Adsorption of a water molecule on a Si (001) surface and its dissociation were studied using density functional theory to study the distribution of -OH fragments on the Si surface. The Si (001) surface was composed of Si dimers, which buckle in a zigzag pattern below the order-disorder transition temperature to reduce the surface energy. When a water molecule approached the Si surface, the O atom of the water molecule favored the down-buckled Si atom, and the H atom of the water molecule favored the up-buckled Si atom. This is explained by the attractions between the negatively charged O of the water and the positively charged down-buckled Si atom and between the positively charged H of the water and the negatively charged up-buckled Si atom. Following the adsorption of the first water molecule on the surface, a second water molecule adsorbed on either the inter-dimer or intra-dimer site of the Si dimer. The dipole-dipole interaction of the two adsorbed water molecules led to the formation of the water dimer, and the dissociation of the water molecules occurred easily below the order-disorder transition temperature. Therefore, the 1/2 monolayer of -OH on the water-terminated Si (001) surface shows a regular distribution. The results shed light on the atomic layer deposition process of alternate gate dielectric materials, such as HfO2.

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics within ages and freezing tolerance of spermatozoa in Jindo Dog. Experimental animals were selected 12 herds within 1～8 year’s old and collected semen for 2 times in a week. Collected semen was evaluated whole volume and sperm number with CASA system (SIAS, Medical Supply, Korea). Then seminal plasma were separated and diluted with modified Tris-egg yolk extender and added 4, 6 and 8% glycerol for 4 times to final concentration and equilibrated for 1.5 hrs. Before and after freezing, equilibrated semen were evaluated the survival rates. Total volume of sperm at 1～2 year old group is as 5.2×108 cells/ ml largest and there were no significance among groups. The motility of 1～2 year old group is highest as 90.9% and there were significance among groups. Abnormal sperm showed similar among groups. The survival rate in terms of pre-freezing and post-freezing were decreased all levels of glycerol and reveled 87.0% to 64.5% in 4%, 87.5% to 51.9% in 6% and 73.4% to 29.7% in 8%, there were significant difference among the groups (p<0.05). These results suggest that the optimal sperm-freezing methods in Jindo Dog are utilized with modified Tris egg-yolk extender with 4% glycerol and were improve the reproductive activity by these methods.

Purpose : In order to verify using Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey(CISS) is proper method to distinguish convergence insufficiency(CI) group and normal binocular vision(NBV) group in adults. Methods : 97 subjects 19 to 35 with normal VA and no strabismus participated in this study. Phoria, positive fusional vergence(PFV), nearpoint of convergence(NPC) and accommodation convergence/ accommodation(AC/ A) of 97 were measured. Results : According to criteria, 62 subjects were included in this study and analysed with CISS. Nine subjects had CI and 53 had NBV. General symptoms of CI group were significantly greater occurrence of Jose concentration, tiredness, sleepiness, uncomfort, double vision and blurring in that order. A significant difference between CISS seore of CI subjects (mean±SD: 25.67±7.67) and NBV group(l2.74 ±4.80) were found(p=O.OOO). The area under the ROC curve was 0.955 indicating outstanding discrimination using the CISS. Using seores of 21 or higher to denote CI, a sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 98.1% were obtained. Conclusions : The results suggest that the CISS is a valid instrument for differentiating adults with symptomatic CI from those with symptomatic NBV. Adopting score 21 as cutoff value, it is proved that distinguishing Cl from normal is most precise. Additionally, Adults in this age group were able to respond to a broad range of symptom questions associated with CI. It. therefore, demonstrates CISS is a valid preliminary examination to scan CI patient.

스크린 인쇄공법을 이용하여 구형 실리콘 태양전지용 전면 전극을 제작하였고 그 물성을 검토하였다.집광형 구형 실리콘 태양전지는 종래의 결정질 실리콘 태양전지 발전 시스템 설치비용 중 21%를 차지하는 실리콘 소재의 사용량을 줄이기 위해 볼 형태의 구형 실리콘을 사용하였고, 입사되는 태양광을 최대한 활용하기위해 알루미늄으로 된 집광판을 사용하는 것을 특징으로 한다. 전도성 필러로써 Flake 형태의 Ag 파우더를 사용하였고, 기재와의 접착력을 부여하기 위한 유기 바인더로서 에폭시수지, 폴리에스테르수지,아크릴수지 등을 비교 검토한 결과, 에폭시수지 고형분 12%를 첨가한 paste가 기재와의 접착성, 태양전지 광전변환효율, 내구성에서 가장 우수함을 알 수 있었다.

최근 전자 디스플레이에서 각광받고 있는 터치스크린은 급속한 정보화 사회 속에서 비약적인 발전을 거듭하고 있다. 터치패널은 키보드나 마우스와 같은 입력장치를 사용하지 않고, 화면에 나타난 문자나 특정 위치에 사람의 손 또는 물체가 닿으면 그 위치를 파악하여 특정한 기능을 처리하도록 한 패널이다. 이러한 터치스크린에서의 터치패널용 Ag 페이스트는 대부분 열 경화형 페이스트를 사용하고 있다. 이러한 열 경화형 페이스트는 건조공정에 따른 열에너지 소비와 유기용제에 따른 작업환경 개선의 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존에 사용되는 열 경화형 Ag 페이스트가 아닌 친환경적이고 경제적인 UV 경화형 페이스트를 제조하였다. 현재 시판중인 열 경화형 바인더 대신 UV 경화형 올리고머를 사용하였고 유동특성을 부여하기 위해 단관능 모노머를 첨가하여 전도성 Ag paste 패턴형성을 할 수 있었다. 그 결과 열 경화형 Ag 페이스트만큼 접착력, 경도, 내성 등이 우수하였으며 미세패턴의 재현이 가능했으며 스크린 인쇄를 이용한 친환경적인 패터닝 기술로서의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to promote osteogenesis, and clinical trials are currently underway evaluating the ability of BMPs to promote bone formation in grafting procedures and fracture healing. Some studies, have independently reported that sulfated polysaccharides particularly heparin, enhance the osteoblastic differentiation induced by BMPs in vitro, and another study demonstrated that heparin enhanced the bone formation induced by BMP‐2 in vivo. This study was performed to examine adipose stem cell responses to rhBMP‐2 alone and rhBMP‐2 with heparin at 0.25, and 25 μg/㎖ concentrations, respectively, in culture media. Adipose stem cells were cultured for 2, 4, and 8 days toward the osteoblastic differentiation in rhBMP‐2 alone and rhBMP‐2 with heparin at 0.25, and 25 μg/㎖ concentrations, respectively, in culture media. Verification of the stem cell lineage was performed in two ways. The first method was a continuous sequential culture until 5th generation. The second method was using monoclonal antibodies for STRO‐1 and CD 90. Naphthol AS phosphate‐fast blue BB staining for alkaline phosphatase was used for verifying osteoblastic differentiation because Alkaline phosphatase activity had been used as an osteoblastic differentiation marker and degree of osteoblastic activity. Alizarin red staining was also used as an osteoblastic differentiation marker because it quantifies the calcium levels in cells or tissues. During the 5th generation culture, cultured cells actively proliferated, and these cultured cells showed a positive reaction to STRO‐1 and CD90 cell surface molecules. Naphthol AS phosphate‐fast blue BB staining and Alizarin red staining were positive in most samples of each group at 2, and 4 days and positive reaction was proportioned to degree of morphological differentiation. In the concentration of 25 μg/ml of heparin, the ALP activity was highest at the 2nd day in the culture, and then the activities of ALP were decreased significantly at 4, and 8 days. The ALP activity was greatest at the 4th day of the culture, and then decreased significantly at the 8th day in 0 μ g/ml and 0.25 μg/ml of heparin concentrations, Adipose stem cells could be differentiated in rhBMP‐2 in culture media, and the addition of heparin to BMP‐2 promoted differentiation of osteoblasts. Moreover, morphological differentiation was associated with the activity of osteoblasts. This study was shown that, when heparin concentration increases, the early differentiation of the cells was brought about, but the early differentiated cells were rapidly progressed to degenerative changes

연구지역의 지형은 해안과 인접한 소규모의 곡저평야에 속한다. 이 곡저평야는 낮은 구릉지 사이 개석된 곳에 충적물이 매적되어 형성되었다. 본 연구에서는 탄소안정동위원소비 분석과 토양유기탄소 분석을 이용하여 과거의 기후환경 복원을 시도하였다. I 시기(약 6,600±60 yr B.P.-5,350±60 yr B.P.)는 전반적으로 온난하고 습윤한 기후환경이었으나, 건습변화에 있어서는 약건조(또는 약습윤)→습윤의 미변화가 감지된다. II 시기(약 5,350±60 yr B.P.-2,200 yr B.P.)는 현재와 비슷한 온난습윤한 기후환경을 나타낸다. 4,720±60 yr B.P.와 4,210±50 yr B.P. 사이는 전체 퇴적층 중 가장 습윤했던 것으로 파악된다. 4,210±50 yr B.P. 이후에는 점차 습윤에서 약습윤(또는 약건조)환경으로 이행하는 과정이 나타난다. III 시기(약 2,200 yr B.P.-210±60 yr B.P.)는 앞선 두 시기와 확연히 구분되며, 약습윤(또는 약건조)의 기후환경을 나타낸다.

Acoustic side-aspect target strength (TS) of living Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) was measured at 120kHz during in situ experiments. The data were collected by lowering and horizontally projecting the splitbeam transducer into the anchovy school. For analysis and interpretation of the side-aspect TS data, acoustic theoretical model, based on the fish morphology, and dorsal-aspect TS data were used. Total length of the anchovy ranged from 6.6 to 12.8cm (mean length 9.3cm). The side-aspect TS distributed between -40 and -55dB, has an obvious length dependency. The mean side-aspect TS of the anchovy was -47.8dB, and the TS was about 2dB higher than mean TS generated from dorsal-aspect measurements. With reference to maximum TS, the results of the side-aspect TS were distributed within the range of the theoretical and dorsal-aspect TS. Apparently these tendency indicates that side-aspect TS measured from the study is useful data. These in situ measurements of side-aspect TS can be applied to improve acoustic detection and estimates of the anchovy, and is necessary to measure with a various frequency and length for making enhance data.

This study was carried out to investigate the current status of pesticide residues in 3,988 agricultural products in the northern area of Seoul from January to December in 2009. 3,988 samples comprising 109 types of agricultural products were assessed via a multiresidue method to detect 272 pesticides. Pesticide residues were detected in 25.6% (1,021 of 3,988 samples), and the rate at which the detected residues violated the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of the Korean Food Code was 2.2% (89 of 3,988 samples). The agricultural products which exceeded their maximum residue limits were leek, ginseng, welsh onion, crown daisy and lettuce (leaf). Additionally, the most frequently detected pesticide that exceeded the regulation maximum was endosulfan, procymidone, tolclofos-methyl,iprodione and flutolanil.

푸른 곰팡이병은 그린몰드(green mold)가 그 원인으로 알려져 있으며 이들은 버섯의 종류에 관계없이 발생하 며 균사 생장 시 균상에 발생하여 버섯균의 균사생장을 방해 하거나 기생하여 사멸시키며, 버섯 수확기에 병 해를 발생시킨다. 따라서 본 연구는 버섯 병해의 주범인 그린몰드(green mold)의 생장을 제어하기 위하여 유 기계 화합물이 첨가된 수목추출물과 시판 항균제품에 위한 그린몰드 생장 억제력을 비교 평가하였다. T. aggressivum에 대한 유기계혼합제제는 1000 ppm에서 125 ppm과 비교하였을 때 5배 높은 53%의 항균력이 나타났고 시판 항균 제품에서는 모든 농도에서 100%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. T. atroviride에 대하여 유기계혼 합제제는 250 ppm 농도에서 30%이상의 높은 항균활성이 나타났고, 1000 ppm에서 66%의 항균활성을 나타냈 으며 시판 항균제품은 63 ppm에서 80%, 125 ppm에서 83%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. T. harzianum에 대하여 유기계혼합제제는 1000 ppm 농도에서 56%이상의 높은 항균활성이 나타났고 63 ppm 과 125 ppm 농도에서 19%로 최소저해농도는 63 ppm이라고 판단되었으며 시판 항균제품의 항균활성은 250 ppm부터 1000 ppm 까지 100%의 항균활성을 나타냈지만 125 ppm에서는 항균활성이 81%으로 나타났다. T. koningii에 대하여 유기계혼합제제는 500 ppm 농도에서 Trichoderma 5종 균주 중 가장 높은 43%의 항균활 성을 나타냈으며 1000 ppm에서 68%의 항균활성을 나타냈고 시판 항균제품의 항균활성은 T. harzianum과 마 찬가지로 250 ppm부터 1000 ppm 까지 100%의 항균활성을 나타냈지만 63 ppm에서 항균활성이 90% 로 나타 났다. T. viride에 대하여 유기계혼합제제는 63 ppm 농도에서 13.0%, 1000 ppm농도에서 82%의 항균활성이 나타났 고 250 ppm에서부터 항균활성이 30%로 급격히 증가하였으며 시판 항균제품의 항균활성은 모든 농도에서 100%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. Trichoderma 5종 균주에 대하여 시판 항균 제품은 모든 농도에서 100%의 항균활성을 나타냈고 유기계혼합제 제의 항균활성은 1000 ppm에서 53% - 82%로 가장 효과가 좋다고 판단되며 항균제제로서 산업화 가능성이 있다고 판단된다.

애넓적밑빠진벌레(Epuraea domina Reitter)는 딱정벌레목(Coleoptera) 밑빠진벌레과 (Nitidulidae) 속하는 곤충으로 감귤에서는 개화기 성충이 꽃에 모여 꽃잎과 암술을 먹고 자방에 상처를 내어 과실의 표면에 긁힌 자국의 콜크화 피해를 유발하는 해충으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 애넓적밑빠진벌레의 연중 생활사를 구명하고자 2009년 5월부터 2010년 4월까지 제주도 감귤원에서 성충 및 알, 번데기 등의 발생 동태를 조사하였다. 애넓적밑빠진벌레 성충은 낙과되어 반 부패된 감귤에서 주로 발견되었으며, 5월 중순경 감귤개화기에 개화한 꽃으로 유인되어 발생한 후 6월에서 10월 중순까지는 낙과과실 등 주요 서식처에서 발견되지 않았고 10월 중순이후부터 낙과 감귤에서 다시 발견되기 시작하였다. 이때 발생한 성충은 초겨울(12월 초순)부터 토양에 산란을 시작하였으며 최고 산란 시기는 12월에서 2월경이었고 4월 상순까지 산란이 관찰되었다. 겨울철 낙과감귤에서 발육한 유충은 4월 상순부터 토양에서 번데기로 되었으며 4월 하순경부터 성충으로 우화하였다. 항온조건인 12℃와 25℃에서 산란 여부를 조사한 결과 두 온도 조건에서 산란이 가능하였으며, 25℃에서 산란수가 약 3배 많았고 산란기간은 짧았다.

본 연구에서는 우리나라의 대표적 수입 곡물인 콩의 주요 교역국들의 생산, 소비, 무역 및 재고 동향과 각 국의 생산변동에 따른 조정유형 분석을 수행한 후, 이를 바탕으로 각국의 국제시장 전이효과를 계측하였다. 분석결과 최근 콩의 국제시장 전이효과가 주요 생산국인 브라질, 파라과이, 캐나다 등을 중심으로 증대되고 있으며, 대부분의 국가가 재고보다는 소비와 무역을 통해 생산변동을 조절하고 있는 것으로 나타나 국제 콩 시장의 불안정성 증가가 예상된다. 따라서 대규모 콩 수입국인 우리나라는 일정량의 국내생산기반 유지, 적절 한 재고정책의 활용, 선물시장의 활용, 수입선 다변화 등과 같은 해외조달능력의 향상을 통한 안정적인 국내 콩 수급 방안 마련이 시급한 것으로 나타났다.

Today's fierce competition and global economic recession make most of manufacturing companies in the world difficult to gain a profit. In order to survive such a environment and increase competitiveness, manufacturing companies have to continuously eliminate their wasteful factors through an efficient process analysis, improve quality of products, increase the flexibility of manufacturing processes. In this paper, we consider a case study for the Shanghai New Auto which is a subcontractor of MOBIS in China, to improve productivity by using therblig method, one of the motion analysis, to minimize the work-in-process inventories and to shorten the manufacturing cycle times. We also try to relocate the facility layout to increase the efficiency and flexibility of manufacturing processes.

This study was carried out to investigate the current status of pesticide residues in 3,735 agricultural products in the northern area of Seoul from January to December in 2008. 3,735 samples, comprising 119 types of agricultrural products were assessed via a multiresidue method to detect 260 pesticides. Pesticide residues were detected in 19.7%(737 of 3,735 samples), and the rate at which the detected residues violated the maximum residue levels(MRLs) of the Korean Food Code was 3.2%(121 of 3,735 samples). Pesticide residues were detected in 72 spinaches, 64 peppers, 45 sweet peppers, 40 perilla leaves, 38 korean cabbages and 37 dried agricultural products. The samples that violated the MRLs included 14 perilla leaves, 13 spinaches, 12 leek, 6 lettuces(leaf), 6 chards and 6 gyeojchaes. Procymidone, endosulfan, chlorfenapyr, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, tebuconazole and fenvalerate were all frequently observed. Procymidone, endosulfan, dimethomorph and diniconazole were the pesticides most frequently detected at levels that violated the Korean Food Code MRLs.

In this study, we examined the effects of background and underline on the readability of displayed text The background was placed on every other line and the underline was done with every line of the text The effect of adding color to the background and u

Steel and iron works have place many hazard or risk factor as a high temperature material, a high place, and so on. Accordingly, steel and iron works need system for risk assessment. In this paper, we development of risk assessment system for steel and iron works. In case study applied at the steel enterprise. The resultant, we can discovery that an human factor is an important question form risk assessment.