices and bird sound recording results in order to use the equipment which deals with the automatic sound collecting system, the song meter. The study areas include four sites which are Gombaeryoung and Zochimryoung in Jeombongsan Mountain and Jookryoung and Gochiryoung in Sobaeksan National Park. We collected the bird sound data five times using a sound recorder and field survey results in the same place of the study site. As a result of the sound recording from the field survey, the species recorded by three researchers of sound analyst include common resident species or species which have a relatively conspicuous call and song. On the contrary, the species recorded by only one researcher are a relatively rare or inconspicuous species or was familiar with the personal experiences of each researcher. The number of species recorded by only one researcher totaled fourteen species (36.8 %), and that of two researchers totaled twelve species (31.6 %), and that of three researchers totaled twelve species (31.6 %). The correlations of the number of species among three researchers was not significant in some results, but the sum or maximum count of the number of species was useful to estimate a significant correlation between the result of researchers and the indices of field surveys. As a result of correlation analysis by using sound recordings, the maximum number of species among the three researchers significantly correlated with the number of species, the species diversity index and the species abundance index in the field survey at the same site, however it did not correlate with the number of individuals and species evenness index. As a result of sound analysis collected from the stationary sound recording system; song meter, the number of frequencies in bird songs and calls correlated with the number of species in the field survey at the same site. The number of calls and songs decreased as time went by. Finally, we could test the active time range and change the activity strength by using a sound recording system. In particular, that sound recording system is able to collect data in same time and site, so it is expected so that the equipment not only replenish a shortage of researchers and survey periods in field research in a short term monitoring survey, but also be able to acquire statistical objectivity.

Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is an important pest of soybeans in Korea and Japan. A synthetic aggregation pheromone trap has been commercialized and used in soybean fields in Korea for both monitoring and mass-capture of this bug. As the trap’s efficacy in reducing the pest population or crop damage is unknown, in this study we evaluated the aggregation pheromone trap in experimental soybean fields located in Andong National University. Two treatments, one with traps deployed for the entire cultivation period and one with no traps, were tested in six small experimental fields. The total numbers of R. pedestris (in all life stages) in soybean field were not significantly different between the treatments until August. But, in presence of pheromone, the pest’s abundance increased significantly in September and October. Relative to the size of the bug population in the field, trap catch rate was low during the fall (when bug density was highest) and high in early summer when the field population was very low. Placement of aggregation traps in plots caused pod and seed damage from R. pedestris to increase 2.7 and 2.2 times compared to the control. In conclusion, R. pedestris populations increased significantly during the fall in the presence of the aggregation pheromone trap, which should therefore be used with great caution whether as a control measure or as a monitoring tool.

본 실험은 광파장 선택형 차광제와 이류체 포그시스템을 이용하여 고온기 시설내 고온과 건조문제를 해소할 수 있는 적정 냉각법을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실험처리는 차광제와 이류체 포그시스템을 설치하지 않은 대조구(Non), 이류체 포그시스템만 설치하여 작동한 처리(Fog), 차광제만 도포한 처리(Coat), 외부에 차광제를 도포하고 내부에 이류체 포그시스템을 작동한 처리 (F&C) 등이었다. 유입 일사량(열량)은 Non, Fog, Coat, F&C 순으로 많았다. 시설내 기온을 낮추는 방법으로는 이류체 포그시스템이 더 효과적이었다. 또한 이류체 포그시스템을 처리하면 상대습도도 적절히 조절할 수 있었다. 작물의 품온은 다른 처리구에 비해 대조구에서 약 6oC 이상 높았다. 연구결과, 고온기 시설내 광, 온도, 상 대습도 환경조절에 가장 효과적인 방법은 이류체 포그시 스템과 차광제 도포를 함께 하는 것이나, 효과 및 경제 성을 함께 고려한다면 이류체 포그시스템을 활용하는 것이 가장 좋은 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 단동하우스의 경우에는 구조적 제약으로 이류체 포그시스템의 설치보다 광선 선택형 차광제를 도포하는 것이 더 좋은 방법으로 사료된다.

The world energy crisis and the universal interest in comfort buildings are not only leading the thriving Passive House and Nearly Zero Energy House strategies but also encouraging the development of higher performance HVAC systems and alternative energy sources for occupants and sensible energy consumption. However, household appliances have been used to control the indoor environment such as humidifiers, dehumidifiers and air cleaners are became popular, occupants have come to rely on these appliances heavily and are overusing energy on indoor environment manage easily and quickly. In addition, the intense air tightness of current residential buildings makes possible to reduce harmful outdoor conditions but has made the indoor environment isolated from the outdoors. As well, climate change due to global warming and the urban heat island effect have broken the natural bond between humans and the environment. As high-rise, air tight buildings have become the most common residential building type in South Korea, occupants in high-rise residential buildings inevitably lose the chances to have the natural environment by the change of season to feel the warm sunlights of spring and the dry leafy smell on an autumn breeze. In this sense, regional weather data was analysed to establish comfort residential building strategies that commune with nature and o