This study was performed to investigate the recognition of Korean farmers for the safety of environment-friendly organic materials (EFOMs). The main purchase line of environment-friendly organic materials was the sustainable agriculture organizations, and decisive basis for the materials purchase was because they thought that agricultural produce cultivated with EFOMs were safe. Currently farmers obtained the most information about EFOMs through farmer’s education operated by agricultural technology center. Sixty nine percent of respondents hoped that they would get the information on the website and through official education opened by of the government or relative institutions. Whereas, only a few respondents hoped that they would get the information from the sellers. Therefore we thought that government and related institutions should operate the education program to give the sellers the scientific and accurate information about EFOMs. In addition, farmers are highly recognized the necessity of safety-related information provided by government and related institutions. Most Farmers thought that safety education for farmers using EFOMs was very important. Also, it was confirmed that farmer respondents thought to need to establish the shelf-life and user guideline and to label about toxic category of EFOMs. The Cronbach’ alpha coefficient calculated in order to verify the reliability of survey questions was 0.699. That value indicates that responses of the respondents in this study might be reliable.
This research was performed to test the effects of oleic acid for the management of greenhouse whiteflies and tobacco whiteflies. Tobacco whiteflies, especially, are the vectors of tomato yellow leaf curl virus on tomato plants. Whiteflies are not only the vectors of various viruses but also the major insect pests that cause direct damages through sucking and induce sooty mold with their sweet dew on tomato plants. There are many eco-friendly management measures including the use of yellow sticky trap and natural enemies such as Eretmocerus eremicus and Amblyseius swirskii. However, these management measures have difficulties to implement in the greenhouse. Therefore, in this research, oleic acid was tested for its effect on the management of whiteflies at various concentrations of 1,000ppm, 2,000ppm, or 4,000ppm. As a result, treatments of 1,000ppm, 2,000ppm and 4,000ppm oleic acid showed the control value of 70%, 76% and 84%, respectively. In another test, treatments of 2,000ppm oleic acid, and control treatment of 1,5000ppm neem oil and 50ppm dinotefuran showed the control value of 82%, 75%, and 75%, respectively. Cost for one application of oleic acid and neem oil for 10a area would be 3,180 Won and 20,150 Won, respectively. As a result, it was assumed that the use of oleic acid would be a appropriate management measure.
Miscellaneous grain crops has been appeared as a well-being food and the demand of them are increasing recently. It is urgent to study especially about the functional materials of foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum. This experiment was conducted to evaluation and comparison several functional materials of fatty acids, anthocyanin content, total phenol content and DPPH assay of rice, and foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum produced organically so that these results would provide as a basic information for developing functional products by using miscellaneous grain crops. Total content of fatty acids was in order of foxtail millet (0.649%) and common millet (0.33%), sorghum (0.172%) and rice (0.111%) respectively. The content of unsaturated fatty acid was also in order of foxtail millet (0.511%) and common millet (0.269%), sorghum (0.122%) and rice (0.069%) respectively. Although there was no detection of anthocyanin content in rice, foxtail millet and common millet, sorghum showed high content of anthocyanin content. Sorghum of Mongdangsusu showed the highest anthocyanin content (137.5mg/g). In the total phenol content of rice, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum, rice of Chucheongbyeo had high content (13.70㎍/g) whereas Daeanbyeo was the lowest content (10.07㎍/g). Foxtail millet of Hinchajo, common millet of Byeorukgijang and sorghum of Chalsusu showed the highest total phenol content of 25.8㎍/g, 69.4㎍/g and 682.2㎍/g respectively. In the average of total phenol content among rice, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum showed 12.25㎍/g, 16.95㎍/g, 51.01㎍/g and 447.4㎍/ g of total phenol content respectively. The average of total phenol content of sorghum was 26.3㎍/g. It is 36.3 and 26.3 times higher compared with rice and foxtail millet respectively. In the antioxidant activity of seeds by DPPH(1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl) assay for rice, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum, rice of Chucheongbyeo, foxtail millet of Ganghywajo and common millet of Geumeungijang showed the highest antioxidant activity with 3.6%, 4.78% and 13.4% respectively. Antioxidant activity of sorghum ranged from 88.47 to 90.11%. The average of antioxidant activity among four crops, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from sorghum (89.50%) and the next was common millet (6.13%), foxtail millet (2.43%), and rice (1.60%) in their order of antioxidant activity. The average of antioxidant activity of sorghum showed 55.9, 37.0 and 15times higher compared with rice, common millet and foxtail millet respectively.
This work is for reasonable valuation method of environmental-friendly and organic company. Reasonable valuation method is principal for the sound development, the reasonable investment and the growth of stock market. This study proposes valid valuation and method for environmental-friendly and organic company. The author selected 4 companies from certificate list of environmental friendly and organic food and LOHAS (Lifestyles Of Health And Sustainability) food of Korean standards association. Applying financial audit report of 5 years, the author output 5 variables from each companies by using Growth Option model of Real Option model. And the author valuated companies by adding option value calculated with these variables and residual value discounted with cash flow discounted method. Company values from ROV model were 1.71 time higher than DCF model. This results show that the value of environmental-friendly and organic food company may own high option premium, that is the growth factor.
Since 1997, Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Ministry of Environment have established data on some 400 basic raw and subsidiary materials and process like energy, petro-chemical, steel, cement, glass, paper, construction materials, transportation, recycling and disposal etc by initiating establishment of LCI database. Regarding agriculture, Rural Development Administration has conducted establishment of LCI database for major farm products like rice, barley, beans, cabbage and radish etc from 2009, and released that they would establish LCI database for 50 items until 2020 later on. The domestic LCI database for seeds, seedling, agrochemical, inorganic, fertilizer and organic fertilizer etc is only at initial stage of establishment, so overseas LCI databases are brought and being used. However, since the domestic and overseas natural environments differ, they fall behind in reliability. Therefore, this study has the purpose to select organic farming materials, survey the production process for various types of organic farming materials and establish LCI database for the effects of greenhouse gas emitted by each crop during the process. As for selecting methods, in this study organic farming materials were selected in the method of direct observation of material and bottom-up method a survey method with focus on the organic farming materials admitted into rice production. For the basic unit of carbon emission amount by the production of 1kg of organic farming material, the software PASS 4.1.1 developed by Korea Accreditation Board under Ministry of Knowledge Economy was used. The study had the goal to ultimately provide basic unit to calculate carbon emission amount in executing many institutions like goal management system and carbon performance display system etc in agricultural sector to be conducted later on. As a result, emission basic units per 1kg of production were calculated to be 0.04968kg- CO2 for oystershells, 0.004692kg-CO2 for expanded rice hull, and 1.029kg-CO2 for bordeaux mixture liquid.
최근 전 세계적으로 석유 유래 합성 화장품 원료의 사용을 배제한 천연 화장품을 찾는 고객들이 계속적으로 증가하고 있지만 이러한 천연 화장품 중에서도 기능성을 소구하는 제품은 거의 없는 상황이다. 이는 천연 유래 원료 중에서 기능성이 검증된 원료가 거의 없을 뿐 아니라, 그러한 천연 기능성 원료들이 있다고 하더라도 그것들을 천연 원료만으로 안정한 제형을 유지하기가 매우 힘들기 때문이다. 본 연구는 난용성 천연 주름 기능성 물질인 올레아놀릭산을 천연 유래 수첨 레시틴을 이용하여 안정하게 가용화시키는 것에 관한 것이며, 유기농 화장품 인증이 가능한 가용화 제형의 처방을 개발하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 다른 합성 가용화제를 사용할 경우 45 ℃에서 2 ~ 3일 내에 올레아놀릭산의 석출이 관찰되었지만, 천연 유래 수첨 레시틴을 이용한 제형에서는 4주 동안 입자 크기의 큰 변화 없이 안정하게 유지되었다. 제형 내 올레아놀릭산의 함량은 25 ℃ 및 40 ℃에서 보관중인 샘플을 대상으로 24주간 측정하였는데, 두 온도에서 모두 90 % 이상을 보여주어 올레아놀릭산이 제형 내 분해 없이 안정하게 유지되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 보습력 및 주름 개선 등의 임상시험을 통해 제품의 피부 효능과 안전성을 확인하였다.
본 연구는 방글라데시의 친환경농업 실태와 농업인들의 인식을 바탕으로 친환경농업 개발에 대한 정부의 역할과 정책적 대안을 모색하고자 하였다. 연구 자료는 방글라데시 탕가일 지역의 농업인을 대상으로 유기농가 100가구와 일반농가 100가구를 무작위로 추출하여 설문조사를 통하여 수집되었다. 인구 과밀의 방글라데시 정부는 식량안보를 위하여 지력 저하 및 환경악화를 방지하고자 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 즉 지속 가능한 농업개발을 위하여 통합해충관리(IPM), 통합작물 관리(ICM)를 비롯하여 토양의 비옥도 개선, 페로몬트랩이나 자연 천적을 이용한 해충방제 등 다양한 프로그램을 운영하고 있다. 농업인들의 의견 조사에 따르면 친환경농업에 대한 정부의 역할은 긍정적으로 평가하고 있으나 정책이나 관련 프로그램은 아직 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 일반농가인 경우 극히 소수 농가만이 친환경농업을 실행하고 있는데, 이는 관련기술에 대한 지식의 부족과 유기농 비료 등의 자재 부족이 친환경농업을 실행하는데 가장 큰 어려움이라 지적하고 있다. 일반 농가의 39%는 유기농업 의사를 보이고 있지만 마케팅시설의 부족과 농사 실패에 대한 두려움 등을 유기농으로 전환하지 못하는 주요 이유로 들고 있다. 일반농가의 일부(17%)만이 정부의 농업교육 프로그램임인 통합해충관리(IPM)과정을 이수하고 있다. 정부의 유기농 정책은 거의 전무하며 NGO들의 지원에 의하여 꾸준하게 진행되고 있을 뿐이다. 따라서 농업인들은 통합해충관리(IPM), 유기농 퇴비, 페로몬트랩이나 자연 천적 등 매우 다양한 농민교육프로그램들을 정부 주도적으로 실시하여야 하며 친환경농업정책을 보다 명확하게 규정하기를 요구하고 있다. 비교적 젊고 교육수준이 높은 소규모 농업인들 이 유기농에 적극적임을 알 수 있다. 유기농의 평균 농지규모는 0.246ha, 유기농 평균 경력은 7.63년, 일반농가대비 농가수 입은 11.4% 높게 나타났고 비교적 소농들이 높은 수익률을 보이고 있다. 소비자의 신뢰, 마케팅시설, 생산자단체나 조직의 부족 등이 유기농가들의 가장 큰 애로점이 되고 있고, 유기농산품의 표준화를 위하여 정부의 인증제도와 인증기관 설립이 필요함을 지적하고 있다. 유기농을 보다 활성화하기 위해서는 정부 주도하에 마케팅을 비롯하여 교육, 수출 및 각종 장려책 등이 마련되어야 할 것이다.
This study was carried out to investigate the biological effects of organic soybean extracts. Cellular and molecular analysis was performed to determine anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects of soybean extracts. First, we obtained various solvent extracts of soybean such as water, ethanol, and methanol. Molecular and cellular analysis were performed with 0.1 ㎎/ml concentration of each solvent extracts. The results of anti-oxidative, antiinflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of organic soybean extracts were prominent. However, organic soybean extracts were not observed in anti-allergic effects determined by releasing histamine from rat mast cell line, RBL-2H3. Conclusively, organic soybean suppress inflammatory responses. In addition, organic soybean could be applied as a functional food ingredient for treatment of chronic inflammation, asthma, and atopic dermatitis with enhanced anti-inflammatory activities.
This work is based on the experience of active and successful organic marketing initiatives, and aims to provide advice for genuine and practical sustainability. To make successful marketing possible we describe, on the one hand, the main challenges of the market and policy environment for organic marketing initiatives and, on the other hand, key factors for management. Management planning is a key issue for successful marketing and is therefore the focus of special attention in this work. This paper summarises and highlights those key factors which influence the operations of an organic marketing initiative. These include the role of key individuals, the role of innovation, the importance of strategic planning and clear objectives, the role of coherence, motivation and identity, brand policy, the role of networks, the importance of market research, public funding, economies of scale, systematized cooperation, hazards and risks in general.
The current world is suffering abnormal climate caused by global warming. The main cause of global warming is greenhouse gas such as carbon dioxide. The carbon labeling system and carbon traceability system being pushed ahead in the agricultural sector is the policy for responding to climate change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To make this policy more effective and enhanced, the amount of carbon emissions should be calculated based on the kind of crops or the various businesses in the agricultural sector. Therefore, in order to estimate the accurate amount of carbon emissions, it is necessary to establish carbon dioxide emission intensity of various agricultural materials added onto the agriculture, and to calculate the amount of carbon dioxide emission for each crop according to agricultural production. The purpose of this study is to establish the amount of emission, emission per agricultural materials, of agricultural materials being added for crop production as a basic step, and emission intensity which can be used in the future market in order to estimate accurate amount of carbon emission in all the policies being promoted in the agricultural sector. Therefore, in this study, in order to build LCI D/B about organic fertilizers among many organic materials added onto the organic agriculture sector, one leading company in organic fertilizer production was selected and LCA was conducted for this leading company. We had to build the intensity and integrated average concept of intensity upon the two cases once production farmers for their own consumption and farms besides organic fertilizer company were categorized even if it’s little amount. But in this study, individually produced organic fertilizers were excluded. Calculated results are following. Carbon emission of mixed expeller cake fertilizer in organic fertilizer was 1,106,966.89㎏-CO² and emission intensity was 0.01606㎏-CO², respectively. Total emission of mixed organic fertilizers was 241,523.2㎏-CO² and emission intensity was 0.01705㎏-CO². And total emission of organic compound fertilizers was 94,592.66㎏-CO² and emission intensity was 0.01769㎏-CO², respectively.
This work is described as an early effort to study organic products marketing. Discusses the characteristics, barriers and vitalization strategies of developing new markets in an environment of increasing consumer awareness and marketability of organic products. Barriers to developing new markets for organic products include lack of basic information or poor understanding among farmers of sustainable techniques and practices, poor access to markets, high start-up costs, lack of understanding the developing market, uncertainty in marketing and pricing, consumer habits, inadequate financing, including resistance to paying premium prices, misinformation and misapprehension concerning the production of organic products. Recommends strategies for implementing sustainable systems, e.g., involve government agencies, educating and organizing both farmers, processors, and consumers developing marketing and distribution programs. Examines business strategies that have successfully targeted markets, such as advertising, labeling, public relations and communications, gaining consumer trust, partnerships, and diversifying operations.
최근에 유기 재배된 과실이 관행재배와 비교해서 건강관련 물질과 관련된 화합물이 다량 분포된다는 연구와 주장이 제기되어 왔지만, 국내에서는 두 가지 재배방법에 따른 과실품질을 분석한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구는 유기농과 관행으로 재배 된 배 '신고'의 과실품질과 폴리페놀 및 항산화 활성을 조사하였다. 처리는 키틴 복합퇴비+키틴 액비(구역 A), 키틴 복합퇴비+적외선으로 처리 된 키틴 액비(구역 B), 그리고 관행재배 시스템(구역 C와 D)으
국내산 밀의 부가가치 향상을 위하여 유기농 밀에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며, 유기농산물 인증을 받기위해 서는 사용되는 밀 종자도 유기농으로 생산된 것(유기종자)을 사용해야 한다. 이와 관련하여 유기질 비료의 시비가 밀 종자의 주요성분에 미치는 영향을 검토하였으며, 금강밀 등 24개 품종을 대상으로 amylose, 조단백, 무기이온 함량을 분석하였다. 밀의 amylose 함량은 유기질 비료 시비조건에서 12.5%로서 무비(13.1%) 및 화학 비료(13.2%) 조건에서 보다 낮았다. 밀 종자의 조단백질 함량은 무비<화학비료<유기질비료 순으로 유의하게 증가하였으며, 이러한 경향은 전체 아미노산 함량 차이에서도 동일하게 나타났다. 무기이온별로 시비조건에 따른 함량차이를 조사한 결과, 4가지 무기이온(Fe, Na, Ca, Mg, P)의 경우 유기질비료<무비<화학비료 순으로 증가하였다. 특히, Na 이온의 경우 유기질비료 시비조건 보다 화학비료 시비조건에서 함량이 2배 이상 증가하 였다. 한편, K 이온의 경우 유기질비료와 화학비료 조건에서는 유사한 함량을 나타내었으나 무비조건에서 약 6% 증가하였다. 이런 결과들로 볼 때, 유기농 밀 재배시 생산되는 밀의 이용성 등을 고려하여 적절한 유기질비료의 종류와 시비방법을 선택하는 것이 중요할 것으로 생각되며, 유기농 재배에 적합한 품종육성도 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.
많은 국민의 식품안전성에 대한 의식수준이 급격히 향상되어 각종 농식품의 안전성확보를 위한 체계적관 리가 매우 중요한 것으로 인식되고 있다. 이러한 시대적 변화에 따라 제안된 과학적, 합리적 제도가 농산물 우수관리제도(GAP)이다. 그러나 아직도 대부분의 소비자들은 유기농산물을 포함한 친환경농산물을 안전한 농산물로 인식하여 선호하고 있다. 안전한 농식품 생산에 영향을 주는 요소로는 농약이나 중금속을 비롯한 화학적위해요소와 각종식중독세균을 포함한 생물학적 위해요소, 그리고 머리카락등과 같은 물리적위해요소 가 있으며 이들 세가지위해요소를 모두 잘 관리한 식품을 안전한 식품으로 생각할 수 있다. 그러나 앞서 언급된 기존의 안전농산물 관리제도는 대부분 화학적 위해요소와 물리적 위해요소 위주로 관리해 왔을 뿐 실제로 외국에서 농산물의 안전사고원인으로 빈번히 나타나고 있는 식중독세균을 비롯한 생물학적위해요소 관리가 부족한 것으로 지적되어왔고, 이들 위해요소의 종합적 안전관리프로그램으로 제안된 것이 GAP제도 인 것이다. GAP제도란 HACCP원리에 기초한 제도로서 농산물의 재배환경, 재배과정, 수확 및 수확후과정중 에 발생 가능한 위해요소를 분석하여 집중적으로 관리할 중점관리점(CCP)를 결정한 다음 CCP중심으로 위해 요소를 관리함으로써 쉽고 편리하게 안전성이 확보된 농산물을 생산하는 합리적인 제도이다. 사실상 기존의 유기농을 포함한 친환경농산물은 전체경작지의 약 5%정도에서 생산되어 대단히 제한적인 반면 지금정부가 추진하고 있는 GAP제도는 대부분 경작지를 대상으로 국가가 합리적으로 안전한 농산물을 공급하는 제도로 서 GAP제도가 정착되면 안전성이 확보된 충분한 식자재를 값싸게 공급하는 것이 가능하리라고 생각한다. 2010년부터 친환경농산물의 대부분을 차지하는 저농약인증제가 폐지됨에 따라 안전한 농산물을 확보하기 위해서는 농약을 전혀사용하지 않는 유기농산물인증제와 농약을 사용하되 합리적으로 사용하여 수확하는 농산물에는 농약이 잔류하지 않거나 잔류하더라도 국가가 정해놓은 기준치 이하로 관리하여 안전한 농식품 을 생산하는 GAP인증제가 정부의 중요한 정책으로 자리잡게 될 것이다. 이러한 시기에 GAP를 올바로 이해하 는 것이 대단히 필요하므로 기존의 안전농산물 생산기법과 GAP제도의 차이점을 소개하고자 한다.
This study was conducted screening of the population densities of fungal pathogens and insect and observed the disease symptoms on the organic sweet corn seed producing field from 2008 to 2009. The dissemination spores, Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Helminthosporium sp., Pyricularia sp., Collectotrichum sp., and Bipolaris sp., were detected and the three fungal spores from the front were observed for whole growth stage. Seed and seedling diseases were shown as the rotted seed and damping-off seedling caused by Penicillium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp.. The larva of Black cutworm cut down the root crown of seedlings. The damaged plants were ranged from 14% to 16%. On the Oriental corn borer, the population densities and the percentage of damaged plants were showed a low difference between two sweet corn varieties. The population densities of Oriental corn borer were scored as from 3.5 to 20.5 in 2008 and from 0.5 to 6 in 2009. Also the percentage of damaged plants were significantly increased until harvesting stage and was recorded from 7.5% to 21% in 2008 and from 1% to 46% in 2009. On the Corn leaf blight, the percentage of diseased plant were scored from 7% to 34% in 2008. The first occurrence of date was after June 18, and the percentage of diseased plant was continuously increased after August 21 and the values of diseased plants was ranged from 56% to 69% in 2009. On common smut, the percentage of diseased plant was recorded from 5% to 15% in 2008, and the first occurrence date were delayed as 17 days (July 17) and were showed less than 8% of diseased plants in 2009. Corn Southern Leaf spot was scored as average 11% at early stage and showed high score as 62% at September 19 in 2008. In 2009, the first occurrence date were advanced about 20 days (after June 8), and continuously increased up to 86% in 2009.
This work is described as an fresh effort to study environmental sustainable management in organic products retailing markets. Sustainable management means creating value for business, nature and society. The main point of this thesis is about the concept, the content and the target of environmental sustainable management, and the technical method and basis to achieve it. Also this thesis shows
the strategy of sustainable management as well as the realization of sustainable development by carrying out organic agricultural production. The main content of sustainable management is that:
- Rationalize the utilization of resource and energy.
- Maximize economic benefit.
- Minimize harm to humans and the environment.
Examines business strategies that have successfully targeted markets, such as advertising, labeling, gaining consumer trust, partnerships, and diversifying operations. These included management skills, and marketing organic and other sustainably grown products to determine strategies for developing new markets for these products. Suggests that consumers are becoming more aware of the importance of environmentally sound methods for growing food, the health benefits of wholesome food, and are willing to pay more for these products.
This paper evaluates potential environmental impacts and external costs on rice production of Korea. The investigation is based on LCA in agricultural area which estimates inputs and outputs of rice production system in quantitative way. The results show that environmental impacts on organic rice(4.49E-08 DALY/kg) is level on 4.5% out of conventional rice(9.97E-07 DALY/kg). The external costs of organic and conventional rice are 4.04won/kg and 89.52won/kg respectively. The balance of both organic and conventional rice which is 85.48won/kg represents monetary value on improvement of environmental effects as producing organic rice.