In order to reduce damages to major railroad components, which have the potential to cause interruptions to railroad services and safety accidents and to generate unnecessary maintenance costs, the development of rolling stock maintenance technology is switching from preventive maintenance based on the inspection period to predictive maintenance technology, led by advanced countries. Furthermore, to enhance trust in accordance with the speedup of system and reduce maintenances cost simultaneously, the demand for fault diagnosis and prognostic health management technology is increasing. The objective of this paper is to propose a highly reliable learning model using various machine learning algorithms that can be applied to critical rolling stock components. This paper presents a model for railway rolling stock component fault diagnosis and conducts a mechanical failure diagnosis of motor components by applying the machine learning technique in order to ensure efficient maintenance support along with a data preprocessing plan for component fault diagnosis. This paper first defines a failure diagnosis model for rolling stock components. Function-based algorithms ANFIS and SMO were used as machine learning techniques for generating the failure diagnosis model. Two tree-based algorithms, RadomForest and CART, were also employed. In order to evaluate the performance of the algorithms to be used for diagnosing failures in motors as a critical railroad component, an experiment was carried out on 2 data sets with different classes (includes 6 classes and 3 class levels). According to the results of the experiment, the random forest algorithm, a tree-based machine learning technique, showed the best performance.

Background: Deficiencies in the ability to maintain balance are common in elderly. Augmented feedback such as knowledge of results (KR) can accelerate learning and mastering a motor skill in older people. Objects: We designed this study to examine whether one session of Wii-Fit game with self-regulated KR is effective for elderly people, and to compare the effect of two different timings of self-regulated KR conditions. Methods: Thirty-nine community-dwelling elders, not living in hospice care or a nursing home, participated in this study. During acquisition, two groups of volunteers were trained in 10 blocks of a dynamic balancing task under the following 2 conditions, respectively: (a) a pre-trial self-regulated KR (n1=18), or (b) a post-trial self-regulated KR (n2=21). Immediate retention tests and delayed retention tests of balancing performance were administered in 15 minutes and 24 hours following acquisition period, respectively. Results: In both groups, significant improvements of balancing performances scores were observed during the acquisition period. Regardless of the group, mean of balancing performance scores on retention tests were well-maintained from the final session. There were no significant differences between groups in balancing performance scores during the acquisition period (p>.05); however, the post-trial self-regulated KR group exhibited significantly higher balancing performance scores in both the immediate retention test and delayed retention test than that of the pre-trial self-regulated KR group (p<.05). Conclusion: Therefore, subjects who regulated their feedback after a dynamic balancing task, during the acquisition period, experienced more efficient motor learning during the retention period than did subjects who regulated their feedback before a dynamic balancing task. Accordingly, in case of presenting the KR of motor learning in clinical settings to elders who reduced dynamic balance abilities, the requesting time of KR is imperative according to self-estimation processes as well as types of KR and practice.

This study was to inspect how the portfolio assessment in physical education classes affects the learning attitude and the improvement of motor skills. The experimental group of 40 students utilized the portfolio assessment and the control group of 40 students were tested with a traditional assessment. A test paper on learning attitude and a measure on assessment of motor skills was estimated of reliability and validity. After a vaulting horse-rolling instructions were practiced 11 sessions for 4 weeks that the experimental group were tested with portfolio assessment. The control group were tested with traditional assessment. Each group took a posttest about learning attitude and motor skills. The collected data through the posttest were analyzed with t-test. The findings of this study could be listed as follows; First, the learning attitude of experimental group using the portfolio assessment was better than the control group, and the difference was significant statistically. Second, the motor skills of experimental group using the portfolio assessment were better than the control group, and the difference was significant statistically.

This study is intended to examine the motor skill learning and treadmill exercise on motor performance and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar injured rats by harmaline. Experiment groups were divided into four groups and assigned 15 rats to each group. GroupⅠ was a normal control group(induced by saline); GroupⅡ was a experimental control group(cerebellar injured by harmaline); GroupⅢ was a group of motor skill learning after cerebellar injured by harmaline; GroupⅣ was a group of treadmill exercise after cerebellar injured by harmaline. In motor performance test, the outcome of groupⅡ was significantly lower than the groupⅢ, Ⅳ(especially groupⅢ)(p<.001). In histological finding, the experimental groups were destroy of dendrities and nucleus of cerebellar neurons. GroupⅢ, Ⅳ were decreased in degeneration of cerebellar neurons(especially groupⅢ). In immunohistochemistric response of synaptophysin in cerebellar cortex, experimental groups were decreased than groupⅠ. GroupⅢ's expression of synaptophysin was more increased than groupⅡ, Ⅳ. In electron microscopy finding, the experimental groups were degenerated of Purkinje cell. These result suggest that improved motor performance by motor skill learning after harmaline induced is associated with dynamically altered expression of synaptophysin in cerebellar cortex and that is related with synaptic plasticity.

목적 : 운동학습은 신체적인 연습과 경험의 결과로 동작에 대한 기술 습득의 과정으로 표현된다. 최근 정신적 훈련을 통해 운동 기술의 습득이 이루어질 수 있다는 연구가 많이 보고되고 있다. 본 연구는 시열반응과제를 통하여 실제 훈련과 정신 훈련의 효과에 대해 연구하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 50명의 정상 성인을 대상으로 정신 훈련군, 실제 훈련군, 대조군으로 무선적 배치하였다. 측정된 시열반응과제는 컴퓨터 화면에 제시되는 네 가지의 색깔에 대응하는 반응패드를 손가락을 이용하여 최대한 빨리 정확히 누르도록 하고, 반응 시간을 측정하였다. 정신 훈련군과 실제 훈련군은 정신 및 실제 훈련을 하루 30분, 2주 동안 훈련하였고, 훈련 시간은 동일하게 설계하였다. 결과 : 이요인 반복 측정 공분산 분석의 집단 간의 주 효과 검정에서 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 관찰되었으며, 집단×훈련 전·후 간의 상호작용에서도 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다(p<.05). 또한 사후 검정에서 정신 훈련군과 대조군, 실제 훈련군과 대조군에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 이러한 결과는 훈련 후 대조군에서의 시간의 감소보다 정신 훈련군과 실제 훈련군에서의 과제 수행 시 시간의 감소가 더 크게 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구에서는 정신 훈련군에서 실제 훈련군과 같이 운동 학습의 효과가 나타났으며, 정신 훈련은 효과적인 운동학습을 위한 방법임이 입증되었다. 그러므로 운동제어와 인지학습을 시켜야 하는 재활 영역에서 뇌손상 환자에게 학습을 시키기 위한 방법으로 정신 훈련을 채택할 수 있으며, 마비측의 실제 훈련을 수행하기에 어려운 상황에서는 정신 훈련이 더 효과적일 수 있고, 실제 훈련과 비슷한 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Theoretical framework of motor learning is used to enhance perceptual motor skill in physical therapy intervention, which can be subdivided into two main types-explicit and implicit. The purpose of this study was to examine whether stroke patients with unilateral brain damage learn implicitly a motor skill using the arm ipsilateral to the damaged hemisphere. Speculation then followed as to the formation of therapeutic plans and instructions provided to patients with stroke. 20 patients with stroke and 20 normal participants were recruited. All the subjects practiced serial reaction time tasks for 30 minutes a day and retention tests on the following day. The tasks and tests involved pressing the corresponding buttons to 4 colored circles presented on a computer screen as quickly and accurately as possible. Patients with stroke responded more slowly than controls. However, both groups showed decreased reaction time in the experimental and retention periods. Also, there was no significant difference between both groups regarding explicit knowledge of consecutive order. Therefore, patients with stoke had the ability to learn implicitly a perceptual motor skill. Prescriptive instruction using implicit and explicit feedback may be beneficial for motor skill learning in physical therapy intervention for patients with brain damage.

목적 : 본 연구는 수행에 대한 지식과 결과에 대한 지식이 정신지체 성인의 운동 학습에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위함이다. 연구방법 : 한 명의 정신지체 성인 여성이 연구에 참여하였고 교대중재 방법을 적용하였다. 운동학습 과제는 기능적으로 독립된 두 가지의 서로 다른 타이핑 하기였고, 결과에 대한 지식을 제공하는 타이핑과 수행에 대한 지식을 제공하는 타이핑을 연습하게 했다. 그 이후 훈련 직후, 훈련 후 1시간 경과 후에 기초선 측정과 같은 방법으로 수행 시간과 실패율(%)을 측정하였다. 또한 훈련 효과의 보존을 알아보기 위해 이틀이 경과한 후에 다시 측정하였다. 결과 : 두 중재 모두에서 운동 학습 과제에 대한 수행시간과 오류가 감소하였다. 연습 직후에서는 수행에 대한 지식 중재가 결과에 의한 지시 중재보다 과제 수행시간 단축 백분율이 높았지만, 연습 1시간 후와 유지기간에서는 결과에 대한 지식 중재가 수행에 의한 지식 중재보다 과제 수행시간 단축 백분율이 높았다. 수행에 대한 지식 중재보다 결과에 의한 지식 중재는 각 시점에서 실패율이 낮았다. 결론 : 결과에 대한 지식 중재는 수행에 대한 지식 중재에 비해 좀 더 빠르게 학습을 촉진하고 오래 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 정신지체인의 운동학습을 촉진하기 위한 되먹임으로 결과에 대한 지식 중재방법을 사용하는 것이 효과적일 것으로 생각된다.

Motor skill learning can be acquired implicitly without consciousness of what is being learned. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of implicit motor learning in young and elderly people using a perceptual-motor task. Forty normal young and elderly subjects participated. A modified version of the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) using six blocks of twelve perceptual motor sequences was administered. The paradigm consisted of the first random sequence block followed by the four patterned blocks and another random block. In each block, the go signal consisted of an asterisk displayed in the one of the four parallel arrayed boxes in the middle of the screen. Subjects were instructed to push the corresponding response buttons as quickly as possible. Young subjects demonstrated shorter reaction times during the consecutive patterned blocks reflecting appropriate learning accomplished. Elderly subjects were able to learn a perceptual-motor task with implicit knowledge, but the performance was lower than that of the young persons. These results indicated that implicit sequence learning is still preserved in elderly adults, but the rate of learning is slower.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates cortical excitability beyond the duration of the rTMS trains themselves. Depending on rTMS parameters, a lasting inhibition or facilitation of cortical excitability can be induced. Therefore, rTMS of high or low frequency over motor cortex may change certain aspects of motor learning performance and cortical activation. This study investigated the effect of high and low frequency subthreshold rTMS applied to the motor cortex on motor learning of sequential finger movements and brain activation using functional MRI (fMRI). Three healthy right-handed subjects (mean age 23.3) were enrolled. All subjects were trained with sequences of seven-digit rapid sequential finger movements, 30 minutes per day for 5 consecutive days using their left hand. 10 Hz (high frequency) and 1 Hz (low frequency) trains of rTMS with 80% of resting motor threshold and sham stimulation were applied for each subject during the period of motor learning. rTMS was delivered on the scalp over the right primary motor cortex using a figure-eight shaped coil and a Rapid(R) stimulator with two Booster Modules (Magstim Co. Ltd, UK). Functional MRI (fMRI) was performed on a 3T ISOL Forte scanner before and after training in all subjects (35 slices per one brain volume TR/TE = 3000/30 ms, Flip angle , FOV 220 mm, matrix, slice thickness 4 mm). Response time (RT) and target scores (TS) of sequential finger movements were monitored during the training period and fMRl scanning. All subjects showed decreased RT and increased TS which reflecting learning effects over the training session. The subject who received high frequency rTMS showed better performance in TS and RT than those of the subjects with low frequency or sham stimulation of rTMS. In fMRI, the subject who received high frequency rTMS showed increased activation of primary motor cortex, premotor, and medial cerebellar areas after the motor sequence learning after the training, but the subject with low frequency rTMS showed decreased activation in above areas. High frequency subthreshold rTMS on the motor cortex may facilitate the excitability of motor cortex and improve the performance of motor sequence learning in normal subject.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of the activities of daily living (ADL) by the motor learning program for upper extremity in stroke patients. The subjects were sixty-two members who were treated at the department of occupational therapy. The ADL were measured with Functional Independence Measure (FIM). The result's were as fol1ows; 1. The ability to perform daily activities after treatment was significantly increased independent of age, gender, cause, affected side and speech disability (p<.01). The differences between the pre-treatment and the post-treatment was no significant correlation to sex, cause, affected side and duration of treatment, but the speech disability was significant. Therefore the pre-treatment scores and post-treatment scores were significantly different. 2. The variation of the pre-treatment and the post-treatment in the detail item to the performance of daily life of the stroke patients through the upper extremity motor learning program was significantly increased in self-care, sphincter control, locomotion, mobility, communication and social cognition (p<.01) Consequently, The motor learning program for upper extremity significantly improved the performance level of all ADL areas in stroke patients.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of electrical stimulation biofeedback on motor learning of quadriceps muscle isometric exercise in 3 patients who have undergone total knee replacement surgery. A multiple baseline design across subjects was used. The electrical stimulation biofeedback was provided with each patient during quadriceps isometric exercise, which last 10 to 14 sessions with 10 repetitions each sessions. After training patients received 4 retention tests. Maximum muscle activity was measured pre- and post- electrical stimulation biofeedback training and retention test to evaluate the effect of biofeedback training. Maximum isometric muscle activity of quadriceps was increased after electrical stimulation biofeedback training in all subjects. The results indicate that a electrical stimulation biofeedback training is a useful method to improve motor learning of quadriceps isometric exercise in total knee replacement.

Several studies have evaluated the effects of types of relative frequency and delay interval of knowledge of results(KR) on motor skill learning independently. The purpose of this study was to determine more effective types of KR relative frequency and KR delay interval for motor learning. Forty-six healthy subjects (15 female, 31 male) with no previous experience with this experiment participated. The subjects ranged in age from 20 to 29 years (mean=23.9, SD=0.474). All subjects were assigned to one of four groups: a high-instant group, a high-delay group, a low-instant group, and a low-delay group. During the acquisition phase, subjects practiced movements to a target (400 mm) with either a high (83%) or low (33%) KR relative frequency, and with either an instantaneous or delayed (after 8s) KR. Four groups were evaluated on retention (after 3min and 24hr) and transfer (450 mm) tests. The major findings were as follows: (1) there were no between-group differences in acquisition and short-term retention (p>0.05, (2) a low (33%) KR relative frequency during practice was as effective for learning as measured by both long-tenn retention and transfer tests, compared with high (83%) KR practice conditions (p<0.05), (3) delayed (8s) KR enhanced learning as measured by both long-term retention and transfer tests, compared with instantaneous KR practice conditions (p<0.05), and (4) there were no interactions between KR relative frequency and KR delay interval during acquisition, retention, and transfer phases. The results suggest that relatively less frequent and delayed KR are more effective types for motor learning than more frequent and instantaneous KR.ㅂ

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 로젠탈 효과(Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968)가 운동학습에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위함이 었다. 방법: 이를 위해 아동 30명이 참여하였다. 이들에게는 본 연구의 목적에 대해 어떠한 정보도 주지 않았으며 로젠탈, 골렘, 통제 집단에 각각 10명 씩 무선 배정되었다. 본 연구의 과제는 골프퍼팅이 사용되었으며, 종속변인은 전체오차점수였다. 습득단계의 자료 분석은 마지막 요인을 반복 측정하는 3(집단)×6(분단)요인 설계 하에 이루어졌고 파지단계는 일원변량분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 자료를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 로젠탈 집단은 습득단계에서 가장 우수한 수행을 나타냈다. 둘째, 즉각적 파지검사에서 로젠탈 집단은 골렘 집단과 통제 집단보다 우수한 수행을 나타냈다. 셋째, 지연된 파지검사에서 로젠탈 집단은 골렘집단과 통제집단보다 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 인터뷰 분석결과 로젠탈 집단에 대한 내용에서 상대적으로 긍정적 반응이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구에서 로젠탈 효과는 운동학습상황에 충분히 적용될 수 있음을 보여준다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) in reconstruction and learning of novel finger movement sequence. Especially, different structures of practice (blocked vs. random) were introduced to vary the level of contextual interference, and the dPMC activities during the motor preparation phase were manipulated by the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Methods: Different patterns of serial key press learning tasks were introduced in random or blocked orders while either the real or the sham TMS was applied at the movement preparation stage. Thus, 56 subjects were randomly assigned into Sham-blocked, TMS-Blocked, Sham-random, and TMS-random practice conditions. 3-way ANOVA were performed to identify the group and condition differences. Results: As a result, the Blocked practice group showed fluent task performances regardless of TMS stimulation during the practice periods, while only the Sham-random practice groups showed the effect of contextual interference in the transfer and retention periods. Conclusion: Significant difference of practice effect depended on the presence of TMS stimulation only with the higher contextual interference in the motor preparation stage. The dPMC seems to be responsible for preparation and reorganization of new motor plans when the variability of the task is high. These results supports the forgetting-reconstruction theory to better explain the effect of contextual interference.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of different types of practice on badminton skill in elementary school student during practice with observation learning, repeated reading and mixed practice combining observation learning and repeated reading. Methods: Thirty-six 5th grade male elementary students participated and were randomly assigned into four different groups; control, observation learning(OL), repeated reading(RR), and mixed model(MD). Before performing the striking skill, they observed the badminton expert’s performance three times in real time. They were asked to peform high clear striking as a badminton skill 20 times at pre-test, practice, retention(RT) and delayed retention(DR). During intervention, control group watched video clips not related badminton, OL was asked to watch the video containing the expert performance in saggital view, RR was required to read the customized reading material, and MD watched the expert’s video and read the reading material. Results: There was significant difference in performance score between pre-test, RT, DR in MD. Conclusion: The current results suggest that MD seems more effective practice to learn badminton skill for male elementary school student.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different verbal cues during observational learning of a soccer kick. Methods: The to-be-learned task was an inside-of-the-foot soccer accuracy pass. Thirty female participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups according to the type of verbals cues combined with an expert model video; 1) discovery learning, 2) attention-focusing cue, 3) error-correcting cue. All participants practiced 10 trials without any information during a practice phase and 40 trials with treatments during an acquisition phase. A retention test was administered 24 h after acquisition. Results: The effect of observational learning was evaluated by kicking form, absolute error(AE), variable error(VE). The results revealed that two verbal cue groups displayed better kicking form than the discovery learning group during the retention test. The error-correcting cue group revealed better learning effect than attention-focusing cue group. However, for AE and VE the two verbal cue groups did not show a significant difference and the learning benefit relative to the discovery learning group. Conclusion: The results suggest that error-correcting cue is more effective during observational learning than the attention-focusing cue. The error-correcting cue facilitates attentional and retentional subprocesses. In addition, it facilitates the search for a task-appropriate coordination solution.

동영상 피드백의 효과를 조사한 선행연구들의 결과에 따르면 동영상 피드백이 긍정적인 학습효과를 발생시키기 위해 학습자에게 단독으로 제공되어서는 안 되고 주의집중 단서, 오류수정 정보, 전문가 모델 동영상 등과 함께 결합되어 제공되어야 하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구의 목적은 운동학습 효과를 극대화하기 위해 동영상 피드백을 어떻게 제공해야 하는지 규명하기 위해 위 요인들의 결합된 효과를 조사 하였다. 구체적으로 선행연구들이 가장 효율적인 동영상 피드백 제공방법으로 제시한 ‘오류수정 정보+학습자 동영상’ 제공조건에 언어적 주의집중 단서와 전문가 모델 동영상이 부가될 때의 학습효과를 조사하였다. 40명의 피험자들은 네 가지 동영상 피드백 제공집단으로 나누어 땅볼 인사이드 축구 패스를 연습하였다. 24시간 후에 실시된 파지검사 결과, ‘오류수정 정보+학습자 동영상’ 조건에 주의집중 단서가 부가되었을 때 학습효과는 다르게 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 전문가 모델 동영상이 추가로 제공되었을 때 학습효과는 가장 우수했다. 부가된 전문가 모델의 동영상은 학습자에게 오류탐지를 위한 견본으로 사용된 것처럼 보인다. 또한 전문가 모델 동영상은 관찰학습 효과와 신체분절의 상대동작 정보를 제공하여 동작 폼의 습득을 더 용이하게 하는 것처럼 보인다. 그러나 동영상 피드백에 오류수정 정보가 결합될 경우 주의집중 단서의 추가적 제공은 불필요 한 것처럼 보인다.

본 연구의 목적은 운동기술 학습에 있어서 자기조절을 통한 과제 난이도 선택의 효과를 규명하는 것이며, 구체적으로 학습자가 자기조절전략에 의한 난이도 선택에 있어서 난이도 선택 폭에 따른 정확성 과제의 학습 차이를 규명하는데 있다. 연구대상자(n=40)는 자기통제집단과 한 쌍이 되는 동반집단, 제한-자기통제집단과 한쌍이 되는 제한-동반집단 중, 하나의 집단에 10명씩 무선 할당되어 실험에 참여하였다. 실험과제는 골프퍼팅 과제로써 한번의 퍼팅으로 최대한 목표지점에 일치시키는 것이다. 사전연습단계 후에 각 네 개의 집단은 본 연습에 참여하였고, 약 24시간 후에 전이검사를 실시하였다. 종속변인은 2차원 과제에서 목표수행에 대한 절대적인 차이를 나타내는 반경오차와 수행의 일관성을 나타내는 이원변량가변오차이다. 통계분석을 위해 사전 연습단계와 전이단계에서는 각 종속변인에 대하여 집단 간 차이를 확인하기 위하여 일원변량분석을 실시하였고 습득단계에서는 집단과 분단을 독립변인으로 분단을 반복 측정하는 이원변량분석을 실시하였는데 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사전연습단계는 집단 간에 반경오차와 이원변량 가변오차가 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 둘째, 습득단계에서는 반경오차와 이원변량가변오차는 분단에 따른 통계적 유의한 차이를 나타냈지만 집단에 따른 주효과와 분단과 집단간의 상호작용 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 전이단계1(근거리)에서는 집단 간에 반경오차와 이원변량가변오차가 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지 못했지만, 전이단계2(원거리)에서는 반경오차와 이원변량 가변오차가 집단 간 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 통해 본 연구는 정확성 과제 학습에 있어서 자기조절 전략을 통한 과제 난이도 선택시 제한된 난이도 조건보다 선택의 폭이 넓은 난이도 조건이 운동학습 효과를 높일 수 있을 가능성을 제시해 주고 있다.

본 연구는 분산연습에서 연습시간들 사이에 제공된 휴식간격의 수가 동작학습에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지조사하였다. 36명의 피험자들은 분산연습에 포함된 휴식간격의 수에 따라 세 집단에 무작위로 배치되어골프퍼팅 과제를 연습하였다. 첫 번째 집단은 1회 휴식집단으로 퍼팅을 첫날 120회 실시한 후 24시간의 휴식을 취하고 다음날 나머지 120회를 실시하였다. 2회 휴식집단은 첫날 퍼팅을 80회 시행하고 24시간의 휴식 후 80회를 그리고 다시 24시간의 휴식 후 나머지 80회를 시행하였다. 3회 휴식집단은 하루 60회씩연습시간을 네 번으로 나누어 그 사이 세 번의 24시간 휴식을 취하도록 하였다. 휴식간격의 수에 따른 학습효과의 차이를 조사하기 위해 24시간 후에 60회의 파지검사 시행이 주어졌다. 분석결과, 3회 휴식집단은 습득과 파지단계에서 가장 우수한 수행을 나타냈고 1회 휴식집단은 가장 저조한 수행을 나타냈다. 2회 휴식집단도 유의함에는 미치지 못했지만 1회 휴식집단보다 우수한 습득과 파지수행을 나타냈다. 이결과는 연습시간들 사이의 휴식간격의 길이와 함께 제공된 휴식간격의 횟수가 분산연습의 효과를 결정짓는 주요 학습 변인이라는 것을 나타낸다. 연습시간들 사이에 24시간 간격의 휴식시간의 수가 부가될수록 첫 번째 휴식시간 동안 기억 공고화 작용이 일어나고 그리고 부가된 연습시간과 휴식시간 동안 기억흔적의 재활성화와 재공고화 작용들이 일어나 기억과 학습 효과는 더 커지는 것처럼 보인다.

운동학습분야에서는 많은 이론들이 제시되면서 지속적인 발전이 이루어지고 있다. 최근에 진행되는 연구들은 어떠한 방향으로 진행되고 있는지 그리고 그 영역적 한계와 발전 방향에 대해 검토와 논의가 요구되는 시점이다. 여기에서는 그동안 발전되어온 운동학습과 관련한 이론들에 대해 살펴보고 새롭게 관심을 받아온 연구 분야를 보다 구체적으로 검토해 보고자 한다. 특히 운동의 학습단계별로 나타나는 주요 특성변화를 밝히는 운동의 숙련성, 운동학습에 따라 뇌의 변화과정에 관심을 갖는 신경학적 연구, 표현 움직임과 관련된 움직임 학습, 그리고 스포츠 기술과 동작의 효율성과 관련된 협응변화의 학습 등을 중심으로 검토를 하였다. 향후 운동학습연구의 과제로는 융합적 연구를 통한 효율적인 운동학습시스템의 구축과 평생운동학습 차원에서 교육과의 연계성을 논의하였다.