This study investigated the surface tension and foaming properties of the hot-water extracts of pumpkin leaf and chickpea, as well as the effects of the plant hot-water extracts on white pan bread baking. Propylene glycol alginate (PGA), a synthetic emulsifier widely used in bakery, was used as a control. Pumpkin leaf water extract showed lower surface tension and comparable foaming capacity, compared with chickpea water extract and PGA solution when total solid  0.15% (w/w). Chickpea water extract showed the highest foam stability when total solid  0.15% (w/w). The dough was found to have a weak gel structure, and its viscoelastic properties were not significantly influenced by adding 0.05% or 0.15% (w/w) (based on total solid content) plant water extracts or PGA. The specific volume of the bread increased, and the baking loss was reduced by adding the two plant water extracts of total solid 0.15% (w/w). The hardness and chewiness of the bread crumb were reduced to a level comparable to the crumb containing 0.05% (w/w) PGA. The results showed that the pumpkin leaf water extract could be an effective natural emulsifier with a high phenolic content for bakery products.

Attempts to increase the usability of lilies led us to prepare pulverized lily bulbs, which we then added to bread flour to bake white pan bread. The properties of the frozen dough and the quality characteristics of the bread were analyzed. Our experiments showed that the addition of lily powder decreases the viscoelasticity and stability of frozen dough. The absorption rate of the frozen dough was 63.1±0.2% for the control sample, and 66.1±0.1% and 70.9±0.2% for the normally pulverized samples containing 3% and 5% of lily powder, respectively, whereas the absorption rate of the finely pulverized samples tended to increase slightly. The gelatinization results of the frozen dough decreased with the addition of lily powder in terms of the final viscosity, break down, and setback values. Compared to the control sample, the specific volume of the bread products that underwent normal pulverization (5% additive) increased slightly and decreased for the lily bulbs that were finely pulverized (3% additive). The addition of lily powder did not significantly affect the water activity during the storage period of up to 5 days. The hardness of white pan bread increased from 1,948±114.3 to 2,518±154.7 g/㎠ on the first day of storage to 2,571±160.9 to 3,265±147.4 g/㎠ on the 5th day of storage. The hardness was the highest for the 5% sample that underwent normal pulverization, and the samples differed significantly. The longer the storage period, the lower the springness value of the white pan bread became, and this result was most notable for the finely pulverized powder sample. The springness of white pan bread decreased as the amount of lily powder additive and the storage period increased. The sensory test results were excellent in that the appearance, texture, flavor, taste, and overall preference for white pan bread to which 3% of normally crushed lily powder had been added had improved relative to the control sample.

This study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of bread and the rheology of flour dough containing chlorella powder(0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%). In the farinograph test, the addition of chlorella powder changed water absorption, development time and mixing tolerance index for making bread. As the amount of chlorella powder increased, the water absorption increased, mixing tolerance index and the development time decreased. In the extensograph test, the degree of extension and resistance was decreased with increasing of chlorella powder content. In the amylograph test, the maximum viscosity was slightly decreased with increasing of chlorella powder contents. The colors of L value in bread crumb was significantly decreased as the chlorella powder addition. After fermentation treatment, The dough with 2.5% chlorella powder showed the lowest dough raising power compared to the other doughs. The addition of the chlorella powder had significant effect on bread texture. The bread consisting of 0.5% chlorella powder showed the highest volume of loaf and specific volume. Therefore, high quality of bread can be achieved by adding chlorella powder.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of white pan bread added with wheat sprout powder without treatment (WP) and wheat sprout powder with only enzyme treatment (WPE), only lactic acid bacteria treatment (WPL) and enzyme and lactic acid bacteria treatment (WPE&L). The three different powder concentration levels of 1%, 3%, and 5% were added to flour to produce the white pan bread. The bread volume and specific volume of the WPE&L group were the highest among all the addition groups. The bread weight, a-value, and b-value of the WP group was highest among all the addition groups, but the bread baking loss and the L-value of the WP group was the lowest among all the addition groups. The texture measurements indicated that the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness values of the bread were the highest in the WP group. The sensory evaluation test showed that bread in the WPE&L group with 3% wheat sprout powder was the best among all the samples studied. Based on our findings, we suggest that the enzyme and lactic acid bacteria pretreated wheat sprout powder is an effective ingredient for improving the overall quality of white pan bread.

The purpose of this study was to prepare bread added with sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berry powder (SBBP) (1, 3, and 5%) using a straight dough method. The quality and antioxidant characteristics of the bread were analyzed. The results indicated that the pH value and dough raising power of the dough decreased and the moisture content of the bread added with SBBP increased compared to that without the SBBP. The crust color of the bread did not change significantly. However, the crumb lightness value decreased and the redness and yellowness value increased respectively to the concentration of the SBBP. The texture measurement indicated that the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the bread increased with the addition of the SBBP. The total polyphenol content of the bread supplemented with the SBBP was increased (4.60~16.14 mg GAE/g) compare to the control (1.67 mg GAE/g). Dose-dependent, significant-high DPPH (26.86%) and ABTS (42.52%) radical scavenging activities were observed in the bread with the addition of the SBBP up to 5%. Based on these results, the optimum amount of the SBBP to add for baking bread would be 3% and the SBBP could be considered a functional agent.

Five-color bread was prepared by adding herb powder to Korean whole wheat triticum aestivum flour and the quality of baking was analyzed. The pH of the control bread was 6.15±0.12 while that of the whole wheat flour test group was 6.35±0.11, 6.29±0.12, 6.36±0.12, 6.19±0.11, and 6.01±0.13, respectively. The L value of the control bread was 67.78±0.03 and that of the whole wheat flour test group was 69.66±0.02, 60.01±0.12, 64.23±0.01, 63.34±0.01, and 61.64±0.04, respectively. The water activity was slightly increased at 2 days of storage due to the difference in water absorption and water retention. However, on the third day, the water transfer phenomenon in the bread showed water activity decrease in all wheat flour test groups. On the 1st day of the whole wheat flour test bread, the hardness values were 186.86±4.81, 165.89±3.73, 189.71±3.32, 198.38±2.19, and 184.29±3.40 g/cm2, respectively, and that of the control group was 138.84±3.72 g/cm2. The hardness of the control group and the whole wheat flour test group showed a significant difference. The internal structure of the bread in the whole wheat flour test group (100x, 500x) was not smoother than the control’s. The swelling degree of the starch particles and the cracking of the crumbs were confirmed by the adding of five-colored herbs to whole wheat flour.

In the Anzunbaengi (Triticum aestivum) whole wheat flour mixture group, some herbs (A [white], B [yellow], C [black], D [blue], and E [red]) were added. The physicochemical properties were compared to the strong flour and whole wheat flour mixture groups. The dry gluten content of the control group (strong flour) was 13.5±0.4%, and the content in the whole wheat flour test group was slightly lower in value than the control group. The final viscosity, breakdown, and setback values of the dough were 248.4±0.8, 104.8±0.9, and 103.1±2.9 RVU, respectively. The breakdown was significantly different in the control and whole wheat flour groups. The setback value of the dough was increased by 30 RVU in the whole wheat flour test group compared to the control group by 103.1±2.9 RVU, but there was no significant difference between the test group samples. The consistency of the control dough was 500±10 FU, and the whole wheat flour test group was significantly increased to 585±10~599±10 FU, respectively. The absorption rate was about 2% higher in the whole flour test group than in the control group (66.2±0.3%). The pH of the control paste gradually decreased with fermentation time, and the results of whole wheat flour test group were similar (5.78±0.12~5.88±0.12). As the fermentation time increased, the volume of dough was increased and the result was slightly lower in the whole wheat flour test group than in the control group.

This study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of bread and the rheology of flour dough containing jochung. In the farinogram test, the addition of jochung changed water absorption, development time and mixing tolerance index for making bread As the amount of jochung increased, the water absorption, mixing tolerance index decreased and the development time increased. In the extensograph test, the degree of extension decreased with increasing of jochung content whereas degree of resistance was enhanced with addition of jochung. After fermentation treatment, the volume of the dough with 20% sucrose were less than that of the dough containing 20% of jochung. The dough with 5% jochung showed the lowest dough raising power compared to the other doughs. The bread consisting of 15% jochung showed the highest volume of loaf and specific volume. Therefore, high quality of bread can be achieved by adding jochung instead of sucrose for making bread.

This study was conducted to evaluate characteristics of bread and rheology of flour dough containing fructooligosaccharide. In the farinogram test, addition of fructooligosaccharide changed stability and development time. Stability and development time increased as the amount of fructooligosaccharide increased. In the extensograph test, the degree of extension decreased with increasing of fructooligosaccharide content, whereas degree of resistance increased. The volume of the loaf bread containing 10% fructooligosaccharide was the largest, and the bread containing 15% fructooligosaccharide revealed the best taste, flavor, and texture scores. After fermentation treatment, the volume of the dough with 20% of sucrose were less than that of 20% of fructooligosaccharide. Dough with 20% of sucrose revealed lowest dough raising power compared to other doughs. Overall, preference scores by sensory evaluation of bread containing fructooligosaccharide were higher than that of bread with sucrose. Therefore, excellent quality of bread may be achieved by adding fructooligosaccharide instead of sucrose to the process.

Excessive salt intake in body induces health risks resulting in high blood pressure or heart diseases. Therefore, the low salt concentration and salt-tasted food is needed by means of the modification of the manufacturing process. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of inhomogeneous salt localization in bread to enhance the saltiness of encapsulated salt. 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% of liposome encapsulated salt (LS) was added into the baking of white pan bread. The final salt concentration was adjusted to 2.0% by addition of salt. After baking the bread, moisture content, loaf volume, fermentation rate, color, texture analysis, salt release rate, and sensory test were measured. From this study, moisture content had no significant difference in control and treatments (p>0.05), except for 2.0% LS. The lightness in all treatments was higher than the control’s (p<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in hardness (p>0.05). From the sensory test, the bread added 2.0% LS showed the highest value from the salty taste. Moreover, it is related to the highest release rate of salt represented at 2.0% LS. In conclusion, the salty intensity of bread can be enhanced by the salt localization using the encapsulation of salt.

Excessive salt intake in body induces health risks resulting high blood pressure or heart diseases. Therefore, the low salt concentration and sale tasted food is needed by means of the modification of manufacturing process. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of inhomogeneous salt localization in bread to enhance the saltiness encapsulated salt. The 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0% of liposome encapsulated salt (LS) was added into the baking of white pan bread. The final salt concentration was adjusted at 2% by addition of salt. After baking the bread, the moisture content, loaf volume, fermentation rate, color, texture analysis, salt release rate and sensory test were measured. From this study, moisture content has no significant difference between control and treatments (p>0.05), except for 2.0% LS. Lightness of all treatments was higher than control (p<0.05), whereas, there were no significant difference in hardness (p>0.05). From the sensory test, the bread added 2.0% LS was showed the highest value from the salty taste. Moreover, it is related to the highest release rate of salt was represented at 2.0% LS. In conclusion, the salty intensity of bread can be enhanced by the salt localization using encapsulation of salt.

This study investigated properties of bread utilizing extracts of ginseng powder. Ginseng powder bread was baked. Addition of 1~3% of ginseng powder extract to wheat flour was carried out. Rheological properties, dough pH, dough volume, bread volume, water absorption capacity, baking loss, bread color, bread texture, and sensory evaluation were tested to examine properties of bread baked with extracts of ginseng powder. The results are as follows. The dough pH decreased gradually with increasing ginseng powder extract concentration. The bread volume, baking loss, and bread weight increased with increasing use of ginseng powder extract, and springiness and cohesiveness increased as red ginseng powder additive concentration increased. Lightness of the L decreased while a and b increased. In the sensory evaluation, ginseng powder with 1% ginseng powder extract was evaluated as the best for taste, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability.

밤가루를 밀가루에 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% 대체한 복합분에 대하여 반죽의 물리적 특성 및 제빵 특성을 검토하고 밤가루 첨가가 빵의 기호도에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 반죽의 물리적 특성 중 farinogram 측정 결과 밤가루의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 반죽시간은 짧아졌으나 반죽의 안정도와 내구성이 약화되었다. Amylogram에서 호화온도는 대조군에 비해 다소 증가하는 경향을 보인반면 최고점도는 감소하였다. 반죽팽창도 측정결과 밤가루가 20%이상 첨가된 반죽은 변화가 없었으며, 제빵 후 빵의 부피가 작고 비용적도 낮았다. 밤가루 첨가에 따른 식빵의 품질평가결과 밤가루를 10% 첨가하여 제조한 식빵이 20%, 30% 첨가한 식빵에 비해 경도가 낮았으며, 내상 또한 비교적 작고 균일하였다. 밤가루 첨가시 10%이내가 좋을 것으로 사료된다.

Protein related parameters of pan bread and white salted noodles prepared from 26 Korean wheat cultivars and 6 commercial and imported wheat flours were evaluated to elucidate the relationship between rheological properties and end-use characteristics and to determine the effects of Glu-1 and Glu-3 alleles on those characteristics in Korean wheat cultivars. SDS-sedimentation volume based on protein weight was positively correlated with mixograph parameters and maximum height of dough and also positively correlated with bread loaf volume, crumb firmness and springiness of cooked noodles. Within Glu-1 loci, 1 or 2* subunit and 5 + 10 subunits showed longer mixingtime, higher maximum height of dough, and larger loaf volume than null allele, 2.2 + 12, and 2 + 12 subunits. Cultivars with 13 + 16 subunits at Glu-B1 locus showed higher protein content and optimum water absorption of mixograph than cultivars with 7 + 8 subunits. At Glu-3 loci, Glu-A3d showed longer mixing time than Glu-A3e, and Glu-B3d and Glu-B3h had stronger mixing properties than Glu-B3i. Glu-B3h had higher loaf volume and hardness of cooked noodles than Glu-B3d. Glu-D3a had lower protein content than Glu-D3c, and Glu-D3b showed stronger mixing properties than Glu-D3a. Glu-D3c showed lower hardness of cooked noodles than others.

To explore cattail pollen powder as a functional food ingredient, we analyzed the general components of pollen powder, tested changes in the physical properties of dough containing the powder, and investigated the process ability of powder-containing dough in bread making by adding 3%, 6%, or 9% by weight of pollen powder to wheat flour. Cattail pollen powder consisted of (all w/w) 12.7-13.2% water, 15.7-17.8% crude protein, 1.3% crude fat, 7.5-7.7% free sugar, 14.7-18.6% crude fiber, 3.4-4.9% pollen, and 49.7-55.9% soluble nitrogen-free extract (NFE). Analysis of the physical properties of dough mixed with pollen powder showed that as more pollen powder was added, the absorption rate increased, but dough stability decreased. With increasing levels of cattail pollen powder, the falling number decreased, and amylase activity increased. Fermentability was highest in dough made with 3% by weight of pollen powder, and the bread product made from such dough had the greatest volume. As more cattail pollen powder was added, the moisture activity in dough tended to decrease to a greater extent than seen in control dough, and this tendency increased with time. We found that longer storage periods were associated with greater hardness and springiness, which indicated degradation in product quality. Therefore, it is suggested that bread products containing cattail pollen powder should be consumed within 3 days of preparation. In a taste survey, bread baked with 3% (w/w) cattail pollen powder scored highest in all questionnaire items.

연자육 분말을 밀가루 중량에 대해 0, 5, 10, 15, 20%를 첨가하여 제조한 빵의 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 빵의 일반성분을 조사한 결과 연자육 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 수분, 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분과 조섬유 함량 등이 증가하였다. pH는 대조구 보다 연자육 분말 첨가구가 높게 나타났다. 빵 무게는 연자육 분말 첨가량이 증가할 수 록 증가하였으며, 부피는 감소하였다. 빵의 비용적은 연자육 분말 첨가구가 이었고, 대조구는 5.12 mL/g

연자육 분말의 첨가량에 따른 식빵 반죽의 물리적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 연자육 분말을 첨가한 반죽의 팽창력, ferinogram, amylogram, extensogram, 반죽의 pH와 식빵의 외관 등을 조사하였다. 연자육 분말의 일반성분 함량은 수분 7.74%, 조단백질 20.15%, 조지방 2.11%, 조회분 4.34%, 조섬유소 2.78%이였다. 반죽의 팽창력 결과 대조구에 비해 연자육 분말 첨가구가 팽창력이 좋았으며, 반죽의 farino