This study investigated the effects of pectinase treatment and skin contact time on the quality characteristics of Dae-hong peach wine. Wine was produced with variations in enzyme treatment and skin contact time (1 hour, 2 hours, 1 day, 2 days, and until the completion of fermentation). Enzyme treatment increased the production yield by 6%, as well as ethanol and redness levels, compared to the non-treated control. Volatile components were higher when the skin contact time was 2 hours or 1 day. Results were compared according to enzyme treatment and skin contact time and found to be influenced by methanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Enzyme treatment effectively enhanced yields and volatile compound contents. However, skin contact should be concluded a day before 1 day to ensure compliance with methanol legislative requirements. Therefore, our findings show that enzymatic treatment with shorter skin contact time preserves the distinctive characteristics of Dae-hong peaches and ensures the production of safe and flavorful wine.

This study selected the optimal conditions for enzyme treatment that can promote the extraction of functional components from Salvia plebeia (SP) and confirmed solubilization characteristics, functional component contents, and applicability evaluation in pilot-scale, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity. The optimal conditions of pectinase, 1%, and 2 h (P) were determined through the enzyme treatment of SP. The water-soluble index and total polyphenol content were the highest in P compared to 100oC reflux condition for 2 h (CON). Component analysis performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that flavonoid contents were increased 6.6-9.5 times in the P compared to CON. There was no difference in component content when comparing the measurement lab-scale and pilot scale. CON and P indicated cytoprotective effect against H2O2-induced RAW 264.7 cells. CON and P pre-treatment also reduced the production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, P showed higher antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities than CON. These results suggested that P has a higher concentration of bioactive compounds through enzyme treatment than that obtained from CON. Thus, it can be used as a primary material for industrial utilization, such as developing functional food materials using SP.

The objectives of this study are to increase the contents of functional compounds and antioxidant activity obtained from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extracts using fermentation and enzyme. The optimal conditions (1%, Aspergillus luchuensis) for extraction methods were determined through fermentation treatment of ginger (concentrations of 0.5 and 1%; Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus luchuensis). The quality characteristics of the ginger extract for each treatment method (HW, hot water treated; EZ, enzyme; AL, fermentation; ALEZ, fermentation and enzyme) were observed using the optimal conditions. The water-soluble index (WSI) and total sugar content of the ALEZ increased by 2.6 times and 6.5 times, respectively, compared with that of the HW. However, the sum of gingerol and shogaol contents of ALEZ were 73.9% in ratio compared with lower than that of the HW. Antioxidant contents were generally higher in ALEZ, similar to the WSI trend. Therefore, ALEZ was more effective in enhancing antioxidant activity than EZ and AL. The fermentation and enzymatic approach described in this study would be beneficial to food industries for developing ginger functional products and materials.

This in vitro study investigated the enhancement of rumen bacterial adhesion on a substrate to increase the digestibility of rice straw in Hanwoo cattle. The rice straw was pretreated with enzymes, probiotics, or ammonia, and the effects on the enhancement of bacterial adhesion and fiber degradation were analyzed using in vitro rumen fermentation. Enzyme treatment included spraying of cellulase and xylanase at 40 and 120 U per g of rice straw, respectively; Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture of 1.0×107 CFU was sprayed as a probiotic treatment per gram of rice straw; ammonia was sprayed at 0.3% per gram of rice straw. Following enzyme treatment, Fibrobacter succinogenes formed a higher adhesion colony than the control group (7.26±0.03 and 8.43±0.20) after 6h and 12h of in vitro culture (p<0.05), respectively. Attachment of Ruminococcus flavefaciens also increased following enzyme treatment (p<0.05) after 6 and 12 h compared to that of the control (5.18±0.06 and 6.60±0.15); and R. albus attachment showed a significant increase compared to that of the control (5.94±0.15) after 6 h of incubation (p<0.05). Probiotic treatment increased attachment of F. succinogenes in comparison with untreated rice straw after 6 h and 12 h of fermentation (p<0.05); R. flavefaciens attachment showed an increase only after 6 h of culture (p<0.05); R. albus was not affected. Attachment of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, and R. albus increased with ammonia treatment after 6 h and 12 h (p<0.05). Dry matter digestibility was higher after the enzyme treatment (3.45±0.21 and 7.04±0.09) than in the control group(1.85±0.08 and 3.94±0.04) after 6 and 12 h of in vitro culture (p<0.05), respectively. It was also higher than that of untreated rice straw after probiotic and ammonia treatments (p<0.05). There was an increase in the enhancement levels of bacterial adhesion depending on the type of fibrolytic bacteria following enzyme, probiotic, and ammonia treatment. These treatments improved digestibility. This enhancement is considered to be greater following enzyme and ammonia treatments than with probiotics.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physicochemical properties of jelly made from fermented red ginseng concentrate (FRGC) that can be easily absorbed and digested for the health promotion of the elderly. The pH of the jellies tended to decrease with increasing concentration of FRGC. Soluble solid content has significantly higher value when added more than 2%, and the water content of the sample was significantly lower when the FRGC was added 4%. As the amount of FRGC was increased, the total color difference increased, and the hardness of samples decreased significantly. On the other hand, the total ginsenoside contents of the FRGC was 45.50 mg/g. As the concentration of FRGC increased, the content of polyphenol and flavonoids increased. The increasing pattern of polyphenols and flavonoids showed a similar trend. As the content of FRGC increased, ABTS free radical scavenging activity significantly increased (p<0.05), and in the control, the minimum value (62.6 AEAC) and the 4% sample were highest (116.2 AEAC). DPPH radical scavenging activity was like that of ABTS radical scavenging activity. However, there was no significant difference in DPPH radical scavenging activity of 3% and 4% red ginseng jelly.

Royal jelly (RJ) is a gelatinous substance that bees produce to feed bees and queen bees. It’s frequently sold as a dietary supplement to treat a variety of physical ailments and chronic diseases. While it has long been used in traditional medicine, its applications in Western medicine remain controversial. The inhibitory effect of royal jelly on osteoarthritis was investigated in primary cultured rat cartilage cells and monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced arthritis rat model 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HAD) is the main fatty acid present in RJ. Among the criteria for RJ quality analysis, 10-HAD content has been proposed as a freshness parameter. We investigated the effect of RJ on the improvement of osteoarthritis on SD rats and they were divided into five groups. In this study, we examined the effect of enzymatic royal jelly (ERJ) administration on osteoarthritis. To determine the antiinflammatory effects of RJ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression were measured after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation in RAW 264.7 cells. In in vivo animal study, osteoarthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of MIA into knee joints of rats. As a results, ERJ showed that TNF-α and IL-6 levels were decreased by ERJ treatment in a dosedependent manner. In conclusion, ERJ extract was able to inhibit articular cartilage degeneration by preventing extracellular matrix degradation and cartilage cell damage. It was considered that ERJ extract may be a potential therapeutic treatment for degenerative osteoarthritis.

The purpose of this study was to establish the best optimized extraction condition for the optimal development of fresh maca beverage using low temperature extraction and enzyme treatment. Low temperatures were applied to prevent heatrelated nutritional loss during the extraction process. Best extraction conditions were investigated based on the ratio of maca to water, the ratio of enzymes, extraction temperature and time, and agitation. The optimal enzyme conditions were also examined after the treatment of cellulase:pectinase mixture to maintain the original color and flavor, as well as to increase the extraction yield. When cellulase:pectinase was 1:1, the extraction rate ranged from 77.84 to 79.29%. In addition, the best extraction rate was found when maca was mixed with twice volume of water and incubated at 45°C (84.05±0.32%) with 90 rpm (87.13±0.46%) agitation for 3 hours (84.73±0.29%). Furthermore, sensory evaluation showed a high score in flavor, sweetness, and overall acceptability after adding 3% jujube concentrate into a fresh maca beverage.

This study was carried out using Celluclast 1.5L to increase the content of 2,6-DMBQ and water extractable arabinoxylan in wheat germ extract. Extraction temperatures were 30oC, 45oC and 60oC. The extraction times were 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 h. The pH of the extract decreased rapidly from 18 h at 30oC in both water- and enzyme-treated extracts. 2,6-DMBQ of water- and enzyme-treated extracts increased with the extraction time. At 30-hour extraction time, enzyme-treated extract increased 27.60% at 30oC extraction temperature than water extraction. Extraction temperatures of 45oC and 60oC were increased by 65.03% and 151.05%, respectively. The highest content of waterextractable arabinoxylan was 15.23±0.08 mg/g when the enzyme was treated at an extraction temperature of 60oC for 30 h. At 30=hour extraction time, enzyme-treated extract increased 7.92% at 30oC extraction temperature compared to water extraction. Extraction temperatures of 45oC and 60oC were increased by 31.20% and 54.38%, respectively.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the physicochemical properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and the optimum extract processing condition to increase the solubilization efficiency of 6-gingerol and polysaccharides disintegration. The physicochemical properties were investigated under high-pressure enzyme (HP) and enzyme (WB) treatment conditions such as reaction time (1, 2, 3 h), pressure (50, 70, 100 MPa) and sample types, and cell wall degradation enzyme (hemicellulase, cellulase, pectinase, glucosidase, etc.) The effect of high-pressure enzyme treatment depending on sample types was significantly highest in the freeze-dried ginger powder. The optimum condition for high-pressure enzyme treatment was with Pectinex Ultra SP-L (Pec) enzymes for 2 h at 50oC and 100 MPa. Water soluble indexes increased 4.6 and 3.8 times more compared to CON (15.35%) while total polyphenol contents increased by 1.8 and 1.7 times compared to CON (1.43%). The total contents of indicator components such as 6, 8, 10-gingerol and shogaol was 1.53%, increasing 2.7 times more compared to CON (0.57%) with a significant difference (p<0.001). The high-pressure and enzymatic approach described in this study would be beneficial to food industries for developing ginger functional product and materials.

암, 당뇨, 심장질환 등의 성인병 예방에 좋은 효과를 제공하기 때문에 선진국에서는 통곡의 섭취를 권장하고 있으나, 곡물이 겨층을 포함하고 있어 식미가 거친 단점이 있다. 초록통쌀은 호숙기에 수확하여 조직이 경화되지 않고 각종 미네랄, 비타민, 식이섬유 등 영양성분이 풍부한 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 고령자의 영양보충 및 식감 개선을 위한 초록통쌀 현미의 영양성분 및 효소처리에 따른 이화학적 특성변화를 분석하였다. 국내 다 소비품종인 삼광, 조평, 추청 3종의 초록통쌀의 영양성분을 비교 분석하였으며, 4종의 효소 처리(0.1 ~ 3%)에 따른 신속호화점도계, 전자현미경, 아밀로펙틴 함량 등의 이화학적 특성 변화를 측정하였다. 삼광, 조평, 추청의 주요 영양성분의 함량은 100g 당 비타민 B1이 144, 100, 105ug, 식이섬유가 21, 13, 12g, 폴리페놀이 63, 52, 56mg으로 삼광이 가장 높은 것으로 확인되었으며, 비타민 B2, 나이아신, 칼륨, 인, 마그네슘, 총 엽록소도 높은 것으로 나타났다. 효소농도가 증가함에 따라 경도가 감소하였으나, 0.3% 이상에서는 유의적 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 대조군 및 각 효소처리에 따른 식미적 합성을 나타내는 신속호화점도계 peak 값은 760, 724, 708, 754, 761 cP이었고, 시간변화에 따른 품질특성을 나타내는 Breakdown 값은 157, 166, 151, 100, 99 cP로 두 항목 모두 셀룰로오스계열 효소 D 처리 시 식미가 가장 우수한 것으로 확인되었다. 전자현미경 확인결과 효소처리에 따른 물성변화로 입자간 간극이 커짐을 확인하였다. 전분의 분자량 분포특성인 아밀로펙틴 측쇄사슬 길이는 모든 처리군 평균값이 15.71~15.99 DP로 효소처리에 따른 아밀로펙틴 함량 변화는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 셀룰로오스 계열 효소처리를 통하여 물성조절이 가능하고 식미도 우수한 것으로 나타나, 초록통쌀은 저작능력이 약한 고령자가 쉽게 섭취할 수 있고, 영양개선을 위해 활용할 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

The present study investigated the effect of enzyme inclusion on silage quality using meta-analysis tool. A total of 16 research papers reporting the effect of enzyme application on silage quality were employed in the meta-analysis of this study. Mixed model for integrating quantitative results from multiple studies was used first to calculate the predicted error of each study. Individual error from the estimated model was the applied into standard deviation of each study to calculate the mean difference. Finally, summary effect was determined using standard mean difference (SMD) and inversed variance weighting. Mixed model analysis and SMD analysis showed the same effect patterns in all analysis items. Enzyme inclusion in silage significantly (p < 0.05) altered all silage quality characteristics investigated compared to control when enzyme was not included. Our results showed that enzyme treatment increased dry matter content, preserved crude protein effectively, and elevated water soluble carbohydrate content. However, the pH value, acetic acid, propionic acid, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents in silage with enzyme inclusion were lower than those of the control.

Grains are nutritious foods that richly contain fiber, vitamins and minerals but it would be difficult to chew for some elderly people with weakened chewing ability. This study was aimed to find the appropriate conditions for reducing hardness of grains by enzyme treatment. To select appropriate enzyme, each grain (white rice, brown rice, barely, sorghum, and job’s tears) was soaked for one hour in enzyme solution at optimum activation temperature. Grains were soaked for one hour in selected enzyme solution at different concentration (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7%) under warming condition of cooker at 70℃, steamed in electric rice pressure cooker, rapidly cooled at -18℃ for one hour, placed at 20℃ for another hour, and then hardness was measured by texture analyzer. The initial hardness of white rice, brown rice, barely, sorghum, and job’s tears were 6.5 × 104, 7.1 × 104, 7.0 × 104, 7.8 × 104 and 7.7 × 104 N/m 2 , respectively. The lowest hardness of grains, 4.0 × 104, 5.0 × 104, 4.6 × 104, 5.7 × 104 and 4.7 × 104 N/m 2 were obtained with 0.3% of enzyme D solution while the hardness was not changed significantly with higher concentration. These results suggest that some hard grains treated with enzyme would become softer than white rice, and thus these grains may be used to prepare a healthier meal for elderly people having mastication problem.

쌀 가공식품 부산물의 효소 처리로 인한 단백질과 식이섬유, 색도의 차이는 시료에 따라 각각 다르게 나타났다. Gravimetric method와 Kjeldahl method 간에 단백질 함량의 차이가 조금씩 있는 것으로 확인 되었지만, 전체적으로 두 값의 패턴이 같은 것으로 보아 이 두 가지 단백질 측정 방법간에 유의성이 존재한다고 판단하였고, 두 값의 비교를 통해 단백질 함량의 변화를 더욱 자세히 비교 할 수 있었다. 주박의 경우 다른 효소보다 Termamyl이 단백질 함량을 높이는데 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났고, 효소를 혼합하였을 때 그 시너지 효과가 두드러졌다. 특히 세가지 효소를 모두 혼합하였을 경우 가장 좋은 시너지 효과를 나타냈다. 그러나 식이섬유의 경우 Termamyl 단일효소를 처리했을 경우가 식이섬유 함량을 높이는 데 가장 효과적인 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 탈지미강의 경우 역시 Termamyl이 가장 효율 적으로 나타났고 주박과 비슷한 패턴을 보여, 역시 혼합효소로 시너지 효과를 확인 할 수 있었다. 그러나 식이섬유 함량의 경우, Termamyl 처리를 했을 때 약한 증가 경향을 보인 반면, 다른 효소 처리로 인한 식이섬유 함량은 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 시럽박의 경우 초기 단백질 함량이 높아서 단백질 함량이 크게 증가하지 않았다. 최적의 효소라고 평가할 만한 효소를 찾을 수 없었고, 시너지 효과 역시 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 식이섬유의 경우 효소 처리로 인해 상당량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 Viscozyme 처리로 인한 식이섬유 함량은 큰 증가를 보였으나, 시너지 효과는 크게 나타나지 않았다.

본 연구는 백설기의 노화를 억제 및 저장 중 품질 향상을 위한 Novamyl의 최적 첨가량을 0.1%로 선정하고 트레할로스를 5%, 10%, 15% 첨가하여 백설기를 제조한 후 상온(25oC)에서 0, 1, 2, 3일간 저장하면서 기계적 및 관능적 특성과 노화 속도 변화를 살펴보았으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 수분활성도는 트레할로스의 첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하였으며 저장 일수에 따른 차이는 없었다. 색도는 트레할로스를 첨가한 백설기의 명도(L값)가 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며 적색도를 나타내는 a값은 첨가군이 대조구에 비해 낮게 나타났고 황색도(b값)는 첨가군이 다소 낮은 값을 보였으며 저장 일수가 증가함에 따라 황색도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 기계적 조직감에 대해서는 트레할로스의 첨가량이 증가할수록 경도가 감소하였고 저장 중 씹힘성의 감소폭이 감소하였다. Avrami 방정식으로 노화속도를 측정하였으며, Avrami exponent(n) 값과 시간상수(1/k) 값을 계산한 결과 트레할로스 첨가군이 대조구에 비해 노화속도가 감소하였음을 알 수 있었다. 관능검사 결과에서 15% 첨가구가 대부분의 항목에서 우수한 결과를 보였고 특히 전반적인 기호도 및 씹힘성 항목에서 높은 선호도 값을 보였으나 10% 첨가구와의 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 이와 같은 실험결과를 통해 백설기 제조 시 Novamyl 0.1%를 처리하고 트레할로스를 첨가할 경우 노화 억제와 품질 향상의 효과가 있었으며, 특히 기계적 측정 결과와 관능검사 결과를 종합했을 때, 트레할로스를 10% 첨가가 15%의 첨가에 비해 유의적인 차이가 적어 가장 적절한 것으로 나타났다. 효소의 첨가는 백설기의 노화를 억제하는 효과가 있지만 물성적인 측면에서 조직이 과도하게 물러지는 등의 문제를 보이는데 이에 트레할로스를 적당량 첨가함으로써 노화 억제를 향상시키고 물성적인 측면과 기호도를 향상시켜 저장성이 우수하고 소비자의 입맛에 적합한 백설기의 제조가 가능하다고 사료된다.

In this study, the anti-oxidant, whitening, and anti-wrinkle effects of Castanea crenata inner shell extracts processed by enzyme treatment and pressurized extraction were investigated. The Castanea crenata inner shell was first hydrolyzed using celluclast, viscozyme, or hemicellulase. Then, it was subjected to pressure extraction for different durations (30, 60, and 120 min). The yields of the Castanea crenata inner shell extracts processed by different enzyme treatments followed by pressurized extraction for different times are in the range of 12.42-29.80%. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the C30m (celluclast enzyme and autoclave extracts at 30 min) extract were 15.48, 10.82, and 15.82 g/100 g, respectively. The total sugar content of the H120m(hemicellulase enzyme and autoclave extracts at 120 min) extract is 61.07 g/100 g. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of the C30m extract at 1,000 μg/mL are 89.20, and 81.96%, respectively. The superoxide radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power of the C30m extract at 1,000 μg/mL are 67.63% and 1,324.79 μM, respectively. Further, the tyrosinase and elastase inhibition activity of the C30m extract at 1,000 μg/mL are 61.32, and 61.06%, respectively. Our results indicate that the Castanea crenata inner shell extracts processed by enzyme treatment followed by pressurized extraction could have beneficial effects on facial skin and they should be considered for use in new functional cosmetics.

본 연구에서는 저온추출 뿐만 아니라 효소처리를 이용하여 생과형 블루베리 과일음료생산을 위한 최적의 방법을 확립하고자 하였다. 생리학적 기능성물질 추출 시 열에 의한 영양손실을 막기 위해 저온을 사용하였다. 또한 다양한 효소처리를 이용하여 혼탁 방지 및 추출수율 향상을 위한 최적의 추출조건을 확립하고자 하였다. 블루베리를 cellulase, pectinase 및 cellulase:pectinase(1:1) 혼합 효소와 효소 처리량, 추출온도, 추출시간, 추출 교반속도 등을 고려한 다양한 조건으로 추출하였을 때, 가장 우수한 추출 조건을 조사하였다. cellulase로 처리할 경우, 추출률이 85.72-86.55%, pectinase 처리구는 87.06-87.93%, cellulase:pectinase(1:1) 혼합 처리할 경우, 86.84-88.14%의 추출률을 나타냈다. 추출 온도는 45℃에서 87.91±0.05%, 3시간 추출 하였을 경우 87.88±0.10%, 교반속도는 90 rpm에서 가장 높은 추출결과를 보였다. 블루베리 추출액의 당도 및 pH는 추출 조건에 관계없이 모든 처리구에서 통계학적으로 유사한 결과를 보였으나, 총 폴리페놀 함량은 pectinase 처리구에서 18.62 mg/g으로 가장 높은 값을 나타냈다. 유리당 함량은 모든 시료에서 과당과 포도당 두 가지 당류만 검출되었으며 cellulase 효소 0.10%를 처리한 블루베리 추출액의 유리당 함량이 포도당 0.51%, 과당 0.49%로 가장 높았으나 다른 처리구와 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 블루베리를 이용하여 생과일형 음료 제조를 위한 최적 조건은 cellulase: pectinase(1:1) 혼합효소 0.1%를 첨가하여 45℃ 온도에서 90 rpm의 교반속도로 조사되었다.

경북 성주지역에서는 참외의 재배과정 중 연간 수백 톤의 저급과가 발생하여 이에 대한 활용방안이 요구되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 고품질 참외 농축액 제조를 위하여 효소처리에 따른 참외 주스의 품질특성을 조사하였다. 참외 주스에 3종의 효소제를 여러 첨가수준으로 처리한 결과 pectinase와 cellulase를 혼합한 복합효소제를 0.01% (v/v) 처리한 PECE(Ⅰ)에서 갈색도 및 탁도가 각각 0.16 및 0.01로 낮았고 L값은 97.00으로 높은 편이었다. 유리당으로 fructose, glucose, sucrose가 검출되었으며 sucrose가 약 4,000 mg%로 주요 유리당으로 나타났다. 복합효소제의 처리시간을 달리한 경우 60분 처리구에서 갈색도 및 탁도가 각각 0.15, 0.01로 낮고 L값이 97.25로 높은 경향이었다. 효소처리 온도에 따른 품질은 50℃ 및 60℃ 처리구에서 갈색도와 탁도가 낮은 편이었으나 60℃ 및 70℃처리구에서 L값이 높은 경향이었다. 이상의 결과 참외 주스의 가공시 pectinase와 cellulas를 혼합한 복합효소제를 0.01% (v/v) 첨가하여 60℃에서 60분간 처리하는 것이 적절한 것으로 판단된다.