The number of pest detection in wooden pellets has increased since wooden pellets as biomass-solid refuse fuel (Bio-SRF) was allowed an import in Korea. In this study, we analyzed an insecticidal effect on pupal and adult stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in wooden pellets using two fumigants, methyl bromide (MB) and phosphine (PH3), for establishing a guideline on fumigation. MB and PH3 both showed a dose-dependent manner in insect mortality after fumigation under 60% filing rate (FR) of wooded pellets in desiccator. In MB fumigation to T. castaneum, adults and pupae showed 100% mortality at 128 mg/L and 161 mg/L in 10°C at 24 h post treatment and pupae showed 100, 74, and 8% mortality against 99 mg/L of MB in 20, 40, and 40% FR, respectively. In PH3 fumigation, S. zeamais adults showed 92% mortality to 4 mg/L, meanwhile T. castaneum adults showed 100% mortality at 120 h post treatment.
Phototactic behavioral responses of Tribolium castaneum adults to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of seven different wavelengths were determined under various conditions (light exposure times, light sources, and luminance intensities) and compared with those of a black light bulb (BLB) under laboratory conditions. Based on the attractive rate (%) of T. castaneum adults under optimal conditions (50 lx and an 48 h exposure time) in the dark, red LED (625±10 nm) exhibited the highest potential attractive rate (97.8%), followed by yellow (590±5 nm, 68.9%), green (520±5 nm, 55.6%), infrared (IR) (730 nm, 54.4%), white (450-620 nm, 41.1%), blue (470±10 nm, 34.4%), and ultraviolet (UV) (365 nm, 0.06%) LEDs. In comparison, red LED (97.8%) was approximately 3.4 times more attractive to T. castaneum adults than the BLB (28.9%). These results indicate that a red LED trap could be useful to control T. castaneum adults.
The purpose of this study was to isolate an active constituent from the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata leaves and evaluate its insecticidal activity against Pochazia shantungensis nymphs and adults. According to chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses, the active constituent of E. caryophyllata leaves was identified as eugenol. Based on LC50 values and structural analogues of eugenola gainst the P. shantungensis nymphs and adults, isoeugenol (LC50, 83.29 and 91.03 mg/L) exhibited the highest insecticidal activity, followed by methyl isoeugenol (105.61 and 114.48 mg/L), eugenol (124.44 and 143.24 mg/L), methyl eugenol (126.31 and 143.84 mg/L), and acetyl eugenol (165.11 and 170.06 mg/L). Insecticidal activity against P. shantungensis was dependent on the presence of a functional group in 4-ally-2-methoxyphenol. These results indicate that E. caryophyllata oil and eugenol analogues might be potential alternative synthetic insecticidal agents.
Phototactic behavioral responses of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), adults were determined to different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of seven wavelengths, and their behavioral responses were compared to that using a commercial luring lamp (BLB) under laboratory conditions. Based on the attractive responses under optimal light conditions (60 lx luminance intensity and 30 min light exposure time), the green LED (520±5 nm) showed the highest attractive rate (520±5 nm, 52.2%), followed by the blue LED (470±10 nm, 33.9%), the yellow LED (590±5 nm, 32.2%), BLB (28.9%), UV LED (365 nm, 22.8%), the red LED (625±10 nm, 14.5%), the white LED (450-620 nm, 10.6%), and IR LED (730 nm, 9.5%). In addition, the green LED to P. interpunctella adults was approximately 1.81 times more attractive than BLB. These results indicate that the green LED could be most useful for monitoring of P. interpunctella adults.
Insecticidal toxicities of the isolated constituent of Eucalyptus dives oil and its analogues were bioassayed. 3-Carvomenthenone was isolated by chromatographic techniques and determined by EI-MS, 13C-NMR,1H-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, and HMQC. In the fumigant bioassay against P. interpunctella, cyclohexenone exhibited the strongest insecticidal toxicity (LD50 against larvae and adults, 2.45 and 3.63 μg/cm3), followed by methylcyclohexenone, seudenone, and 3-carvomenthenone. In the structure-activity relationships between 3-carvomenthenone analogues and insecticidal toxicity, the mode of the insecticidal action of 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone was through the dermal organs of T. castaneum and P. interpunctella. This study indicates that 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone have potential capacity for the development as safety natural agents to control the stored grain insects.
제주 감귤원에 피해를 주는 볼록총채벌레의 유입원 및 감귤원의 발생밀도와의 관계를 구명하기 위해 1차 기주식물 이면서 제주도내에 넓은 면적으로 재배되는 키위(품종 : 제스프리골드키위)와 망고(품종 : 애플망고)의 볼록총채벌레 발생 양상을 조사하였다. 서귀포시 신례리 키위과원 1곳, 동홍동 망고과원 1곳의 생육시기별 볼록총채벌레 발생밀도를 끈끈이트랩을 이용하여 조사하였다. 키위과원의 경우 8월 16일 여름순 전정을 실시하였고 이시기부터 인접감귤원의 볼록총채벌레 발생량이 급증하였다. 망고과원의 경우도 8월 16일 전정을 실시하였으며 망고 또한 이시기부터 볼록총채 벌레 밀도가 증가하였다. 망고과원의 경우 순이 굳는 1달 뒤부터 발생량이 줄어들기 시작하였다. 인접한 감귤원에서도 밀도조사를 실시하였는데 전정 후 밀도가 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 이는 1차 기주식물과원의 밀도증가가 인접 감귤원의 밀도에 직접적인 영향을 끼치는 것을 단편적으로 보여주는 것이라 할 수 있다.
The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is one of the famous insect pests in the world. Although the species reveals several morphological variations, it is largely divided into two lineages, Southern (Africa, Southern Europe, Southern Asia, and Australian) and Northern (East Asia, Eurasian continent). In 2014, a large number of L. migratoria nymphs with red-brown color were suddenly occurred in the southern region (Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do), Korea. In this study, mitochondrial COI sequences were analyzed to recognize the genetic identity of L. migratoria with nymph or adult samples collected from 9 localities in Korea. The analysis results reveal that all individuals are belonging to the Northern lineage.
When L. ingenua was captured in a low density of less than 400 flies per sticky trap (25x15cm), yellow color trap is the most excellent, and pink color trap is the lowest. The other colors also have attraction abilities. On the other hands, when total mushroom flies are captured more than 1,000 flies, the attraction difference by the trap color has not been confirmed. Therefore, the use of yellow sticky trap was recommended for insect monitoring of L. ingenua and M. tamilnaduensis. 38.1% of L. ingenua and 31.7% of M. tamilnaduensis were attracted to the black light lamp. We confirmed that black fluorescent lamp(BL) will be effective material to attract two dominant mushroom fly at house(≒70㎡). The treatment of one device that is mushroom fly capturing device built-in black light fluorescent lamp decreases 67.8% of mushroom fly. And the treatment of two device decrease 90.4% of mushroom fly. When black fluorescent light lamp for capturing of mushroom fly only turned on during mushroom production room, Gonji-7ho and Heuktari grew up normally in all treatment. But yield of Chunchu-2ho was decreased 34.6% due to the lack of the amount of light in the treatment of black fluorescent light lamp to 100cm from mushroom medium.
사과원에 발생하는 총채벌레류는 신초와 과실에 피해를 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 영천과 청송 등 22개 사과원에 발생하는 총채벌레류는 파란색 끈끈이 트랩을 이용하여 발생밀도를 조사하였으며, 주변 식생에서 이들의 분포를 확인하였다. 또한 사과원에서 우점종인 대만총체벌레를 이용하여 이미다클로프리드 등 5가지의 살충제에 대한 접촉·섭식 반응 결과를 비교하였다. 피해 받은 신초에서 채집한 총채벌레류는 대만총채벌레가 77% 가장 높은 밀도를 보였으며, 다음으로 파총채벌레, 관총체벌레류로 나타났다. 살충제에 대한 반응은 클로르페나피르 약제에 대해서 처리 24시간 후 접촉 58%, 섭식 96%의 살충력을 보였다. 클로버, 닭의 장풀, 민들레, 달맞이꽃 등의 주변 식생에서 대만총체벌레가 분포하는 것으로 확인되었다.
갈색날개매미충은 최근 과수를 비롯한 다양한 식물에 대발생하여 생육을 저해하고 그을음병을 유발하는 등 문제가 매우 심각한 돌발성 해충이다. 본 연구는 위와 같은 갈색날개매미충의 친환경적인 방제를 위하여 식물추출물인 고삼추출물, 백합추출물, 목초액 등을 혼합비율을 달리하여 야외에서 성충을 대상으로 살충효과를 수행하였으며, 방제효율을 극대화하고 화학약제의 사용을 최소화하기 위하여 매미충류 등에 사용되고 있는 원제가 다른 화학약제 8종을 선발하여 살충효과를 검증하였다.
살충효과는 처리 3, 6일차 조사를 하였으며, 식물추출물의 살충력을 조사한 결과 고삼추출물, 백합추출물, 목초액 등 혼합된 제제가 83.3±5.1%의 살충력을 나타냈고 고삼추출물과 목초액이 혼합된 제제는 72.6±5.1%의 살충력을 보였다. 상용중인 화학약제의 살충효과는 Acetamiprid 92.8±5.1%, Dinotefuran 91.3±3.3%, Imidacloprid 91.3±3.3%, Etofenprox 89.9±1.9%, Deltamethrin 79.7±10.7%, Sulfoxaflor 69.6±10.0%, Bifenthrin 60.9±12.0%, Abamectin 53.6±5.1%의 살충력을 보였다. 효과가 우수한 제제에 대해서는 야외포장 포장관리용 자재로서 활용하여 방제효과를 극대화 하는데 참고로 활용하고자 한다.
해발 600~1,000 m에 위치한 고랭지에서 주로 재배하는 여름배추는 매년 다양한 병해충의 발생으로 안정적 생산에 어려움을 겪는 실정이다. 최근 기후변화에 따라 벼룩잎벌레, 무테두리진딧물, 배추좀나방 등의 발생이 증가하고 있는 추세지만 대부분 고랭지권이 상류수계에 위치한 특성 때문에 농자재 저투입 농법에 대한 요구가 높다. 현재 친환경농업에서 해충 유인용으로 많이 사용하고 있는 점착판(sticky card, 350×250 ㎜) 트랩을 색깔과 모양을 달리하여 고랭지배추 해충 방제용에 적용하였다. 점착판(노랑, 파랑, 노랑+파랑+노랑, 파랑+노랑+파랑, 노랑+파랑, 파랑+노랑) 트랩 6종을 배추밭 3곳에 설치하고 1주일 간격으로 해충과 천적의 유인 밀도를 조사하였다. 그 결과 무테두리진딧물은 노랑+파랑, 노랑+파알+노랑 트랩에, 벼룩잎벌레는 노란색이 하위에 배치된 트랩에서 유인력이 높았다. 배추좀나방은 생육 초기에 노랑+파랑+노랑 트랩에서 유효하였다. 진딧물의 천적인 등에류는 초기에 발생한 진딧물을 억제하는 효과를 보였으나 파란색의 점착트랩에 많이 유인되는 것으로 나타났다.
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid, specific, cost-effective detection method by amplifying nucleic acid under isothermal conditions. In this study, we used LAMP for detection of Hamiltonella defensa that lives as a facultive endosymbiont of whitefly ‘Bemisia tabaci’. We designed the Hamiltonella-specific primers by targeting 16S ribosomal RNA gene and validated the specificity of one primer set. To find the optimum temperature for our primer set, the LAMP reaction was held at the temperature, 60℃, 62℃ and 65℃. As a result, 62℃ was the optimum reation temperature for LAMP reaction. Specificity of primer set was tested by the reaction to both Trialeurodes vaporariorum and B. tabaci. After the whole procedure, the amplicons by LAMP were visualized by adding SYBR Green to the reaction tube.
Among several insect pests in the potato fields, Liriomyza huidobrensis, pea leafminer, is emerging as a new threat to potato plants. Adult females damage the host mesophyll cells host due to ovipositor probing. After egg hatching, the eclosing larva also damage the leaf by mining the mesophyll and causing tissue death. Despite the importance of leafminer in potato production, there is no information available regarding its resistance level to potato cultivars in Korea. Using choice test, 21 potato cultivars consisting of 11 early-maturing, 6 mid-maturing and 4 late-maturing cultivars were evaluated the resistance to pea leafminer in the greenhouse and field condition. In this test, significant differences for resistance were observed. High levels of resistance to leafminers were obtained from cvs. Namsuh, Seohong, Jayoung and Superior. These resistant cultivars might be useful in future breeding programmes.
This study was performed to recognize species composition of Anopheline mosquitoes and infection rates of Plasmodium vivax in the northern part of South Korea. Adult mosquitoes were collected at 9 Republic of Korea (ROK) army installations in northern part of Geyonggi Province near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) using black light traps. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify collected Anopheline specimens and detect P. vivax from them. During June to August 2016, total 481 anopheline mosquitoes were collected and identified. Anopheles kleini was the most frequently collected (56.1%), and followed by An. pullus (16.6%), An. sinensis (16.2%), An. belenrae (7.5%) and An. lesteri (1.5%). 6 pools (4.0%) were positive for P. vivax among 150 pools. The minimum infection rates (MIR) was 1.24. Our ongoing study will provide a meaningful data for the effective malaria elimination strategy.
As the malaria surveillance agency, the Korean Center for Control and Prevention (KCDC) has been monitoring malaria vector mosquito density and Plasmodium vivax infection since 2009. Anopheline mosquitoes were collected at 35 sites in Incheon, northern Gyeonggi and northern Gangwon Province using black light trap daily from April to October 2015. P. vivax infection of malaria vector mosquitoes tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In 2015, a total of 57,926 malaria vector mosquitoes were collected among 138,119 mosquitoes. Three P. vivax positive pools were detected among 1,556 pools (13,745 individuals) and its minimum infection rate was 0.22. According to the monitoring result of malaria vector mosquitoes, early summer (June-July) could be an appropriate time for a malaria elimination campaign until September.
왕지네는 전통 생약중 하나로 유효물질 탐색 및 약리활성 연구 등의 주요한 생물자원으로 한방에서 중풍, 해독, 관절염 등의 민간 약제로 이용되고 있다. 이에 왕지네를 실내 사육하기 위하여 먹이 및 활동특성을 조사하였다. 먹이를 갈색거저리구, 닭고기구, 돼지고기구, 닭고기+돼지고기 혼합구, 닭고기+ 돼지고기+갈색거저리 혼합구로 나누어서 실험한 결과, 성충 1마리당 먹이량, 체중증가량 등으로 볼 때, 갈색거저리보다 닭고기, 돼지고기, 닭고기+돼지 고기 혼합구의 발육이 우수하여 왕지네 먹이로는 닭고기, 돼지고기 등이 적합한 것으로 생각된다. 또한 카메라 영상장치를 이용하여 1개월 동안 왕지네의 활동시간대를 조사한 결과, 분산유충은 낮 12시에 가장 활발하고 먹이활동 은 오후 4시-8시 사이에 이루어졌다. 성충은 활동 시간대가 저녁 9시-새벽 6시이었고, 새벽 0시-2시가 가장 활발하였다. 먹이활동은 오후 9시-새벽 2시에 먹는 것으로 나타나, 지네 먹이를 줄 때는 가능한 저녁시간에 주는 것이 먹이의 신선도 유지와 부패를 막는 방법이라고 판단된다.
We investigated pollination and foraging activities of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) during flowering season of the asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia N.) under different weather conditions. There was no significant statistical difference about the pollination activities of two species. However, the pollination activities of bumblebee were more active than those of honeybee under low temperature and rainfall period. The activities of honeybee and bumblebee were more influenced by temperature than other factors (i.e. illumination and wind velocity). Honeybee was more sensitive to temperature and illumination than bumblebee. At low temperatures (<20℃) on cloudy days (<30,000 lux) with a certain wind velocity (>4.0 m/s), the pollination activity of the honeybee was lower twice than that of bumblebee.
풀무치는 메뚜기과에 속하는 곤충으로 한국에 서식하는 메뚜기과 곤충 중에서 가장 큰 종이다. 크기는 4.5~6cm 정도이며 높은 단백질 함량과 영양 성분을 포함하고 있다. 본 연구는 풀무치의 건조방법에 따른 영양 성분 변화를 측정하여 가축 사료로 이용할 때 적절한 건조방법을 찾고자 하였다. 시험에 사용한 풀무치는 약충과 성충으로 나누었으며, 성충은 암수를 구별하여 동결건조와 열풍건조는 온도별(40~80℃)로 나누어 사용하였다. 수분 함량은 동결건조 3.8~6.6%, 열풍건조 8.0~15.9%로 건조 온도가 높을수록 수분 함량은 감소했으며, 단백질 함량은 67~73%로 건조 온도가 높을수록 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 지방 함량은 열풍건조 했을 때 11.3~13%로 동결건조보다 많았으며, 수컷보다 암컷의 함량이 더 많았다. 회분 함량은 동결건조 3.9%, 열풍건조 4.1~7.1%로 열풍건조 했을 때 더 높은 결과를 보였다.