In this study, the rheological properties of doughs blended with 5% to 20% fermented rice bran (FRB) were investigated using farinographs, amylographs, extensographs, and SEM. In the farinograph analysis, the water absorption decreased and the replacement ratio of FRB increased over the time of development of the dough. The stability time of the dough was shortened, and the degree of softening decreased with added volume of FRB. The amylograph analysis showed that the temperature at the beginning of gelatinization showed a tendency to increase with increasing replacement ratio of FRB, but the gelatinization temperature showed no significant difference between the FRB-added groups and control group. The extensograph analysis showed that when the replacement ratio of FRB was over 10%, the extension of the dough decreased while the resistance was increased. In the SEM analysis, the added dough with less than 10% FRB had similar characteristics in gluten matrix and gas bubbles to those of the control of wheat flour alone. It was concluded that an added FRB volume of below 10% is most suitable for bread making.

The purpose of this study was the efficient use of the black rice bran for dyeing textiles. For this purpose, we investigated proper extracting conditions of black rice bran, dyeability and dyeing fastness of dyed silk fabrics. To find proper extracting condition of black rice bran, we extracted black rice bran with water at different temperatures(, , ), different extracting pH(pH3, pH4, pH5, pH6) and extracting time(20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180min.). Also we investigated the effect of dyeing time(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6hr.), dyeing temperature(, , ) and mordanting method(non, pre, sim, post) to examine dyeability and dyeing fastness of dyed silk fabrics. As a result, when the extracting temperature and time were , 3hr., respectively, extracting was best. And the higher the extracting concentration, the more the extracting amount. As the dyeing temperature and time were higher and longer, the dyeability of silk fabrics was better. With mordant, the dyeability was improved and when using premordant method better, the K/S value was maximized. The laundering fastness of the silk fabrics dyed with black rice bran was estimated to have a good grade of 3~4, however, the light fastness was poor to have a grade of 1~2.

본 연구에서는 미강과 배아로부터의 β-glucan 추출 공정 최적화를 위해 반응표면 분석법으로 모니터링하였다. 중심합성계획법에 따라 추출 온도(X1), 추출 시간(X2), 추출 온도(X3)를 요인변수(Xn)로 하고 미강 추출물의 전자공여능(Y1), 배아 추출물의 전자공여능(Y2), 미강 추출물의 total phenolics(Y3), 배아 추출물의 total phenolics(Y4), 미강 추출물의 β-glucan 함량(Y5), 배아 추출물의 β-glucan 함량(Y6)을 종속변수로 하여 시행하였다. 실험 결과 미강 추출물의 전자공여능도는 추출 온도에 영향을 받음을 알 수 있었다. 안장점에서 추출 조건은 추출 온도는 60.41oC, 추출 시간은 2.75 min, 에탄올 농도 92.60%로 예측되었으며 이 때 84.02%로 비교적 높은 항산화 활성을 보여주었다. 배아 추출물의 전자공여능도의 안장점에서 추출 조건은 추출 온도 54.40oC, 추출 시간 2.23 min, 에탄올 농도 87.52%였다. 미강 추출물의 total phenolics는 추출 온도와 에탄올 농도에 영향을 크게 받은 것으로 나타났고 안장점에서 추출 조건은 추출 온도 40.26oC, 추출 시간 6.69 min, 에탄올 농도 98.56%로 예측되었고 배아 추출물의 total phenolics는 최소점에서 추출 온도 53.67oC, 추출 시간 9.19 min, 에탄올 농도 95.73%에서 최대값을 나타내었다. 미강 추출물의 β-glucan 함량은 안장점일 때 추출 조건이 추출 온도 64.69oC, 추출 시간 7.70 min, 에탄올 농도 96.23%로 나타났다. 배아 추출물의 β-glucan 함량은 추출 시간에 영향을 크게 받았으며 최소점에서 추출 온도 50.03oC, 추출 시간 2.10 min, 에탄올 농도 87.82%에서 미강 추출물에서보다 더 높은 최대값을 나타내었다.

본 연구는 쌀겨의 효율적 이용을 위하여 개발된 발효쌀겨 의 식품소재화 가능성을 발효쌀겨 첨가에 따른 제빵특성을 비교함으로써 이루어졌다. 발효쌀겨의 일반성분은 수분함량 38.72%, 조단백질 11.06%, 조지방 17.38%, 조섬유 12.74 %, 회분 11.85%, 가용성 무질소물 8.24%이였다. 발효쌀겨 의 첨가량을 달리하여 식빵을 제조한 결과, 발효팽창력 및 pH 분석에서 5% 첨가구가 대조구와 유사한 특성을 나타낸 반면 그 첨가수준이 증가할수록 발효팽창력은 감소하고, pH 의 감소도 적었다. 식빵의 무게 및 부피는 첨가량이 증가함 에 따라 무게는 증가하고, 부피는 감소하였으나 정의 상관 관계는 없었고, 식빵 내부의 색도에서 발효쌀겨 첨가량이 증 가함에 따라 어두운색을 나타내었고, 적색도 및 황색도는 증 가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 경도, 점성, 부서짐성은 발효쌀 겨 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 상승한 반면에 응집성과 탄력성 은 감소하였다. 관능검사에서 발효쌀겨 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 색, 풍미, 맛, 질감, 종합적인 기호도에서 낮은 선호도 를 보였으나, 5% 첨가구는 대조구와 유사한 기호성을 나타 내었다. 위의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 발효쌀겨는 경제적인 빵 의 영양 강화 부재료로 사용될 수 있고, 발효쌀겨를 5%까 지 첨가는 발효쌀겨의 특성을 살리면서 제빵특성에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 보인다.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Korean traditional alcoholic beverages, such as Kwahaju, Sokokju, Baikhaju, Samhaeju and Hosanchun were investigated during fermentation with the difference of input step and treatment of rice and Nuruk (Korean-style bran koji). pH values in all treatments were similar to be ranged 3.1~3.2, but acidity of the treatment brewed without seed mash was 1.5~2 times higher than that of the treatment brewed with seed mash. The concentration of alcohol in all treatments increased as the concentration of the Nuruk increased. The alcohol concentrations of Samhaeju and Hosanchun ranging from 6.5% to 7.7% were higher than those of Kwahaju, Sokokju and Baikhaju ranging from 7.9% to 10.6%. Residual reducing sugar contents of Kwahaju, Sokokju and Baikhaju ranging from 4.6 g/L to 9.7 g/L were lower than those of Samhaeju and Hosanchun ranging from 14.2 g/L to 15.5 g/L. The consumed total sugar contents of Kwahaju, Sokokju and Baikhaju ranging from 125.4 g/L to 159.2 g/L were higher than those of Samhaeju and Hosanchun ranging from 111.2 g/L to 123.8 g/L, and the treatments brewed with seed mash showed more sugar consumption than the treatments brewed without seed mash. Sensory quality in the treatments brewed with seed mash was better than those of without seed mash. Concentration of Nuruk and preparation of seed mash from it were critical factors compared to input step and treatment of rice in Korean traditional alcoholic beverage brewing.

This study was carried out to determine the pesticide residues in rice bran, crude rice bran oil and the oil of various stages of refining process. Each samples were analyzed for 41 pesticide residues by multiclass multiresidue methods with GC-ECD, NPD and identified by GC-MSD. Rice bran were detected cypermethrin, diazinon, dichlofluanid, and its level were ranged from 0.01-0.122 ppm. Crude rice bran oil were detected cypermethrin, diazinon, dichlofluanid, dimethoate, etrimfos, flucythrinate, and its level were ranged from 0.015-0.654 ppm. Crude rice bran oil has the higher level of pesticide residues and more varieties of pesticides than rice bran. But pesticide residues in the crude rice bran oil was found to be almost removed when pigment was decolorized by absorption using active carbon and clealy removed by thermolysis for deodorization.

To investigate the protective action of various antioxidants on the photooxidation of rice bran oil, it was irradiated with red and visible light in presence and absence antioxidants with or without sensitizer (methylene blue). 1. Rice bran oil with and without sensitizer in chloroform-ethanol (4:1, v/v) media was largely oxidized under visible light irradiation. on the other hand, rice bran oil without sensitizer was hardly oxidized under red light irradiation. 2. Rice bran oil with sensitizer was oxidized much faster than that without. And the absorbance of it irradiated with visible was increased more than that with red light. 3. The effectiveness of antioxidants on the rice bran oil photooxidation was same order as follows: Irradiation with visible light, no addition of sensitizer β-carotene 〉 dl-α-tocopherol 〉 BHT 〉 BHA Irradiation with visible light, addition of sensitizer β-carotene 〉 BHT 〉 dl-αtocopherol 〉 BHA Irradiation with red light, addition of sensitizer β-carotene 〉 BHA 〉 BHT 〉 dl-α-tocopherol From these results, we concluded that rice bran oil was largely oxidized under visible light irradiation, therefore it must be protected from photooxidative deterioration by the addition of antioxidants.

본 연구에서는 미강을 다양한 가공식품소재로 활용하기 위해 추출용매와 북경, 한아름 및 자스민 3품종에 따른 미강추출물의 품질특성 및 항산화 활성을 확인하였다. 미강 3종 분말의 이화학적 특성에서 수분함량은 8.19-9.00%로 모두 유사하게 나타났으며, 색도 또한 L 값(50.06-55.18), a 값(2.35-2.97) 및 b 값(11.65-13.88)이 미강 품종에 따른 차이는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 미강 추출물의 수율은 4.67-9.60%로 나타났으며, 총 폴리페놀, 총 플라보노이드 및 총 단백질 함량은 각각 2.08-6.75 g/100 g, 4.08-5.18 g/100 g 및 12.57-18.46 g/100 g으로 나타났으며, 모두 북경 추출물에서 높게 나타났으나, 총 폴리페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량은 80% 에탄올 추출물에서, 총 단백질 함량은 열수 추출물에서 높게 나타났다. 항산화 활성을 확인하기 위해 진행한 DPPH, ABTS radical 소거활성, FRAP 활성 및 환원력은 0.5-5.0 mg/mL 농도로 진행하였으며, 모두 총 폴리페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량이 높게 나타난 북경, 한아름 및 자스민 추출물 순으로 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 북경 80% 에탄올 추출물에 항산화 물질이 많이 함유되어 있는 것으로 판단되며, 미강을 이용한 기능성 소재 및 생리활성 자원으로서의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.

Background : Ischemic stroke is a common cause of adult disability and death worldwide. Excessive oxidative stress is an important pathogenic mechanism in ischemic stroke. Major reduction of endogenous antioxidative systems increases production of free radicals inducing peroxidation of lipid, protein, and nucleic acid. 1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (DPOG) is a triglyceride found in oils from various natural sources such as palm kernels, sunflower seeds and rice bran. We found DPOG as an active constituent of rice bran oil. In the present study, we investigated neuroprotective effect of DPOG derived from rice bran oil on excitotoxicity in cultured neurons and on ischemic brain injury in rats. Methods and Results : Transient focal ischemic brain damage was induced by 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24h reperfusion (MCAO/reperfusion) in rats. After MCAO/reperfusion, the infarct and edema volume of brain tissue was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining methods. Glutathione concentration and lipid peroxidation rate were measured in brain tissue. The expression levels of phosphorylated mitogen activated proteins kinases (MAPKs), inflammatory factors, and anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins in brain tissue were detected by Western blot. Cerebral cortical neuronal cells were cultured in 15-days-old fetus. Cortical neurons were incubated with 1 mM N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) for 14 h to produce excitotoxicity. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. DPOG (1-5 mg/kg) significantly reduced MCAO/reperfusion-induced infarction and edema formation, neurological deficits, and brain cell death. Depletion of glutathione level and lipid peroxidation induced by MCAO/reperfusion were inhibited by administration of DPOG. The increase of phosphorylated MAPKs, inflammatory factors, and proapoptotic proteins and the decrease of antiapoptotic protein in ischemic brain were significantly inhibited by treatment with DPOG. DPOG (0.1-10 uM) inhibited 1 mM NMDA-induced neuronal cell death in cultured cortical neurons. Conclusion : From the above results, the present study provides an evidence that DPOG derived from rice bran oil might be effectively applied for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Background : Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive impairment and personality defects accompanied by diffuse structural abnormalities in the brain. The major pathological hallmarks of AD include beta amyloid (Aß) protein deposition, presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neurodegeneration of cholinergic neurons. Aß, a 39-43 amino acid proteolytic fragment of amyloid precursor protein, is the major constituent of the senile plaques. Rice bran, the major byproduct of the rice milling industry, is the source of a high quality vegetable oil. Rice bran oil (RBO) has attracted much medicinal attention for its strong hypocholesterolemic properties because of its balanced fatty acid composition and high levels of antioxidant phytochemicals such as oryzanols, tocopherols and tocotrienols. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of RBO against Aß (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Results : Memory impairment was produced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) microinjection of 15 nmol Aß (25-35) and measured by passive avoidance test in ICR mice. Glutathione concentration, lipid peroxidation rate and acetylcholine esterase activity were measured in mice brain. The expression levels of phosphorylated mitogen activated proteins kinases (MAPKs), inflammatory factors, and anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins in mice brains were detected by Western blot. Cerebral cortical neuronal cells were cultured from 15-days-old fetus. Cortical neurons were incubated with 10 μM Aß (25-35) for 36 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Chronic treatments of RBO (0.1-1 ml/kg, 8 days, p.o.) protected against memory impairment induced by Aß (25-35). Depletion of glutathione level, lipid peroxidation and increased acetylcholine esterase activity by the treatment with Aß (25-35) were inhibited by administration of RBO. The increase of phosphorylated MAPKs, inflammatory factors, and proapoptotic proteins and the decrease of antiapoptotic protein in Aß (25-35)-administered mice brain were significantly inhibited by treatment with RBO. RBO (0.1-5ul/ml) inhibited 10μM Aß (25-35)-induced neuronal cell death in cultured cortical neurons. Conclusion : The present study suggests the role of RBO as a promising therapeutic for neurodegenerative diseases like AD and stroke.

Background : Rice bran is the outer brown layer of the rice grain and produced when rice is milled. The basic components of rice bran are fiber, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. The oil extracted from this bran is called rice bran oil. Although whole rice bran in itself does not have anti-cholesterol properties, its oil offers significant benefits. Ischemic stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The cessation or critical reduction of blood flow in brain during acute stroke results in deprivation of the oxygen and glucose supplies, which can produce a local brain ischemia and injury. It is well established that excitotoxicity, a type of neurotoxicity evoked by elevated extracellular glutamate level, is a primary contributor to ischemic neuronal death. The present study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Rice bran oil (RBO) on ischemic brain injury in rats and on excitotoxicity in cultured neurons. Methods and Results : Transient focal ischemic brain damage was induced by 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 h reperfusion (MCAO/reperfusion) in rats. After MCAO/reperfusion, the infarct and edema volumes of brain tissues were measured using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining methods. The expression levels of phosphorylated mitogen activated proteins kinases (MAPKs), inflammatory factors, and anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins in brain tissue were detected by Western blot. Primary cortical neuronal cultures were prepared using SD rat fetuses on embryonic days 15. Cortical neurons were treated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) (1 mM) for 14 h to produce neuronal cell death. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. RBO inhibited the formation of infartion and edema in MCAO/reperfusion–induced ischemic brains. The increase of phosphorylated MAPKs, inflammatory factors, and proapoptotic proteins and the decrease of antiapoptotic protein in ischemic brains were significantly inhibited by treatment with RBO. RBO (0.01-1ul/ml) inhibited 1 mM NMDA-induced neuronal cell death in cultured cortical neurons. Conclusion : These results suggest that RBO might be a promising therapeutic for neurodegenerative disease such as stroke.

The rice bran, a by-product of rice milling process, is well known for various functional components, such as tocopherol, tocotrienol, γ-oryzanol, carrying antioxidant activities. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant components and antioxidant activities in rice bran of different Korean rice cultivars. The 8 isomers of vitamin E, γ-oryzanol, flavonoids, and polyphenolics in rice bran from 16 Korean premium and high quality rice cultivars were quantified. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power of the ethanol extracts of rice bran were measured. ‘Hopum’ showed the highest total vitamin E content, 221.47 μg/g among the cultivars, and ‘Hanseol’ showed the lowest content. The rice bran showed different compositions of α-, β-, γ-, δ- tocopherol and tocotrienol among rice cultivars. The antioxidant contents were also different by cultivar; the γ-oryzanol contents ranged from 1.99 mg/g (Unkwang) to 4.30 mg/g (Chilbo), the polyphenol contents ranged from 427.22 mg gallic acid eq./100 g (Odaebyeo) to 775.80 mg gallic acid eq./100 g (Hopum). ‘Hopum’ also had the highest DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities, 9.82% and 187.5 AEAC mg/100 g, respectively. In vitro, the rice bran extracts from ‘Hopum’ had significantly higher antioxidant activities than that of other cultivars.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality properties of muffin added with different concentration (0, 1, 3, and 5%) of rice bran. The results indicated no significant difference in the weight of muffins with different concentration of rice bran. The moisture content of the muffin decreased with longer storage time. The moisture content of the muffin to which 0, 3, 5, and 10% rice bran were 26.62, 29.07, 30.72, and 27.53%, respectively. The muffins' hardness was higher on storage day 1 than on the initial storage day. As for adhesiveness, there was no significant difference between storage time and rice bran concentration. The springiness decreased with increasing storage time. The sensory score showed that the muffin without rice bran had a higher color and flavor than the others while the muffins with rice bran had higher taste, moistness, chewiness, and overall acceptability scores than control(0%).

슈퍼자미(SuperC3GHi) 쌀 품종은 색소 성분인 cyanidine-3-glucoside(C3G)의 함량을 크게 증대시킨 품종이다. 슈퍼자미 벼품종을 활용한 새로운 기능성 소재 및 제품으로의 개발 가능성을 타진하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 슈퍼자미 벼품종의 버섯 균사체 발효물을 이용하여 항염증, 항알러지, 항암 기능의 검증을 수행하였다. 1. 슈퍼자미 미강 발효물의 항염 활성을 분석하기 위하여 ear-edema test를 수행한결과 약 35.6%의 염증 억제율을 나타내었다. 2. 슈퍼자미 미강 발효물의 항알러지 활성을 확인하기 위하여 비만세포인 RBL-2H3 세포의 hexoamidase 및 histamine 유리 활성을 조사한 결과 슈퍼자미 미강 발효물을 처리하였을 때 각각 약 40% 및 57%의 억제 활성을 나타내어 항알러지 활성을 확인하였다. 3. 슈퍼자미 미강 발효물의 항암 활성을 조사한 결과 복수암 모델 및 고형암 모델에서 모두 암세포의 증식을 억제하는 활성을 나타내었고, 혈액중 백혈구의 수치를 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타나 슈퍼자미 미강 발효물이 항암 활성을 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 4. 이상의 결과에서 슈퍼자미 품종의 미강을 버섯 균사체 발효를 통해 얻어진 기능성 소재는 항염, 항알러지, 항암 활성을 통해서 우수한 기능성 소재로서의 개발 가능성이 매우 높다고 판단된다.

To improve the soil properties of physical and microbial community rice bran and wood charcoal were applied in the continuously cultivated plastic 꺼1m house soil. Soil physical properties were improved by application of rice bran and charcoal compared to chemical fertilizer application (control) by 8-14% in bulk density and 5-9% in soil porosity. Changes in the biological ratio indexes of fatty acids in the soils were detected depending on the inputted materials. Especially in application of rice bran including mixture with charcoal, much more fungi and less bacteria were detected and the ratio of fungi to bacteria was increased, suggesting the more organic carbon metabolically active in these treatments. The high ratio of aerobe to anaerobe suggested the better aerobic conditions were in the soil inputted wood charcoal. From these results, it is important and possible to select some materials for the organic pepper cultivation, which may improve the poor condition soil.