This research aims to study the simultaneous extraction and transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) using microwave irradiation with methanol as solvent and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. The microwave-assisted insitu transesterification of C. vulgaris is assessed at various ratios of biomass-to-methanol, reaction times, and catalyst concentrations during the centrifugation and evaporation process. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis is performed to confirm fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition. Biodiesel preparation is carried out by simultaneous extraction and transesterification of microalgae from C. vulgaris. The product is then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR); microalgae are observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest amount of FAME is obtained at a biomass-to-methanol ratio of 1:12, reaction time of 40 min, and catalyst concentration of 2 wt%. Biodiesel shows conversion to about 77.64% of methyl ester (methyl myristate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl linoleate, methyl oleate, methyl arachidonate, and methyl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentanoate).
지질 함량이 많은 식품에 방사선 조사여부 판별방법으로 적용가능한 hydrocarbons법의 전처리 추출공정을 개선하고자, 추출시간을 효율화 하고 추출용매의 사용을 줄일 수 있는 마이크로웨이브 추출법을 적용하였다. 국제 교역량이 가장 높은 농산물중 대두를 대상으로 방사선 조사(4 kGy)를 하여 hydrocarbons 분석에 대한 전처리 조건을 최적화하고자 하였다. 예측된 대두의 최적 추출범위는 extraction time 1.3-3.2분, microwave power 61-133 W로 나타났고, 예측된 범위에서 임의점을 설정하여 회귀식에 대입하여 최적값을 예측하였을 때 값은 microwave power와 extraction time이 각각 97W과 2.2 분으로 확인되었다. 방사선조사 허가식품에 대해서 검지법의 분석결과의 정확성과 더불어 신속성이 요구되는 상황에서 hydrocarbons검지법 적용이 가능한 대두를 대상으로 MAE (micarowave-assisted extraction) 추출법을 적용한다면, 식품공전상의 현행 추출전처리(12-24시간)에 따른 분석시간을 줄이고 추출공정 개선이 가능할 것으로 본다.
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is known as a more environmental-friendly process with economic advantages in terms of less time, less solvent, less energy and less waste than the current reflux method that is time-consuming. MAE was applied to extract three pesticides (quintozene, tolclofos-methyl and procymidone) from ginseng in a pesticide residue analysis and eliminate pesticide contaminants from ginseng prior to production of the ginseng extracts. The optimal conditions for pesticide extraction from ginseng were 50% in power (150 watts), 2 minutes, 20 mL hexane and 2.0 g sample. The results of optimal conditions were compared with those of Soxhlet method (7 hours, 150 mL hexane). The recoveries between two methods were almost same while time and amount of solvent used in MAE were significantly decreased in comparing with those in the Soxhlet methods. When the 45% ethyl alcohol as a extraction solvent was applied to eliminate pesticides from ginseng prior to the production of the ginseng extracts, it was found that 100% quintozene, 69% tolclofos-methyl and 83% procymidone were eliminated from ginseng. The data showed that MAE may be used to eliminate pesticide contaminants in ginseng prior to making the ginseng extracts.
Fagopyrum esculentum (Buckwheat) is a globally used alternative crop that contains several useful substances with various effects; however, many of these substances (rutin, quercetin, etc.) are water insoluble. To extract these substances, alcohols is required, which is inconvenient because these solvents cause diverse problems. Many studies are underway to achieve effective extraction of these substances with water. Among of these studies, microwave assisted water extraction (MAE) has been performed extensively. In this study, we performed the extraction in various solvents and/or microwave from Fagopyrum esculentum. The analysis of the content of useful substances and the bioactivity were performed and shown to increase in MAE. Liquid chromatography-mass was performed in order to identify of the useful water-insoluble substances. Catechin, quercetin, and rutin, which are all insoluble in water, were hardly extracted with water even on heating (4.4 ppb, 3.9 ppb and 60.3 ppb, respectively). However, MAE was found to extract much more of these substances than water (1204 ppb, 110.8 ppb and 2946 ppb, respectively). Although less efficient than alcohols, MAE showed much higher efficiency than simple water extraction. These results indicate that water extraction using microwave technology is effective in cases where it is difficult to extract useful substances using water.
본 연구는 새싹보리를 이용하여 제품 개발에 적용할 수 있도록, 생리활성물질의 최적 추출구간을 설정하는 데에 목적이 있다. 에탄올 농도(0-100%), 마이크로웨이브 전력 (60-300 W), 추출시간(4-20분)을 종속 변수로 설정한 후, 빠르고 추출 수율이 좋은 마이크로웨이브추출법을 이용하여 16구의 다른 추출 조건을 중심합성계획법에 따라 설정 하여 새싹보리를 추출하였다. 이 후, 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거능 활성을 측정하였다. 모든 회귀식의 R2는 0.9 이상으로 5% 수준 이내에서 유의성이 인정되었다. 총 폴리페놀의 최적 추출 조건은 에탄올 농도 58.94%, 마이크로웨이브 전력 209.04 W, 추출시간은 18.17분으로 나타났으며, 총 플라보노이드 의 최적 추출 조건은 에탄올 농도 52.7%, 마이크로웨이브 전력 73.03 W, 추출시간은 5분으로 나타났다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능 활성의 경우, 에탄올 농도 75.84%, 마이크로웨이브 전력 210.79 W, 추출시간 은 6.5분으로 나타났다. 조건에 따른 TPC, TFC 그리고 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 활성의 예측값 은 각각 3.84 mg GAE/g, 3.00 mg RE/g 그리고 35.43%의 수치를 나타냈다. 최적 범위 내 임의의 점, 즉 에탄올 농도 40%, 마이크로웨이브 전력 120 W, 추출시간은 18분에서 실험값은 3.38 mg GAE/g, 2.64 mg RE/g, 그리고 37.94%를 나타냈으며 예측값과 실제 실험값은 유사한 값을 보였다.
Functional compounds including flavonoids, anthocyanins, polyphneols and antioxidants were extracted from blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) using highly efficient microwave-assisted extraction. And extraction process was modeled and optimized according to response surface methodology (RSM). The independent variables (Xn) were ethanol concentration (X1: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%), irradiation time (X2: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 min), and microwave power (X3: 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 W). Dependent variables (Yn) were total flavonoid contents (Y1), total anthocyanin contents (Y2), total polyphenol contents (Y3) and antioxidant activity (Y4). Four-dimensional response surface plots were generated based on the fitted second-order polynomial models to get optimal conditions. Estimated optimal conditions for 4 responses were ethanol concentration of 54-72%, irradiation time of 7.1-7.6 min, and microwave power of 243-251 W. Ridge analysis predicted the maximal responses of total flavonoid content, total anthocyanin content, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were 38.00 mg RE/g, 6.80 mg CGE/g, 14.90 mg GAE/g, 89.10%, respectively. Verification experiment was carried out at predicted optimal conditions and experimental values for total flavonoid content, total anthocyanin content, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were 38.10 mg RE/g, 6.72 mg CGE/g, 14.91 mg GAE/g and 89.13%, respectively. No significant difference was observed between predicted and experimental values, indicating good fitness of fitted model and successful application of RSM.
Background: In this study, microwave extraction was used, which is an effective method to extract useful bioactive substances as it requires low quantities of solvent and short time periods. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal extraction conditions for Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb.
Methods and Results: The independent variables were ethanol concentration, microwave power, and extraction time, each of which had five levels. The dependent variables were total polyphenol and total flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. To determine the optimal extraction conditions for bioactive compounds, a response surface methodology was employed. Contour maps were generated from polynomial equations. The optimal conditions were then assumed by superimposing these contour maps. Based on the resulting graph, the optimal microwave extraction conditions for Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb were determined as 42 - 48% ethanol concentration, 240 - 280W microwave power, and 13 - 20 min of extraction time.
Conclusions: Ethanol concentration had a significant effect on microwave extraction, in terms of total polyphenol and total flavonoid content, as well as DPPH radical scavenging activity. Microwave power and extraction time influenced the total polyphenol content, but not the total flavonoid content or the DPPH radical scavenging activity.
참나무 겨우살이의 생리활성을 알아보기 위해 전자공여 작용, SOD 유사활성, 총 폴리페놀 함량, Tyrosinase 저해효과 및 아질산염 소거작용을 측정하였다. 전자공여능은 추출용매의 비율에 따라 농도가 높아짐에 따라 전자공여능도 증가하였고, 특히 60% EtOH을 추출용매로 하여 25 mL/g의 비율로 추출한 실험구가 68.88%로 가장 높은 항산화력을 나타냈다(p50 mL/g>100 mL/g으로 농도가 높을수록 페놀함량도 유의적으로 높아졌고,
포도씨의 총 카테킨 함량과 추출물의 항산화성을 극대화하기 위한 마이크로웨이브 추출조건의 최적화를 시도하였다. 중심합성계획에 따라 추출조건(microwave power , 에탄올 농도 , 추출시간 )을 설계하고, 종속변수로서 추출물의 수율, 카테킨 함량 및 전자공여능을 회귀 분석함으로써 최적 추출조건을 예측하였다. 모든 회귀식의 는 0.9 이상으로 1% 수준에서 유의성이 인정되었다. 총 카테킨 함량의 최대 추출 값은 434.16 mg%로 예측되었으
홍삼 첨가 액상청국장의 추출공정별 청국장 추출물의 특성 비교 및 청국장의 최적 추출 조건을 설정하고자 하였다. 용매로 물을 사용하여 추출한 홍삼 첨가 액상청국장을 각각 마이크로웨이브 파워별(30, 60, 90, 120 및 150 W), 시간별(1, 5, 9, 13 및 17분)로 추출한 후 생리활성 실험을 수행하였을 때, 수율, 전자공여능, 아질산염 소거능, tyrosinase 저해작용, SOD 유사 활성 등의 생리활성 측정을 통해 추출 최적점을
볶음처리한 새송이버섯의 마이크로웨이브 추출조건, 즉 에탄올 농도, 추출시간 및 마이크로웨이브 power에 따른 품질특성을 살펴보았다. 총 페놀성 화합물 함량, 전자공여능 및 pH 1.2에서의 아질산염소거능은 50% 에탄올로 추출한 경우 높게 나타났다. SOD 유사활성은 75% 에탄을 농도로 추출하였을때 가장 높은 활성을 나타났다. 가용성 고형분 및 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 추출시간이 증가할수록 증가하다가 7분일 때 가장 높게 나타났으며, 전자공여