The larvicidal activity of materials from Ostericum koreanum (Apiaceae) root against late 3rd or early 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens was examined using standard WHO technique under laboratory conditions. Results were compared with those of temephos. The biologically active constituents of O. koreanum root were characterized as four coumarines; isoimperatorin (I), osthol (II), oxypeucedanin (III) and imperatorin (IV) by spectroscopic analysis, including EI-MS, LC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. On the basis of 24-hr LC50 values, osthol among these four coumarines was the most toxic against Ae. aegypti (1.97 ppm) and Cx. pipiens pallens (1.87 ppm) larvae, but its activity was less than temephos (0.0047 and 0.013 ppm, respectively). LC50 values of isoimperatorin, oxypeucedanin and imperatorin derived from O. koreanum root against Ae. aegypti larvae were 2.46, 6.92 and 2.17 ppm, and against Cx. pipiens pallens larvae, were 1.99, 5.04 and 3.68 ppm. The results indicate that both materials and coumarines from O. koreanum root have potential to be used for mosquito control.

점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae) 성충에 대한 34종 식물정유의 살비효과를 실험실에서 0.1%의 농도로 dipped test로 조사하였다. 그 중에서 60% 이상의 살비율을 나타내는 정유는 sandalwood (89±8.6%) 와 commonthyme (62.8±42.4%) 2종의 식물정유 뿐이었다. 또한 sandalwood 식물정유는 총 산란수에서도 산란 억제효과가 있었다. 선발된 2종의 식물정유를 dipped test로 재 실험한 결과, sandalwood 식물정유만 87%의 살비효과를 나타냈었고, 총 산란수에서도 산란 억제효과가 나타났다. 최종 선발된 sandalwood 식물정유을 GC-MS로 분석한 결과 α-santalol(45.8%), β-santalol(20.6%), β-sinensal(9.4%) santalol(7.8%) 등이 주요한 성분이었다. α--santalol과 β-santalol의 혼합물(두 성분의 혼합비율 46.0%와 20.0%)로써 dipped test를 실시한 결과, 점박이응애 성충에 대한 살비효과와 산란 억제효과가 나타났다.

Methyl bromide (MeBr) which is widely used in most of the countries for quarantine purpose, has been designated and under control as ozone depleting substance. This study is on the toxicity of ethanedinitrile as a MeBr alternative to control several wood-related insect pests. LC50 value of Ethanedinitrile(EDN) for Reticulitemes speratus, Tomicus piniperda adults at 21℃ was 0.26, 4.83 mg/L respectively. LC99 value of EDN for R. speratus at open status and closed wooden cubes was 0.65, 0.62 mg/L respectively, whereas MB was 13.96, 31.10 mg/L, which means that the toxicity of EDN for R. spratus is greater and EDN penetrates better into wood as compared with MB. The morality of EDN 20.3 mg/L(6hr) at 25℃ for Crytogenius lutats in wood was 90.3% in larvae, 58.6% in pupae and 89.5% in adults, which means that pupae were more resistant than larvae and adult. All stages of C. lutats were disinfected with EDN at or more than 29.9.mg/L, 6hr(CT product 89 mg hr/L) at 25℃. In sorption and application test, CT product of EDN 50 g/㎥(6hr) was 157 g hr/㎥ in the conditions of 21% wood moisture content with 25% loading, 171 g hr/㎥ in 54% wood moisture content with 25% loading and 158 g hr/㎥ in 54% wood moisture content with 50% loading, respectively. In all treatments, adults of Cryphalus fulvus and R. speratus were completely killed. The minimal CT product (158 g hr/m3) of 6hrs treatment was higher than CT product to disinfect C. lutats (89 mg hr/L). It is expected that it can be used as alternative fumigant of MeBr for woods.

친환경 농자재로 많이 사용 중인 식물추출물을 사용하여 벼의 중요한 흡즙성 해충인 벼멸구 성충에 대한 살충시험(분무법)을 실시하였다. 실험곤충(해충)인 벼멸구는 고려바이오(주) 부설농업생명과학기술연구소 곤충사육실(25±1℃, 50±10%)에서 누대 사육한 우화 후 3일 경과한 암컷성충과 7일~8일된 건강한 암컷성충을 사용하였으며, 기주로 사용된 벼는 추청벼를 사용하였다. 식물추출물은 고삼추출물, 데리스추출물(rotenone), 님(종자)추출물(azadirachtin), 유카추출물을 이용하였으며, 처리농도(희석배수)는 4,000배, 6,000배, 8,000배, 10,000배, 20,000배로 하여 처리 24시간, 48시간 후 살충률을 조사하였다. 벼멸구의 우화 일수(3일, 7일) 및 추출물의 종류에 따른 결과와 각각의 추출물을 일정한 비율로 혼합하여 처리한 살충률은 다양한 결과를 보였다. 데리스추출물이 벼멸구에 대하여 가장 높은 살충 활성을 보였으며, 우화 3일 경과 성충에 20,000배 처리 48시간 후 91.8%, 우화 7일 경과 성충에 84.0%의 높은 살충효과를 보인반면, 고삼추출믈은 20,000배 처리시각 44.3%와 32.0%로 다른 추출물보다 낮은 살충효과를 보였다. 전처리구에 유카추출물을 4,000배 혼용하여 진행하였으며, 단용으로 처리한 벼별구에 대한 효과는 10%내외로 다른 추출물에 비해 매우 낮은 효과를 보였지만, 다른 추출물과 혼용시 약효상승효과를 확인할 수 있었다.

최근 들어, 많은 농민들은 종합적인 해충관리를 행하고 있다. 이러한 과정에서 종종 천적에 독성이 강하거나 악영향을 미치는 화학농약이 무분별하게 혼용되어 효과적인 해충방제에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 본 연구에서는 파프리카에 등록된 살충제, 살균제, 살비제에 대해 파프리카 주요 발생해충인 가루이류, 진딧물류 방제 천적으로 주로 이용하고 있는 기생성 천적인 콜레마니진디벌(Aphidius colemani), 어비진디벌(Aphidius ervi), 진디면충좀벌(Aphelinus asychis), 온실가루이좀벌(Encarsia formosa), 황온좀벌(Eretmocerus eremicus)에 대한 직․간접적인 영향을 실내에서 평가하였다. 콜레마니진디벌의 경우 2종의 약제가 직접살포에 의해서는 100%의 사망율을 나타내어 높은 독성을 나타냈고, 간접살포에 의해서는 처리 후 14일까지도 50%이하의 생존율을 나타냈다. 어비진디벌의 경우 살충제 5종, 살균제 3종, 살비제 4종의 약제를 실험한 결과, 직접살포에 의해서는 9종의 약제에서 높은 생존율을 나타냈고, 간접살포에 의해서는 처리 후 7일 이후에 50%이상의 생존율을 보여 비교적 안전한 것으로 확인되었다. 진디면충좀벌의 경우 12종의 약제를 실험한 결과 직접살포에 의해서는 3종의 약제에 100%의 사망율을 나타내어 높은 독성을 나타냈고, 온실가루이좀벌의 경우 4종의 약제가 직접살포에서는 높은 생존율을, 간접살포에서는 7일 이후에 모든 약제에 안전한 것으로 확인되었다. 황온좀벌의 경우 직접살포에 의해서는 2종의 약제에서 높은 생존율을 나타낸 것으로 확인되었다.

A bee-vectoring method has been recently developed against greenhouse insect pests. In this study, we conducted experiments to determine if bumble bees, bombus terrestris L. could vector Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai from hives equipped with a pathogen dispenser to leaf and flower of sweet pepper. First, in laboratory, insecticidal activity of B. t. subsp. aizawai NT0423 WP (Tobagi, Dongbu Hitek Co.) against 2nd instar larva of Spodoptera litura Fabricius was evaluated to determine if the amount of B. thuringiensis deposited on the leaf and flower would be sufficient to control the tobacco cutworm. The B. t concentration of the product in this experiment was estimated as 2.8-3.1 x 109 CFU/ml. The B. t. concentration on the body of bumble bees that was captured as they exited hives with filled pathogen dispensers was 4.6 x 109 cfu/ml. At the laboratory bioassay, the mortality of tobacco cutworm was serially measured depending on the pathogen concentrations. At the cage trials, the B. t. delivered by bumble bees was detected in bees, flowers and leaves. Through the several trials, the control effect on the tobacco cutworm has been investigating. The side effect on bumble bee from the first trial was not found in this experiment.

한약제, 담배제품 및 은행나무의 추출물에 대한 벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens) 성충과 약충의 살충효과를 실내에서 조사하였다. 본 시험에 사용된 은행나무 줄기와 종자껍질의 추출물은 벼멸구 성충과 약충에 처리 후 3일차에 모두 90% 이상의 살충효과를 보였고, 한약제와 담배제품에서는 20% 이하의 낮은 살충효과가 보였다. 은행나무 줄기와 종자껍질의 추출물 지속효과를 조사하기 위해 각각 4,000과 8,000 ppm으로 희석하여 처리한 후 벼멸구 성충은 당일 및 5일차, 그리고 약충은 당일, 5, 10 및 15일차의 살충효과를 조사한 결과, 4,000 ppm에서 성충의 경우 처리한 후 당일 및 5일차에 각각 98.9 및 61.7%의 살충효과를 보였고, 약충은 처리한 후 당일, 5, 10 및 15일차에 각각 97.8, 43.3, 17.8 및 10.0%의 살충효과를 보였다. 8,000 ppm에서 성충의 경우, 처리한 후 당일 및 5일차에 각각 100 및 70.0%의 살충효과를 보였고, 약충은 처리한 후 당일, 5, 10 및 15일차에 각각 100, 45,0, 21.7 및 13.3%의 살충효과를 보여, 처리후 일수가 경과함에 따라 지속효과가 떨어지는 경향이었다.

몇 가지 친환경유기농자재를 선발하여 실내와 포장조건에서 퉁퉁마디뿔나방(Scrobipalpa salinella)의 살충 및 방제효과를 조사하였다. 19개 친환경 유기농자재에 대해 퉁퉁마디뿔나방 2-3령 유충에 대해 각각 1, 3, 5일차의 실내 살충효과를 조사한 결과, 90% 이상의 살충율은 1일차에서 10개, 3일차에서는 12개, 5일차에는 15개 유기농자재에서 높은 살충율을 보였다. 처리 후 하루 만에 95% 이상의 살충효과를 보이는 친환경 유기농자재는 EFAM-A 등 8개로 조사되었다. 그러나 EFAM-G는 5일차에도 20% 이하의 살충율을 보여, 효과가 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 이 중에서 3가지 친환경 유기농자재(EFAM-A, EFAM-M, EFAM-H)를 대상으로 신안군 증도면 함초포장에서 퉁퉁마디뿔나방의 방제효과를 조사한 결과, 3종 모두 무처리 대비하여 90% 이상 이었다.

This study was conducted to clear the regional difference in the resistance development of the spirodiclofen 36% WP, an acaricide of tetronic acid class, against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae occurred in apple orchard since 2007. Two-spotted spider mite was collected from eight regions in the Chungnam, Chungbuk and Gyeongbuk that were major apple cultivation in Korea. An bioassay was investigated the ovicidal activity to compare with the degree of resistance development of this pest. The managed orchard in Sancheok-myeon, Myeongseo-ri, Chungju was controlled by several different acaricides from 2001 to 2008, and spirodiclofen WP was used for the last seven years. LC50 of spirodiclofen WP was estimated as 19.4 ppm in managed orchard, it showed as high as 2.6-fold (resistance ratio) comparing to those of susceptible strain showed as 7.5 ppm. LC50 of spirodiclofen WP against etoxazole-resistant two-spotted spider mite, gained from Chungbuk National University, was proved in 8.1 ppm. This observation indicates that spirodiclofen WP did not occurred in cross resistance with etoxazole SC. Other two regions in Chungju, the resistance ratio against spirodiclofen WP showed as 2.5- and 2.3-fold, respectively. In Chungnam, Gyeongbuk, it has been limited the resistance ratio under 3-fold, respectively.

자연형 습지나 인공습지 형태의 자연정화시설은 축산폐수, 농경배수, 생활하수 등이 직접 하천으로 유입되는 것을 방지하는 수질개선효과를 가지고 있다. 습지는 수질개선의 측면뿐 아니라 여러 종류의 생물의 서식처를 제공함으로서 종다양성을 증진시키며, 자연생태계의 생물들을 관찰할 수 있는 생태공간으로 제공되고 있다. 그러나 인공습지 및 자연습지는 모기나 파리와 같은 위생해충의 주요 집단서식처가 되어 문제가 되고 있다. 일반적으로 모기방제는 주로 성충을 대상으로 화학적 방제에 의존하여 왔으나 수질개선을 목적으로 조성된 자연정화시설에서는 친환경적인 방법이 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 모기유충을 대상으로 곤충병원성미생물인 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis을 이용하여 모기유충의 밀도를 감소시키고자 하였다. 먼저 6월말부터 10월말까지 자연형습지와 인공습지의 모기유충밀도변동추이를 조사한 결과, 9월초까지의 습지내 유충의 밀도는 계속적인 증가추세를 보였는데, 인공습지보다 자연형습지에서의 모기유충발생량이 높았다. 트랩을 통해 포획된 성충의 경우에도 자연형습지에서 높게 나타났다. 발생최성기인 7월말부터 8월말까지 습지내에 곤충병원성미생물을 처리하여 밀도 감소의 효과를 확인하였으며, 살충효과가 우수한 Bti를 습지에서 효과적으로 사용하기 위해 모기유충의 행동습성을 고려하여 수화제(WP)와 액상수화제(SC) 두가지 형태로 제형화하여 살포한 결과, 액상수화제형태의 곤충병원성미생물제제가 밀도감소효과가 더 높게 나타났으며, 습지내에 모기유충방제를 위해 처리하기에도 용이하였다.

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., is an important pest of livestock. Stable flies are considered as mechanical vectors of veterinary disease. Pyrethroids and organophosphates have been widely used for stable fly control. To establish resistance monitoring molecular tool, we isolated the partial cDNA and genomic fragments of voltage-sensitive sodium channel and acetylcholinesterase genes encompassing the well known conserved sites for resistance-associated mutations. To examine the current status of stable fly resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates mediated by the nerve insensitivity mechanism in Korean population of S. calcitrans, DNA-based genotyping in conjunction with residual contact vial (RCV) bioassay were conducted with 11 representative regional field populations. No resistance-associated mutations were detected in these S. calcitrans populations, suggesting that these populations are likely still susceptible to both pyrethroids and organophosphates. Establishment of RCV bioassay protocol and availalbility of target site sequence information will greatly facilitate resistance monitoring of S. calcitrans in the field.

Two point mutations (V419L and L925I) in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) α-subunit gene have been identified in deltamethrin-resistant bedbugs. To predict resistance allele frequencies of sodium channel mutations (V419L and L925I) in bedbugs at a population level, we developed quantitative sequencing (QS) protocol. The signal ratios between resistant and susceptible nucleotides were generated from sequencing chromatogram and plotted against the corresponding resistance allele frequencies. Linear regression coefficients of the plots were close to 1 (r2 = 0.9928 and 0.9998), suggesting that the signal ratios are reliable correlated with the resistance allele frequencies. To enable on-site monitoring of pyrethroid resistance in bed bugs, residual contact vial (RCV) bioassay method was established and used to determine median lethal concentration (LC50) values to deltamethrin for various bed bug strains. Resistance allele frequencies in these bedbug strains predicted by QS were correlated well with the RCV bioassay results, confirming the roles of two mutations in pyrethroid resistance. Taken together, employment of QS in conjunction with RCV bioassay should greatly facilitate resistance monitoring of bedbugs in the field.

포도 유기농 재배가 늘어남에 따라 현재까지 문제가 되지 않았던 포도 해충들이 문제가 되고 있으며, 그 중 포도들명나방(Herpetogramma luctuosalis)은 포도 잎을 말아 그 안에서 포도 잎을 섭식하고, 검은 배설물을 분비해 피해를 주고 있다. 본 연구는 2007년 ~ 2009년 까지 포도들명나방이 발생한 포도재배 농가 포장에 유인등을 설치하여 성충 발생 유인량을 조사하고, 2009년에는 포도잎에 대한 피해 엽율을 조사하였다. 또한 미생물농약인 Bt 살충제를 이용한 살충효과를 검정하였다. 3년 동안 유인등 설치 후 성충 발생 유인량을 조사한 결과, 포도들명나방은 6월 상순부터 발생되기 시작하여 6월 중순경에 1차 최대 발생량을 보였고, 9월 중순경에 2차 최대 발생량을 보였으며, 그 이후에는 유인량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 포도원 다른 두 지점에서 유충이 잎을 말기전인 6월 18일과 29일 각각 1회씩 잎 뒷면에 Bt제 4종을 살포 후 방제 효과를 조사한 결과, 모든 Bt제에 대해 90% 이상의 높은 방제효과를 보임으로써 이를 이용한 효과적인 방제가 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다.

In agricultural fields, the entomopathogenic fungal species have been investigated for their potential as the biological control agents due to their role of natural enemies for insects. Until recent times, most of the studies for these fungi have been based on isolation from insect cadaver or soil. However, these methods, especially isolation from soil, might cause a problem involving differential isolation of the each entomopathogenic fungi. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal isolation medium for entomopathogenic fungi using dodine, chitin, and skim milk. The growth rates of entomopathogenic fungi and non-entomopathogenic fungi were compared on dodine agar medium. The medium for this experiment was modified Veen semiselective medium which consisted of based on SDA (Sabouraund Dextrose Agar), 100 mg/ml for chloramphenicol, 50 mg/ml for streptomycin and adjusted dodine to 40, 50, 70 and 100 mg/ml. As a result, optimal concentration of dodine for isolation of entomopathogenic fungi was 50 mg/ml and 168 positive entomopathogenic fungi were isolated in 470 soil samples and 11 cadavers of insect. In addition, the isolates had significantly greater chitinase and protease activity than non-entomopathogenic fungi. The isolation method described represents a valuable tool for rapid and simple isolation of entomopathogenic fungi. These positive entomopathogenic fungi may have potential against variety pests in agriculture.

Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated directly from a cadaver of adult M. saltuarius (infected with white fungi) supporting fungal sporulation, to develop biological control of pine wilt disease vector, M. saltuarius which was the most abundant in the middle to northern part of Korea and caused enormous damage to native pine tree in Korea, Japan and other regions of Asia. Pathogenicity of each fungus was tested using oak longicorn beetle, Moechotypa diphysis, as substitutive insect. As the result, only one of them showed pathogenic to adults of M. diphysis, with up to 100% mortality within 13 days of inoculation. Selected fungus was named as MsW1 and identified by Beauveria bassiana using microscopic examination, B. bassiana-specific PCR primers and genetic sequencing of the ITS region analysis. Pathogenicity test were conducted with various concentration of conidial suspensions of this isolate on M. saltuarius (3rd instar larvae and adults). Mortality rates varied from 57.1% to 100.0% and from 16.7% to 100.0% of M. saltuarius (3rd instar larvae and adults), respectively at 30 days. This is the first report of natural infection of M. saltuarius by B. bassiana.

Sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a serious pest of many economically important crops. The insect has developed resistance to chemical insecticides. Therefore, the development of microbial agent such as entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium lecanii is necessary. Spores of L. lecanii Btab01 was collected after cultivation on solid PDA and liquid RB (rice bran amended with 2% molasses) media. The bioassay was carried out with B. taabci nymphs for 7 days at 25℃ and 60% relative humidity. Further, mortality was corrected with appropriate controls. The results revealed that spores obtained from RB medium caused high mortality (98.31%) compared to PDA medium (93.94%). Spore concentrations 105, 106, 107, and 108 colony forming units (c. f. u) ml-1 caused 5.81, 33.80, 77.27, and 98.54% mortality, respectively. The mortality (100%) was observed for 4 days when L. lecanii spores was mixed with 0.1 - 0.3% soybean oil. Hence, it is concluded from this study, L. lecanii Btab01 cultivated on RB medium can be recommended to control the nymphs of B. tabaci. Spore suspension can be expected to high efficacy when soybean oil was blended.

One hundred seven plant essential oils were tested for insecticidal activities against Bemisia tabaci B and Q biotype adults, using the fumigation and direct spray methods. In the fumigation assay with the Q biotype adults, garlic oil was the most toxic (1.5×10-3 μl/cm3) on the basis of the LC50 value. Clove leaf, thyme, oregano (origanum), clove bud, savory, cinnamon bark, dabana, vetiver haiti and catnip essential oils also gave potent toxicity with the range of 1.7 to 4.5×10-3 μl/cm3 of LC50 values. These essential oils showed similar strong toxicity against B biotype. Based on the results obtained from fumigation test, nine plant essential oils were selected for the direct spray application at three concentrations (0.5, 0.1 and 0.02%). A litter difference was obtained between B and Q types in mortality to the tested oils. At the 0.5% concentration, they gave considerable mortality of 76 to 100%. At 0.1%, only garlic essential oil produced 96 to 100% mortality, but the others showed less than 76% mortality. Several plant essential oils appear to be candidates for the control of B. tabaci.

Trunk injection of nematicides is applied to prevent pine wilt disease(PWD). Although the trunk injection of nematicides is effective to PWD prevention, it is not effective to vector insects such as adults of M. alternatus and M. saltuarius. Thus, This study was investigated for the insecticidal activity and the effect of feeding deterrence by injecting to pine trees with acetamiprid. For screening effective nematicides, some insecticides were injected to pines on December 30th, 2008 and their insecticidal activities and feeding areas of M. alternatus and M. saltuarius were investigated in the insects breeding dishes (100× 40mm) where put on 1 to 2-year-old twig which was selected from injected pine trees in early June. As a result, insecticidal activity and feeding deterrence of acetamicprid were most effective. Feeding areas of M. alterantus adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of healthy pine trees, were 170.3±107.0 mm2 and 258.0±123.2 mm2 respectively. And Feeding areas of M. alterantus adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of pines injected at a dose of 0.3 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were 57.7±72.3 mm2 and 65.7±51.2 mm2 respectively and their mortalities also were 0%, 28.6%. The feeding areas of M. alterantus adults tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of pine trees injected at a dose of 0.6 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were not fed on it and the mortalities were 28.0%, 57.1% respectively. In case of the feeding areas of M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of healthy pine trees, it was 112.±35.1 mm2 and 159.2±65.2 mm2 respectively. And the feeding areas of M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of injected pine trees at a dose of 0.3 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid were 0.61±0.0 mm2 and 8.1±12.4 mm2 and both mortalities were 23.1%. Although M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig of a pine tree injected at a dose of 0.6 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were not fed on it but M. saltuarius adults tested with 2-year-old twig of the same pine tree were 2.0±3.7 mm2 and their mortalities were 53.8%, 61.5% respectively. We investigated insecticidal activities, the effects of feeding deterrence of acetamiprid for vector insects where fed twigs of injected pines by stop up hole with a cork or not, and the trunk injection to pine trees at a dose of 0.5, 1 ㎖ per ㎝ dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid on the early June. As a result, all of the vector insects were not fed and the feeding area was within 11 ㎟ and the mortality of M. alternatus was 70%.

The most effective methods against pine wilt disease (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, PWD), black pine bast scale (Matsucoccus thunbergianae), pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis) is the trunk injection of insecticides. The period of trunk injection that was considered with ecology and physiology of pests such as pine wilt disease, black pine bast scale and pine needle gall midge, was applied from Dec. to next Feb. and June, Dec. respectively. And there are differences in quantities of being injected chemicals to pine trees by the period of trunk injection. Thus, we investigated to prevent the effect of insecticides, to estimate the effect under the trunk injection of insecticides for pine trees against pests by the injecting period and time, boring site, opening and shutting of injection site. On Pinuns thunbergii, it was examined to figure out the effect of insecticides by the injecting period, twice a month on a sunny day around 10 AM from January to September. Injecting of insecticides was tested at a dose of 5ml per cm dbh of a pine tree after boring with hand drill at 50 cm high from the ground. As a result, abmectin 1.8% EC and phospamidon 50% SL were injected over 90% of mortalities from the end of January to the middle of March but as time goes by, injecting insecticides tended to decrease. To compare the volume of injecting insecticides in a day, between 10 AM and 2 PM on February 23rd, abamectin 1.8% EC was injected at a dose of 5ml per pine trees with micro pipette after boring with a drill machine at 50 cm high from the ground. As a result, injecting insecticide of a pine which was injected around 10 AM was completely injected and about 90% of the insecticide was injected in case of a pine that was injected around 2 PM. Trunk injection of insecticides was examined to figure out differences of the volume of injected insecticides before and after rain. There was no difference not only the rainfall but also the bored direction.

본 연구는 소나무재선충과 솔수염하늘소의 방제를 위한 효과적인 친환경제제 개발을 위해 17종의 식물 추출물을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 각 식물추출물 1,000 ppm을 살포한 소나무 신초를 플라스틱 사육통에 개별 사육되는 솔수염하늘소 성충에 먹이로 공급하여 살충효과를 검증하였다. 17종의 추출물들 중 편축과 된장풀, neem 메탄올 추출물이 각각 75%, 100%, 100%의 살충효과를 나타내었다. 국내 자생식물인 된장풀을 이용하여 용매분획별 살충활성을 검정한 결과 물층에서만 5,000 ppm에서만 75%의 사충율을 보였다. 솔수염하늘소에 살충활성을 보였던 된장풀의 용매분획별 살선충 활성을 조사한 결과 에탄올과 부탄올 물 및 핵산 추출물 500 ppm 처리에서는 처리 3일째까지 낮은 살선충 활성을 보였다. 그러나 물층분리한 된장풀 추출물을 50 ppm과 100, 500, 1000, 5000 ppm의 농도로 X-plate 상에서 소나무재선충에 처리한 결과 5일째에 5,000ppm에서 97%의 살선충 효과를 나타내었다.