This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various mulching materials on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Three kinds of polyethylene (PE) mulching materials were used which are: black (Black), green (Green), and white and black on both sides (White), black non-woven fabric (Fabric), and barley straw (Straw) and the control plot (Control) were also used in this study. The change of soil temperature was observed in various mulching materials with Green showing the highest average temperature of 24.4o, followed by Black > Fabric > Control > White > Straw. The variation of plant length,, aboveground weight, and root weight were constant in the order of Green > Black > White > Fabric > Control > Straw. Total yield (number of fruits) were 281,000 in Green which was the highest yield, and the least was from Straw which was 62.3% of Green. Total weight of fruits in Green was 395 kg which was the heaviest, and in Straw was least with 226 kg Hence, the weight of fruits

본 연구는 고추 논 비가림 재배시 피복 재료가 생육, 수량 및 dehydrogenase 활성 등에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 충북 괴산군 농가포장에서 2012년부터 2013년까지 2년간 수행하였다. ‘독야청청(신젠타종묘)’ 품종을 사용하였으며, 멀칭용 피복 재료는 배색비닐, 흑색비닐, 생분해필름, 부직포 등 4처리를 하였다. 1. 피복 재료에 따른 고추의 초장, 주경장, 분지수, 엽장, 엽폭은 통계적인 유의성을 나타내지 않았다. 2. 고추 재배기간 지온은 오전 7시경에 가장 낮았고, 오후 5 ~ 6시경에 가장 높았다. 지온은 배색비닐, 흑색비닐, 생분해 필름, 부직포 순으로 높았다. 3. 생분해필름은 정식 후 60일부터 분해가 시작되었고, 정식 후 120일에는 80% 분해되었다. 4. 피복 재료에 따른 생과중과 건조중은 처리간에 유의성을 나타내지 않았다. 5. ASTA 값은 생분해필름에서 44.6으로 가장 높았고, 배색필름, 흑색필름, 부직포 순으로 높았다. 6. 정식 후 120일의 dehydrogenase 활성은 생분해필름>부직포 >흑색필름 >배색필름 순으로 높았다. 7. 토양 biomass C 함량은 정식 후 80일보다 정식 후 120일에 더 높았다. 8. 피복 재료에 따른 역병, 진딧물류, 담배나방, 응애류, 총채벌레류, 담배가루이의 발생 양상은 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로, 고추 논 재배시 멀칭용 피복 재료에 따른 생육과 수량은 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 생분해필름이 dehydrogenase 활성과 biomass C 함량이 높아 친환경적이고 필름 수거 노력이 필요하지 않아 노동력 절감할 수 있다. 따라서, 생분해필름을 영농에 활용을 적극적으로 검토해야 시점이며, 이러한 결과들은 관련 분야 산업의 활성화에 기여할 것으로 생각된다.

안개초 절화 재배시 토양피복재료 및 피복방법에 따른 잡초 발생량 및 안개초 개화특성 등을 조사하였다. 잡초 발생량은 무피복 146.2 g·m−2(건물중)인 반면 흑색과 녹색 폴리프로필렌 부직포 전면피복은 4.1~4.2 g·m−2으로 거의 발생되지 않았으며, 제초 소요인원도 무피복은 27.9명/10a/년인데 반해 전면피복은 2.4명/10a/년이었다. 여름 절화작형시 개화는 무피복과 골 피복이 늦었으며, 화경장, 측지수, 절화장, 화수폭 및 화경 강도는 흑색과 녹색 부직포 전면피복이 우수하였고, 절화량은 흑색 PE필름, 녹색과 흑색 부직포 전면피복에서 많았다. 월하 후 안개초 고사주율은 흑색 부직포 골 피복처리에서 12.4% 로 가장 낮았고, 녹색 부직포 피복처리가 19.0% 정도 였으며, 흑색 PE 필름 전면 피복처리가 39.0%로 가장 높았다. 가을 절화작형 역시 화경장, 측지수, 절화장 및 화경 강도는 흑색과 녹색 부직포 전면피복이 우수하였고, 절화량은 녹색 부직포가 가장 많았다. 로젯트 발생률은 골피복보다 전면피복이 낮았으며, 피복재료별로는 녹색 부직포 전면피복이 가장 낮았고, 다음은 흑색 부직포, 흑 색 PE 필름 전면피복이 낮았다. 따라서 안개초 절화재배 시 녹색 부직포 전면 피복처리가 잡초 발생억제와 절화 품질 향상 및 절화량 증가에 효과적이라고 생각된다.

The effect of different mulching materials on mungbean production was studied. The general objective was to assess the ecological effects of mulching materials in sustainable mungbean production. Specifically, the study aimed to determine the effects of d

Highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum), ‘Duke’, ‘Bluecrop’, and ‘Elliott’, were applied with ground cover mulch systems to evaluate bush growth and fruit characteristics. Soil temperature variation was lower in the woodchip mulching plot. Therefore, CEC, soil pH, phosphate, mineral ions were not significantly different among mulching materials. The number of main stem was higher in woodchip > sawdust > rice husk > plastic film mulching plot, respectively. Total shoot number was also higher in organic mulching plots than in plastic film plot. However, total shoot number was not significantly different among the organic mulching plots. Fruit weight was the highest in the woodchip mulching plot of all blueberry cultivars, however, soluble sugar content, organic acidity, fruit firmness were not significantly different in mulching materials. Yield was higher in organic mulching plots than in plastic film plot in all blueberry cultivars. Especially, yield per shrub of woodchip plots was the highest about 3.6 kg in ‘Duke’, 2.7 kg in ‘Bluecrop’, and 2.6 kg in ‘Elliott’. Furthermore, correlation of main stem number and yield was highly significant (r2 = 0.8413). Therefore, woodchip mulching is expected to be an eco-friendly method to increase the number of stems and the yield of blueberries.

Background : Natural Mortality Vinyl much culture are increased crop yield and saved weeding workforce. But research is insufficient that of Liriope Pilatyphylla Wang et Tang. Black non-woven fabric mulch culture are increased crop yield and superior to occurrence of weeds, but to the removal and planting more labor needed, so, Farmers are avoidance using that. Methods and Results : So this study designed in order to selecting the best covering material. Using in this study, covering materials were Conventional practices (non covering), Natural mortality vinyl and black non-woven fabric. Soil temperature was continued highly after planting from in mid-may to in august a regular. among them natural mortality vinyl mulch was the highest. Natural mortality vinyl mulch was the fastest that humidity of soil change and Growth and development situation by maintaining proper temperature and humidity. Non mulching was little change in temperature and humidity and the slowest in the Growth and development situation. The main event of weeds were Cyperus serotinus Rottb and Portulaca oleracea L. Weeding labor was saved from 43 to 57 percent in the natural mortality vinyl and black non-woven fabric mulch. Plant length was the shortest in the conventional practices and Root length, Leaf number and number of plants were little changed. Yield was increased from 27 to 29 percent in the natural mortality vinyl and black non-woven fabric mulch than conventional practices. Result of comprehensive economic analysis including weeding labor and yield, the natural mortality vinyl mulch culture was income increased 92 percent than conventional practices. Conclusion : Natural mortality vinyl mulch culture were weeds shooting controled and increased yield 39, income 92 percent than conventional practices (non covering).

이 연구는 도라지의 유기재배를 위하여 피복물 처리에 따른 도라지 뿌리의 생육특성 및 사포닌, 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시되었다. 3년근 도라지를 이식 후, 흑 색 비닐, 톱밥, 쌀겨 및 무피복구의 뿌리의 길이는 비닐, 톱밥, 무피복구에서 24.0~27.5 ㎝로 길었으며, 직경에서는 비닐 피복구에서 가장 굵은 30.0 ㎜로 나타났다. 지근의 수도 비닐 피복구에서 가장 많은 36.0개로 조사되었으며, 수량과 관련성이 있는 생체중은 지근의 수 와 직경이 가장 굵었던 비닐 피복구에서 130 g으로 가장 높게 나타났으며 무피복구에서 56 g으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. plantycodin D3와 deapioplatycodin D 함량은 톱밥 피복구에서 가 장 높게 나타났으며, 도라지의 총 polyphenol 및 flavonoid 함량은 비닐 피복구에서 각각 11.0, 8.6 mg/g으로 가장 높게 나타났다. Polygalacin D와 ABTS와의 상관관계는 -0.591*로 부 의 상관관계를 보였으나, 나머지 성분에서는 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 도 라지 유기 재배 시 피복재료에 따른 뿌리의 특성, 사포닌함량과 항산화성분 등의 유의적인 차이가 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of mulching materials on root growth characteristics and weed occurrence of Platycodon grandiflorum transplants (3 years old) in organic farming. After transplanting, roots were mulched with one of three mulching materials (biodegradable film, sawdust, or rice husks) or a control (no mulching). The average root diameter of all mulching groups was 28.1 mm, which was 5.1 mm thicker than the no-mulching treatment. Roots with the biodegradable film treatment were the thickest at 30.9 mm. Root length was the shortest, 22.0 cm, with rice husk mulching. The number of rootlets was the highest with film mulching (36.0 rootlets/root) and the lowest with no mulching. For root fresh weight, which directly affects yield, the average of treated and untreated roots was 100 and 56 g/root, respectively. The highest fresh weight was in the biodegradable film plot (130 g/root). The mulching treatment groups showed a weed inhibition effect compared with the no-mulching treatment. The dominant weeds with the no-mulching treatment were Setaria viridis and Digitaria ciliaris, and that with the mulching treatment was Setaria viridis. Average annual weed occurrence across all treatments was 72%. Weed occurrence was the highest with the no-mulching treatment (125 weeds/m 2 ), and there were no weeds with the biodegradable film treatment.

This study was compared to outdoor field (OF) and rain shelter greenhouse (RSG) according to cultivation type of Gastrodia elata Blume. Also, the effects of yield and quality for mulching materials in RSG were compared. The yield of G. elata was investigated good merchantable quality, and the quality was investigated hardness, chromaticity, weight loss and the contents of the major functional components. The cultivation of RSG was increased the yield, hardness, gastrodin, and vanillyl alcohol compared to OF, and the weight loss, chromaticity, and ergothioneine were almost equal. Rice straw treatment showed higher than those of the control and other treatments on the yield and hardness. As a result, the yield and the quality of RSG, which can control the soil moisture, were better than that of OF. And the lower the soil moisture content according to the mulching material, the harder the surface and the higher the hardness.

Background : This study was conducted to serve as a basis for the production of high quality organic cultivation Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix roots by analyzing the content of saponins according to organic fertilizer for organic farming. Methods and Results : Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix was treated by with biodegradable film, rice husks, and sawdust, non-mulching (hand weeding). A root of Platycodon grandiflorum were analyzed saponins using HPLC harvested on October. Content of Plantycodin D3 was an average of 68.5 ㎎/100g, which appeared as 111.2 ㎎/100g highest content in the sawdust treated. Deapioplatycodin D showed the highest 48.1 ㎎/100g in the sawdust treated. The content of Platycodin D was shown to 246.2∼373.8 ㎎/100g, the highest values were observed in non-mulching, it showed the lowest value in the rice husks treated. The content of Polygalacin D showed up to 156.0 ㎎/100g in the non-mulching as the biggest difference, the lowest value were 30.1 and 32.2 ㎎/100g in sawdust and rice husks treated. Large differences between fertilizers was not showed, but the overall saponin content of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix were low in value compared to the control than organic fertilizers. Conclusion : Large differences between mulching materials was showed, thus the overall saponin content of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix was highest in value compared to non-mulching than sawdust treatment. Mulching Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix with sawdust was an effective method for improving saponin contents.

Background : This study was performed to know the effect of mulching materials on the growth and root characteristics of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix. Methods and Results : Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix was treated by with biodegradable film, rice husks, and sawdust, non-mulching (hand weeding). To measure the fresh weight and length, thickness and the number of fine root of the Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix roots harvested in October. Root length appeared in the biodegradable film and sawdust were 27.5 and 26.7㎝ longest, rice husks was the shortest 22.0㎝. Diameter at the thickest showed 30.9 ㎜ in biodegradable film, the following phrase appeared sawdust and rice husks application. The number of fine-root was investigated in biodegradable film most piece 36.0. Fresh weight, which is directly related to yield were biodegradable film to 130 g the highest in the number of fine-root and the longest root length. Conclusion : For the increasing the yield that Pharmacological effect, biodegrada

Background : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is used to cure respiratory/ lung diseases, which makes it an important oriental medicinal herb. It is one of the five Sam (ginseng), which includes Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Sophora flavescens, and Scrophularia buergeriana. In 2015, Korea imported 24 tons of medicinal herbs worth US$95,000. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of several mulching materials on the growth and root yield of A. triphylla var. japonica using organic fertilizer. Methods and Result : Seeds of A. triphylla var. japonica were collected at the nursery of the Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA in 2015. Mulching materials used are black plastic, black woven fabric, and biodegradable plastic. Hand weeding was done to serve as control. The soil was fertilized two months before planting. Seeds of A. triphylla var. japonica were sowed in tray in early March and were allowed to grow for two months. It was planted in early May with planting density of 30 ㎝ x 15 ㎝ and was covered with various mulching materials. Parameters investigated are survival rate, aerial part and root growth characteristics, and yield at harvest time. Results showed that biodegradable plastic is most favorable for plant growth with height of 17.2cm, leaf length of 13.4cm and leaf width of 5.6 ㎝. Dry plant weight was heaviest in biodegradable plastic treatment at 2.8 g, and lightest at 2.5 g when planted without mulch. Biodegradable plastic has the highest dry root weight of 19.3 g, followed by black vinyl (18.4 g), woven fabric (18.3 g) and without mulch (17.9 g). The yield obtained per 10 a was highest in biodegradable plastic treatment at 174 ㎏, while black vinyl and woven fabric treatments produced 169 ㎏ and 160 ㎏, respectively. Plants without mulch had the lowest yield of 157 ㎏. Conclusion : In the above results, biodegradable plastic and woven fabric are considered suitable mulching materials for the cultivation of A. triphylla var. japonica.

Background: This study determined the effects of mulching, an environment friendly organic cultivation method, on antioxidant compound contents and growth in Codonopsis lanceolata, commonly known as Deodeok. Methods and Results: C. lanceolata was treated by mulching with several different methods (a non-woven fabric, biodegradable film, or rice husks) and also treated with hand weeding. A non-treatment plot was used as a control. The growth and levels of weed control in C. lanceolata were better in plants cultivated under mulching treatments (non-woven fabric, biodegradable film, and rice husks) than in those under non-mulching treatments (hand weeding and non-treatment). The contents of antioxidant compounds, such as total flavonoids, phenolics, and anthocyanins, were highest under the biodegradable film treatment, followed by the nonwoven fabric treatment, rice husks treatment hand weeding, and non-treatment. There were identifiable differences in DPPH and ABTS activity in comparison to antioxidant compound content by solvent fractions. Mulching treatments resulted in higher DPPH scavenging activity in water and ethyl ether fractions and ABTS scavenging activity in n-butanol fractions than in other fractions, as opposed to hand weeding and non-treatment groups, although total activity of DPPH and ABTS did not increase with mulching treatments. Conclusions: Mulching C. lanceolata with biodegradable film and non-woven fabric is an effective method for improving plant growth and inhibiting the occurrence of weeds as well as for increasing antioxidant compound content and altering antioxidant activity.

Background : This study was conducted to determine the effects of mulching, an environmentally friendly organic cultivation method, on antioxidant compounds and growth in Codonopsis lanceolata. Methods and Results : C. lanceolata was treated by mulching with a non-woven fabric, biodegradable film, or rice husks, as well as hand weeding, and non-treatment. The growth and levels of weed control in C. lanceolata were better in plants cultivated under mulching treatments (non-woven fabric, biodegradable film, and rice husks) than under non-mulching treatments (hand weeding, non-treatment). The contents of antioxidant compounds, such as total flavonoids, phenolics, and anthocyanin, were highest under biodegradable film treatment, followed by non-woven fabric treatment, rice husks treatment, hand weeding, and non-treatment. DPPH and ABTS activity were able to identify to have differences their activity in comparison to antioxidant compounds content by solvent fractions. Mulching treatments produced a higher activity in water and ethyl ether fractions for DPPH scavenging activity and in n-butanol fractions for ABTS scavenging activity compared to other fractions, although total activity of DPPH and ABTS were not increased with mulching treatments. Conclusion : Mulching C. lanceolata with biodegradable film and non-woven fabric is an effective method for improving plant growth and inhibiting the occurrence of weeds as well as increasing antioxidant compound content and changing of antioxidant activity.

This study was carried out to investigate the variation of growth and yield using different planting densities and vinyl mulching in S. miltiorrhiza cultivation. Top plant growth was observed in the 30×30cm planting density of S. miltiorrhiza;, plant height, leaves and branches were larger than in the other treatments. Root length, root diameter, and supporting roots of underground part were increased as planting density was wide, and dry root weight was increased in 30×30cm. However, yield was highest at 294 kg/10a in the planting density of 30×10cm. The use of 30-31cm white and black vinyl mulching had no significant effect on the plant height of S. miltiorrhiza, as compared to non-mulching. However, the highest volume of leaves and plant weight was observed in plants using 24.7 black vinyl mulching. Dry underground root weight was highest in black vinyl mulching at 21.7 g compared to 17.0 g for non-mulching. Yield per 10a increased by 28% using black vinyl mulching compared to non-mulching. Based on the results of this study, planting density of 30×10cm and black vinyl mulching are the most suitable in the cultivation of S. miltiorrhiza.

본 실험은 스탠다드 국화 ‘백마’와 스프레이 국화 ‘오렌지엔디’ 품종에 있어서 재식밀도와 멀칭재료에 따른 절화 생육과 흰녹병 발생정도를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 스탠다드 국화 ‘백마’는 6줄 정식 처리구에서 절화장, 줄기직경, 엽수, 절화무게, 화폭, 꽃무게 등의 생육이 8줄이나 10줄에 비해 양호하였다. 또한 흰녹병 발생률도 10줄 정식 처리구에서 68.9%로 가장 높았고, 6줄 정식 처리에서 48.9%로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 스프레이 국화 ‘오렌지엔디’는 6줄 정식 처리구에서 줄기직경, 엽수, 절화무게, 화폭 등 다른 처리에 비해 절화생육이 양호하였다. 흰녹병 발생률은 10줄 정식 처리구에서 68.9%로 가장 높았고, 6줄 처리에서 28.9%로 가장 낮았다. 스탠다드 국화 ‘백마’에 있어서 무멀칭에 비해 PE 필름으로 멀칭한 처리에서는 생육이 양호하였는데, PE 필름색에 따른 생육에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 흰녹병 발생률은 무멀칭 처리구에서 93.3%로 가장 높았고, 녹색과 흑색 PE 필름 멀칭 처리구에서 42.2~60%로 낮았고 감염 엽수 및 병징수가 적었다. 스프레이 국화 ‘오렌지엔디’의 절화장은 투명과 녹색 PE 필름으로 멀칭한 처리구에서 길었고, 줄기직경, 엽수, 화폭, 꽃수 등에서는 처리 간 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 흰녹병 발생률은 흑색 PE 필름 멀칭 처리에서 가장 낮았고. 흰녹병 발생엽수와 병징수도 흑색 PE 필름 멀칭 처리에서 가장 적었다.