Breeding and cultivation techniques are being treated very severely regarding ecological and physiological development in buckwheat. This study was conducted to focus on the diversity occurring in the cultivated and tartary buckwheat and provide an overview of the characteristics and genetic resources activities. Morphological results showed that the height of common buckwheat ranges from 82-90cm, common buckwheat induced by 200Gy ranges from 52-75cm, common buckwheat induced by 300Gy ranges from 43-56cm, common buckwheat induced by 400Gy ranges from 33-60cm whereas the tartary buckwheat hight ranges from 65-87cm, and while it exposed to various radiation (200Gy, 300Gy and 400Gy), the obtained height ranges from 73-92cm, 55-80cm and 60-75cm respectively. However, the stems from the both cultivar are hollow and that’s why, the plant is very prone to lodging. The leaf color of common buckwheat was green, 200Gray, 300Gy 400Gy common buckwheat light green and green, whereas the tartary buckwheat green and bottle-green, 200Gray 300Gy 400Gy tatary buckwheat bottle-green, common buckwheat (control, 200Gy, 300Gy, 400Gy) stem color is light green and pink, flower color is white, tartary buckwheat (control, 200Gy, 300Gy, 400Gy) flower color is light green. The stem color from tartary buckwheat showed (200Gy, 300Gy, 400Gy) light green and light red color. The results revealed that the two buckwheat cultivars showed diversified characteristics.

CMA banding patterns of chromosomes of eleven Jeju citrus landraces were characterized and compared by means of sequential staining using fluorochromes of chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The somatic metaphase chromosomes examined in this study were all diploids (2n = 18). Chromosomes were classified into five types based on the number and distribution of CMA positive bands; A: two telomeric and one proximal bands, B: one telomeric and one proximal bands, C: two telomeric bands, D: one telomeric band, E: no band. Four to five types of chromosomes and unique chromosome compositions were observed from each accession. The CMA banding patterns of Jeju citrus landraces were 1A+1B+1C+9D+6E in jinkyul, 1A+1B+1C+8D+7E in cheongkyul, 1B+1C+10D+6E in hongkyul, 2A+1B+3C+6D+6E in sadoogam, 1A+2B+1C+8D+6E in dangyooza, 1A+1B+3C+7D+6E in dong-geongkyul, 2B+2C+7D+7E in pyunkyul, 2A+2B+2C+6D+6E in gamza, 1A+2B+1C+7D+7E in byungkyul, 1A+1B+1C+9D+6E in jigak, 1A+1C+10D+6E in binkyul. Type D and E chromosomes were predominant in all Jeju citrus landraces. The chromosome composition with an even number distribution in gamza was observed, hence it could be recognized as a non-hybrid species. The results indicated all Jeju citrus landraces except gamza seemed to be hybrids, but might be diverged from species originated or cultivated in Jeju, Korea and other countries.

Flavonoids and total polyphenols are important secondary plant metabolites, as they play a role in reducing the oxidative stress caused by ROS In this study, we investigated for flavonoid contents, total polyphenol contents, and antioxidant activities in 27 accessions from 10 Vicia species. Among 27 vicia accessions, NAC17 (V. monantha) and NAC14 (V. hyrcanica) had the highest total flavonoid (1.42 ± 0.09 mg/g) and total polyphenol (124.2 ± 0.5 μg/GAE mg) contents, respectively. In four flavonoids, naringenin showed the highest concentrations in Vicia species. The DPPH and ABTS were the range from 0.2 (NAC24, V. sativa subsp. nigra) to 18.5 (NAC13, V. faba) μg/ASC mg and 19.1 (NAC7, V. cracca) to 253.4 (NAC13, V. faba) μg/Trolox mg, respectively. Among the 10 Vicia species, V. monantha and V. hyrcanica had the highest flavonoid (1.31 ± 0.09 mg/g) and total polyphenol (116.5 ± 2.0 μg/GAE mg) contents, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was detected in V. faba. These results will expand the flavonoid database and provide information on Vicia species valuable for development of functional foods or feed-additives resources.

In order to assess the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships and population structure of Korean rice landraces, 76 accessions were estimated using agronomical traits and SSR markers. Among 11 agronomical traits, amylose content (AC) was the trait with the largest variance with values ranged from 4.9 to 28.39 %, while grain length (GL) was the lowest variance ranged from 4.4 to 5.9 cm. In the result of PCA, the first PC with Eigen value of 217.5 explained 60.3% of the total variance. Culm length (CL) was the variable with the largest positive loadings. Growth period (GP) was the positive variances, while AC was the negative variance. The second PC with Eigen value of 80.6 explained an additional 22.4% of the total variance. Growth period (GP) was variable with highest positive loading. Amylose content (AC) was variable with high positive, while CL was the negative variance. The 49 SSR markers produced a total of 473 alleles with an average of 9.6 alleles. The polymorphism information content (PIC) was in the range 0.11 to 0.93. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.12 to 0.39, with an average of 0.61. 76 rice accessions showed two subpoplations and three groups based on SSR markers. Group I and Gropu II appertained Pop-2 and Pop-1 subpopulation, respectively. They showed similar agronomical traits. Group III consisted 7 rice accessions predominantly appertained to Pop-1. These results provide insight into the characters of Korean rice landraces and help to improve our knowledge of rice breeding

Among the diverse crops, rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been domesticated as a staple carbohydrate sources mainly in Asia region, and RDA Genebank at the National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAAS) has conserved about 37 thousand rice accessions accordingly. Seed dormancy, one of domesticated traits, prevents pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) which causes degradation of grain quality in cereal crop. In previous study, we surveyed the variation of seed germinability of diverse 200 rice germplasm and detected the three distinguished groups besides admixed types; the first group (G-1) revealed high germinability at harvesting time, and the second group (G-2) and third group (G-3) acquired high germnability subsequent to after-ripening and dormancy breaking process, respectively. To reduce environmental effects on detected variation of germinability, we selected representative 14 accessions which have similar heading date of each group and measured the degree of PHS using freshly harvested panicles. Variation of PHS showed similar tendency of germinability group; generally, high PHS for G-1, low PHS for G-2 and no PHS for G-3. To resolve genetic and physiological factors concerning on PHS and seed dormancy, we checked the change and variation of ABA known for critical regulator for seed dormancy, and high PHS accessions interestingly revealed high ABA content in 10 DAF. Based on these study, we plan to analyze genetic factors affecting the degree of seed germinability and PHS.

It is necessary to alleviate environmental and economic disadvantages of fossil fuels for global warming. Among the conceivable options, the use of plant biomass for the production of bioethanol is considered as a potential alternative for fossil fuels. Plant biomass that contains lignocellulose for bioethanol production has recently emerged as biofuel feedstock because of its sustainable and environment-friendly properties. However, lignin inhibits the hydrolysis process and the lignin recalcitrance in ethanol conversion remains in a problem. The attempt for down-regulating enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis is one of attractive strategy to reduce the lignin contents. Recently, Brachypodium distachyon has been proposed as an alternative monocotyledon model species. The close phylogenetic relationship of Brachypodium with other grasses suggests that the Brachypodium may be useful for structural and functional genomic studies in these species. Brachypodium, standard line Bd21, was subjected to irradiation at doses of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 Gy. Phenotypes were investigated using M0:2 population. Through histochemical analysis using phloroglucinol, 25 M2 putative lignin deficient mutants were selected. Depend on the phenotypic and histochemical data, mutants were selected and used for measuring lignin content. Total lignin content was measured using the acetyl bromide (AcBr). Mutant #142-3-1 contains 16.9 (mg/g dry cell wall) of total lignin and the lignin level was significantly reduced (87.9%) compared to wild-type (19.23 mg/g dry cell wall). Additionally, Mutant line #2259-1-2 reduced lignin level at 94.4% (18.15 mg/g dry cell wall) in comparison to wild-type. The enzymatic hydrolyses in lignin deficient lines have been performing with the time courses. Lignin composition, cell wall carbohydrates, and genetic analysis in mutant lines will be discussed.

In order to improve high persistence and forage quality, through selection of various superior parental varieties for breeding and synthesis of them with new lines, there are ongoing worldwide studies aiming to enhance the quality of tall fescue through a traditional breeding method by selection and hybridization. A new tall fescue variety (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), named Greenmaster3ho, was developed by the National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration in Korea from 2010 to 2014. For synthetic seed production of this new variety, five superior clones, 09XFa02, 09XFa03, 09XFa11, 09XFa13, and 09XFa14 were selected and polycrossed. The agronomic growth characteristics and forage production capability of the seeds were studied at Cheonan from 2010, and regional trials were conducted in Cheonan, Hoengseong, Jeju, and Jinju from 2012 to 2014. Greenmaster3ho showed enhanced disease resistance, persistence, and regrowth ability as compared to Fawn. The dry matter yield of Greenmaster 2 was 29% higher (15,119 kg/ha) than that of Fawn. However, the nutritive value of both varieties was similar. This study developed a new tall fescue variety with excellent environmental adaptability, aiming to make a contribution to the vitalization of the Korean grassland industry.

현재 국내 품종들은 일본품종을 소재로 육종되었기 때문에 형태적으로 일본품종과 매우 유사할 뿐만 아니라 새롭게 육성된 품종도 변이의 형태가 매우 적어 품종간의 차이가 크게 나타나지 않는다. 따라서 딸기에서 여교잡 육종기술을 이용하여 동양계와 미국 품종의 우수한 유전 형질을 도입하여 gene-pool을 확대하고자 연구를 수행하였다. 동양계와 미국 품종간 여교잡을 위해 수량성이 높고 과실크기가 크지만 당도가 낮은 미국 품종 ‘Gaviota’를 이용하였고, 동양계 품종으로는 당도는 높지만 수량과 과중이 미국품종에 비해 떨어지는 ‘매향’을 이용하여 교배조합을 작성하였다. 이들 교잡 후대(F1) 중에서 다수성이면서 대과성이고, 고당도에 가까운 실생개체를 선발하고 선발된 실생개체는 동양계 품종을 반복친으로 이용하여 여교잡(BC1F1, BC2F1...BC5F1)을 반복 실시하여 발아율 및 후대 실생개체들에 대한 과실특성을 조사하였다. 교잡후대(F1)와 여교잡을 수행한 BC1F1세대에서의 발아율은 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 여교잡 횟수가 증가할수록 발아율은 점차 낮아졌으며 특히 BC3F1 이후 세대에서는 현저히 감소하였다. 교잡후대 개체의 과실 무게, 수량, 경도, 당도 등은 대체로 원 품종들의 중간형질을 나타내었으나, 당도 향상을 위해 ‘매향’을 반복친으로 이용하여 여교잡을 실시하였을 경우, 과실 경도는 큰 차이가 없었으나 과중과 수량은 감소하고 당도는 다소 향상되는 효과를 나타내었다. 그리고 BC3F1 이후 세대부터는 변이가 아주 적어 반복친에 의한 당도 고정효과가 나타나는 것으로 보여진다.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a widely-consumed root vegetable that is grown worldwide. To utilize the radish genetic resources for breeding research, we collected radish germplasms and evaluated their morphological and genetical characteristics. Here, phylogenetic relationship of 288 accessions were analyzed using 16 SSR markers and classified cytoplasm male sterility (CMS) types using cpDNA-based molecular markers. To create a collection of 288 accessions, 188 and 73 accessions were selected from RDA-Genebank (Korea) and NIAS-Genebank (Japan), respectively, after generation advancement for the accessions with low uniformity. In addition, 27 elite lines currently used for commercial radish breeding programs were included. In the result of phylogenetic analysis, 288 accessions were clustered into 5 major groups corresponding to the morphological traits and origins at the similarity coefficient value of 0.51. Analysis of CMS types revealed that majority of accessions were determined as DBRMF1 and DBRMF2 mitotypes, 15 accessions to Ogura and 4 accessions to DCGMS mitotypes. Further genetic analysis for radish germplasm will be valuable in assisting radish f1 hybrid breeding.

Glutenin is the major factor responsible for the unique viscoelastic dough characterisitcs of wheat flour, which determine mixing and bread baking performance(X.Shan et al, 2007). And early maturity is one of the most important cultural characteristic in Korea because of its winter cropping system. This study is to reveal the genetic properties of Asian wheat landrace collection originated from 6 separate regions such as Korea, China, Japan, Afganistan, Iran, Pakistan, Caucasus, and Middle East. Using germplasms maintained in National Agrobiodiversity Center, RDA, Korea, the variations in morphological character and HMW glutenin subunit composition were investigated. In this study, Glu-A1c(null), Glu-B1b(7+8) and Glu-D1a(2+12) alleles are the most frequent in Asian landrace wheats. When it comes to unique composition, Glu-B1aj(8) and Glu-D1q(2+11) subunits are only in Afghanistan wheat. And Glu-B1k(22), Glu-D1l(12), Glu-D1m(10) subunits are only in accessions from Pakistan, Korea, and China, respectively. The accessions from Iran and Caucasus have the highest PIC value(0.57), which shows wheat origin region has high genetic diversity. Grouping by UPGMA anlysis of combination of Glu-1 allele, most accessions from Afghanistan, Korea, and Japan were in the same group despite of geological distance. Contrasively, many germplasms originated from China, Caucasus, and Middle East were in the other same group. The evaluation of bread baking quality by Glu-1 scoring system, 34 accessions are perfect 10. 16 samples from China and 1 Afghanistan among them were also matured before early June, suitable to Korean cropping system. Especially, 3 accessions(K151847, K151865, K151962) had extremely early maturity, ripened before late May. These genetic resources having good gluten quality and early maturity are expected to be used for Korea wheat breeding system.

기후온난화에 따른 온도상승으로 벼는 등숙기간 중 고온에 의한 벼 품질과 수량이 저하될 것으로 예상되고 있다. 이에 따라 기후온난화에 대처하기 위한 고온 적응형 품종개발이 요구되고 있다. 이러한 고온 적응형 고품질 품종개발을 위해서는 등숙률 향상과 도정수율이 향상된 우량계통을 육성하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다. 본 실험은 국내 품종 및 계통에 대하여 수형과 관련 있는 항목 및 도정특성들 간의 상관관계를 분석하여 등숙률과 도정수율에 관계하는 특성과 우수계통을 선발하고자 수행되었다. 11품종 및 계통을 보통기 보비 재배하여 1, 2차 지경수, 지경별 등숙률, 수당립수, 수수 등 농업형질과 제현율, 현백률, 도정률, 완전미율 등 도정특성을 조사하였다. 시험결과, 전체적으로 1차 지경에 달린 알맹이의 등숙률이 2차 지경에 달린 알맹이의 등숙률보다 높았으며 품종간 편차도 1차 지경보다 2차 지경에 달린 알맹이의 등숙률 변이가 더 큰 경향이었다. 1차 지경수는 1차 지경 등숙률과 부의상관, 수당립수와 정의상관이 인정되었고 2차 지경수는 수당립수와 정의 상관, 현백률과 부의 상관이 인정되었다. 현백률과 도정률은 1차/2차 지경비율 및 1차/2차 지경립 비율과 정의 상관이 인정되었고 수당립수와 2차 지경수는 현백률과 고도의 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 분상질립율은 등숙률, 2차 지경 등숙률과 부의상관이 인정되었다. 1차지경에 달린 알맹이의 현미 정상립율이 2차 지경에 비해 높았고 1차 지경과 2차 지경에 달린 알맹이의 현미 정상립율 차이가 적은 품종은 추청, 일미, 운미 등으로 도정수율과 등숙률 향상을 위한 재료로서의 이용성이 높을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 녹색자엽 검정콩 유전자원의 다양한 농업형질 조사와 품질관련 성분을 분석하고, 더불어 우수 유전자원을 선발하여 검정콩 신품종 육성을 위한 기초자료로 활용코자 수행하였다. 시험재료는 국립농업유전자원센터에서 분양받은 유전자원 458점과 경북지역에서 수집한 유전자원 15점에 대해 특성평가를 하였다. 가변특성인 성숙기는 68% 이상이 만생종이었으며, 이 중 24% 정도가 극 만생종이었다. 청자콩 3호(10월 7일)와 비교했을 때, 숙기가 열흘 이상 빨랐던 자원은 29점으로 전체의 6% 정도였다. 경장은 90cm 이상이 44%, 60cm 이하가 15% 정도였다. 백립중은 소립종 9%, 중립종 5%, 대립종 18%, 극대립종은 68%이었다. 이 중 55점은 백립중이 45g 이상인 극대립이었다. 고유 특성인 화색의 경우 10점이 흰색이었고, 나머지는 모두 자색이었다. 엽형은 75% 이상 난형을 보였으며, 25%는 4가지의 다양한 형태를 보였다. 안토시아닌의 평균함량은 72.0mg/g이었고, 최소 3.5mg/g에서 최대 167.6mg/g의 함량을 보였다. 청자콩 3호 보다 안토시아닌 함량이 높은 유전자원은 61%였다(청자콩 3호: 65mg/g). 조지방의 평균함량은 18.9%였으며, 최저 14.1%에서 최대 23.5%의 함량을 보였다. 녹색자엽의 진한 정도를 평가하기 위해 색차값(ΔE)을 분석한 결과 유전자원 중 청자콩3호와 구별되는 진한 녹색자엽을 가진 개체는 407점이었고(NBS units 3 이상), 이중 매우 진한 녹색자엽을 가진 자원은 186점이었다(NBS units 12 이상). 이상의 품질특성 평가를 통해 백립중이 35g 이상이고, 조지방 함량이 20% 이상이며, 매우 짙은 녹색자엽을 가진 44점의 유전자원을 선발하였다. 추후 이들 녹색자엽 검정콩의 대표 집단 작성을 위해 분자유전학적 기법을 추가하여 실험을 진행할 예정이다.

In this study we evaluate the informative and efficiency of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) and Sequence Specific Amplified Polymorphism (SSAP) markers for genetic diversity, genetic relationship and population structure among 87 super sweet corn inbred lines generated by different origins. The SSR showed relatively higher level of the average gene diversity and shannon’s information index value than that of the SSAP. To assess genetic relationship and to characterize among 87 super sweet corn inbred lines using the SSR and SSAP markers. The dendrogram using SSR marker divided into nine groups of clusters were observed at the genetic similarity value 53.0%. For SSAP marker, Total three main clusters were confirmed in genetic similarity value at 50.8%. Result of combine data for SSR and SSAP markers showed six subgroup were detected in genetic similarity at 53.5%. To confirm population structure, the total 87 super sweet corn inbred lines were divided into groups I, II and admixed group based on membership probability 0.8 for SSR and SSAP markers. However population structure using combine data was K=3 and divided into group I, II, III and admixed group. This study has demonstrated the comparative analysis of SSR and SSAP for the study of genetic diversity and the genetic relationship for super sweet corn inbred lines. Thus, the results of this study will be useful to maize breeding programs in Korea.

For understanding the genetic diversity and genetic relationship between cultivated and weedy types, we evaluated genetic variation of 80 accessions of rice (O. Sativa). This included 42 cultivated accessions and 38 weedy accessions with the help of AFLP and CACTA-TD. A total of 542 loci were analyzed (255 for AFLP and 287 for CACTA-TD) of which AFLP markers exhibited 75% of polymorphism and transposon based CACTA-TD markers exhibited 93% of polymorphism. The average genetic diversity value for all 80 accessions, using AFLP markers was 0.226 (Cultivated – 0.210; Weedy 0.241) and based on CACTA-TD markers was 0.281 (Cultivated – 0.294; Weedy 0.269). A UPGMA phylogenetic tree revealed three major groups for both the marker system. The average polymorphic content value obtained with AFLP and CACTA-TD markers were 0.21 and 0.232, Effective multiplex ratio (AFLP – 47.50; CACTA-TD – 66.75), Marker Index (AFLP – 9.94; CACTA-TD – 21.13) and Resolving power (AFLP – 19.53; CACTA-TD – 34.62) indicated that the CACTA-TD markers were relatively efficient than AFLP markers.

Assessing genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium is important in identifying potential parental lines for breeding programs. In this study, we assessed the genetic and phenotypic variation of 174 normal maize (Zea mays) inbred lines and made association analyses with respect to nine agronomical traits, using 150 simple sequence repeats (SSR). From population structure analysis, the lines were divided into three groups. Association analysis was done with a mixed linear model and a general linear model. Twenty one marker-trait associations involving 19 SSR markers were observed using the mixed model, with a significance level of P<0.01. All of these associations, as well as 120 additional marker-trait associations involving 77 SSR markers, were observed with the general model. Two significant marker-trait associations (SMTAs) were detected at P ≤ 0.0001. In the mixed linear model, one locus was associated with water content, two loci were associated with 100-kernel weight, setted ear length, ear thickness and stem thickness; three loci were associated with ear height, four loci were associated with total kernel weight and five loci were associated with plant height. These results should prove useful to breeders in the selection of parental lines and markers.

‘새신’은 밥맛이 양호하면서 복합내병성 특히, 흰잎마름병 K3a에 강한 벼를 육성하고자 2007/2008년 동계에 중만생종이고 쌀알이 맑은 고품질 새누리를 모본으로, 흰잎마름병 K3a에 강하고 수량성이 높은 품종인 신백을 부본으로 교배하였다. 2008년 하계에 양성한 F1개체로 약배양을 실시하여 96개의 재분화 개체를 얻었으며, 이 중에서 줄무늬잎마름병과 K3a에 저항성이며, 농업적특성이 우수한 YR27906Acp84를 선발하여 2년간의 생산력검정시험 실시 후 밀양273호의 계통명이 부여하였다. 3년간의 지역적응시험 결과 복합내병성, 내도복성 및 수량성 등의 우수성이 인정되어 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정위원회에서 ‘새신’으로 명명되었다.

‘황미찰’은 자식계통 KY30을 종자친(모본)으로 하고 KY9를 화분친(부본)으로 하는 단교잡종 노랑찰옥수수이다. 황미찰은 2010년 생산력검정시험을 거쳐 2012~2014년 3년간 전국 5개 지역에서 지역적응시험을 하였으며 그 우수성이 인정되어 2014년 농촌진흥청 직무육성 신품종으로 선정되었다. ‘황미찰’은 이삭의 색이 황색인 찰옥수수로 이삭의 형태는 중간형이고 일미찰(표준품종)과 달리 웅수 영의 기부에 약하게 안토시아닌 색소를 발현한다. 출사일수는 71일, 간장은 211 cm로 일미찰과 유의한 차이가 없었으며 일미찰보다 착수고는 낮고 분지는 적으며 이삭은 작은 편이다. 황미찰은 일미찰보다 깨씨무늬병과 도복에 강하다. 3년간 지역적응시험에서 황미찰은 일미찰보다 10a당 이삭수는 많았으나 이삭중은 적었다. 품질특성에서는 일미찰보다 과피두께가 45㎛로 얇았고 카로티노이드를 32.2㎍/g 함유하고 있었으며 관능평가 결과 전체기호도가 6.1로 식미가 우수하였다. 황미찰은 강원도 및 제주도를 제외한 전국에서 재배가 가능하고 1대 교잡종이므로 매년 종자를 갱신하여 사용해야 하며 찰옥수수 열성인자를 보유하고 있어 다른 종류의 옥수수와 200m 이상 격리 재배가 반드시 필요하다. 또한 조명나방에 감수성이어서 적기 방제가 필요하고 밀식 재배시 이삭이 작아지고 이삭 끝달림이 불량해짐으로 가급적 표준 재배(60×25cm)보다 넓게 심기를 권장하며 강풍을 동반한 우기에는 배수 관리에 유의하여야 한다.

Rose (Rosa Hybrida Hort.) are of a high symbolic value and a great cultural importance in different societies. They are widely used as garden ornamental plants and as cut flowers. For the induction of mutation, gamma-rays are widely used as a mutagen. This study was carried out to establish a system for mutation breeding by irradiation of gamma-ray in rose. The rooted cuttings of five cultivar roses (Lovelydia, Vital, Aqua, Yellowbabe and Haetsal) are grown by in a greenhouse. They were two difference treatment (Before rooting gamma-ray irradiation, After rooting gamma-ray irradiation) were exposed to dose of 70 Gy using a 60Co gamma-irradiator (150 TBq of capacity ; ACEL, Canada) at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. The irradiated plants were planted in a greenhouse, and investigated survival rate, mutation rate, flower buds number, and shoot length were planted after 80days. The two treatments of and growth characters was significantly reduced to 20% to 40% compared with the control. In addition, survival rate and mutation rate were ‘after rooting γ-ray irradiation (37.4~67.3% and 0.5~5.6%)’ higher than ‘before rooting γ-ray irradiation (18.3~50.8% and 0.3~3.4%)’. Mutation types were solid type, chimeric and mosaic petal mutants with various colors were induced from five rose. These results indicate that efficiency of mutation induction in rose by gamma-ray irradiation on petal colors and petal shapes in two difference treatment with rooted cutting system.

Anthocyanin is known for positive health beneficial effects that including reduces age related oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. It was produced by vegetable crops and a lettuce is one of the crops. The general pathway of anthocyanin expression is well defined but it is not clear how environments effects on anthocyanin accumulation in a lettuce. Therefore we initiated to study interaction between anthocyanin expression and environment factors. Frist, we applied RGB leaf images in a lettuce to calculate anthocyanin areas in a leaflet with two different cultivars, different developmental stages, and different environments. Later, we attempted to capture RNA expression level with next generation sequence (NGS) RNA sequencing method called RNA-seq. As a result, combined two technologies showed that quantitate phenotypic data help to understand the gene expression of anthocyanin in lettuce cultivars.

Polyembryony in many citrus varieties is an impediment in breeding because it makes hard to identify hybrids after crossbreeding. So, it has become imperative for developing efficient methods to distinguish zygotic seedling generated from polyembryonic seed depending on citrus variety. Simple sequence repeat(SSR) marker is one of useful systems for such purpose. However, SSR markers to separate zygotic seedlings derived from the crossbreeding between ‘Marita unshiu’ (Citrus unshiu) ‘Seongjeon’ and ‘Shiranuhi mandarin’ [(C. unshiu x C. sinensis) x C. reticulata] ‘Hallabong’ have not been developed yet. In this study we tried to identify an effective SSR marker to screen zygotic seedling after crossbreeding between ‘Seongjeon’ and ‘Hallabong’. For this investigation, 387 seedlings were generated from 114 seeds produced from crossing those two varieties. A total of 116 SSR markers were tested to identify a special marker for distinguishing origin, zygotic or nucellar seedling. As a result, two markers, SSR012 and SSR093, were found to be more effective than other markers. These two SSR markers might be useful to select zygotic individuals in crossbreeing between ‘Seongjeon’ and ‘Hallabong’.