Noises in each construction field cause residents in the neighborhood to make complaints due to their high sound pressure level and repetitive, shocking sound. While South Korea regulates construction noises on the basis of legal criteria to minimize the damage from the noises, the regulation only involves a weighted sound level (dB(A)), which is loudness, like other types of noises. It is therefore necessary to make typology of construction noise sources and evaluation vocabularies with the objective of making criteria for regulating construction noises suitable for the South Korean situation. While research based on a survey has been conducted to make typology of construction noise sources and evaluation vocabularies, there have been lots of difficulties in using it to make criteria for regulation because no consideration was given to psychological responses of people. On the basis of the findings from literature review, this study aimed to make typology of construction noise sources and vocabularies through a psycho-acoustic experiment and analyze the psychological characteristics and meanings of construction noises more accurately. The respondents’ psychological responses to construction noise sources were grouped into three factors ‘normal, shocking, and fluctuating noises’ and into ― ― six factors ‘annoying,’ ‘loud,’ ‘confusing,’ ‘noisy,’ ‘alarming,’ and ‘boisterous’ in terms of evaluation ― ― vocabularies. Since the factor with the biggest eigenvalue drawn from the respondents’ psychological responses is most important, the most important influential factor in evaluating construction noises was ‘normal noises’ for construction noise sources and ‘annoyance’ for evaluation vocabularies. This typology is expected to be useful to make and revise criteria for regulating construction noises.

The object of this paper is to estimation of noise reduction effect of road noise by operating condition due to tire noise regulation. A prepare the countermeasure of the noise reduction according to collect tire/road noise data under various influencing factors by using the tire test method. To accomplish the object : A automotive is used as a test platform to test tire/road noise by changing different types of tires and using the On-Board Sound Intensity test system. The influence of inflation pressure, road, load, speed and pattern type on tire/road noise is compared and analyzed. At the same time, the mechanism of tire/road noise is analyzed, which provides an experimental basis for tire noise reduction.

Oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloy has been developed to increase the mechanical strength of metallic materials; such an improvement can be realized by distributing fine oxide particles within the material matrix. In this study, the ODS layer was formed in the surface region of Zr-based alloy tubes by laser beam treatment. Two kinds of Zr-based alloys with different alloying elements and microstructures were used: KNF-M (recrystallized) and HANA-6 (partial recrystallized). To form the ODS layer, Y2O3-coated tubes were scanned by a laser beam, which induced penetration of Y2O3 particles into the substrates. The thickness of the ODS layer varied from 20 to 55 μm depending on the laser beam conditions. A heat affected zone developed below the ODS layer; its thickness was larger in the KNF-M alloy than in the HANA-6 alloy. The ring tensile strengths of the KNF-M and HANA-6 alloy samples increased more than two times and 20–50%, respectively. This procedure was effective to increase the strength while maintaining the ductility in the case of the HANA-6 alloy samples; however, an abrupt brittle facture was observed in the KNF-M alloy samples. It is considered that the initial microstructure of the materials affects the formation of ODS and the mechanical behavior.

The flow characteristics around the vertical wall with the flap were visualized in the water channel using PIV. And the effect of flap angle change was investigated to see how quickly the spreading can be prevented and confined if oil spill occurs at sea. As a result, the fluid in the front of the vertical wall flows constantly, Nearing a boundary layer on the vertical wall, and a flow separation phenomenon occurs. Thereafter, flow loss or depth loss to the bottom of the vertical wall was confirmed. Also, it was observed that irregular reverse circulation flow occurred due to flap angle change and pressure gradient at the back of vertical wall. In this study, it was analyzed that it is most effective at 20 degrees angle. In the future, it is necessary to confine the flow characteristics of PIV and CFD by assuming that there is a double vertical wall in which oil having a lower specific gravity than water is trapped in the oil fence.

Copper electroplating and electrode patterning using a screen printer are applied instead of lithography for heterostructure with intrinsic thin layer(HIT) silicon solar cells. Samples are patterned on an indium tin oxide(ITO) layer using polymer resist printing. After polymer resist patterning, a Ni seed layer is deposited by sputtering. A Cu electrode is electroplated in a Cu bath consisting of Cu2SO4 and H2SO4 at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Copper electroplating electrodes using a screen printer are successfully implemented to a line width of about 80 μm. The contact resistance of the copper electrode is 0.89 mΩ·cm2, measured using the transmission line method(TLM), and the sheet resistance of the copper electrode and ITO are 1 Ω/□ and 40 Ω/□, respectively. In this paper, a screen printer is used to form a solar cell electrode pattern, and a copper electrode is formed by electroplating instead of using a silver electrode to fabricate an efficient solar cell electrode at low cost.

The aim of this study was to select compounds for the standardization of fermented Kalopanax pictus Nakai (KP-F), to develop the analysis method using HPLC-PDA and to perform method validation. KP-F is a fermented powder developed to improve the original physiological activities and create a new functionality. Eleutheroside E, Acanthoside B, and Syringaresinol were selected as the standard compounds and developed our own method for simultaneous analysis. The analyte was isolated using C18 column with a gradient elution of 0.05 M phosphoric acid in water and methanol as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and detected at 210 nm. As a result, all standard compounds showed good linearity with an R2 (coefficient of correlation) of 1.000 and for the limit of detection range of 0.710~0.831 μg/mL, and the limit of quantification as 2.150~2.520 μg/mL. The precision was RSD (%) of less than 4.80%, while the accuracy was 4.70%>RSD (%) for the range 102.44~110.48%. In conclusion, the developed analysis method is suitable for the detection of Eleutheroside E, Acanthoside B, and Syringaresinol in KP-F.

본 연구는 농산물 중 잔류허용기준 신설 예정 농약 퀴 녹시펜의 공정시험법을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 퀴녹시펜은 퀴놀린(quinoline) 계열의 표면이동성 살균제로써 흰가루병균(powdery mildew) 방제 효과가 있다. 퀴녹시펜 의 잔류물의 정의는 코덱스, 유럽, 일본의 경우 농산물과 축산물 대상으로 모화합물로, 미국의 경우 농산물 대상으로 모화합물로 설정되어 있다. 현재, 국내에서는 농산물 중 퀴녹시펜의 잔류물의 정의 및 잔류허용기준이 설정되어있지 않고, 수입식품 중 체리에 대한 잔류허용기준 신설이 최초 요청되었으며 국내 유통 농산물 중 잔류량에 대한 안전관리 확보를 위해 잔류물의 정의를 모화합물로 규정하 고 적부판정을 위한 공정시험법을 개발하고자 하였다. 퀴녹시펜의 물리·화학적 특성을 고려하여 QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe)법을 이용한 추출 및 정제법을 최적화하여 LC-MS/MS에 의한 분석법을 확립하였다. 퀴녹시펜의 결정계수(R2)는 0.99 이상으로 높은 직선성을 보여주었고, 퀴녹시펜의 시험법 정량한계 (LOQ)는 0.005 mg/kg이며, 대표 농산물 5종(현미, 감자, 대두, 감귤, 고추)에 대하여 1 LOQ (0.005 mg/kg), 10 LOQ (0.05 mg/kg), 50 LOQ (0.25 mg/kg) 수준으로 회수율 실험한 결과 평균 회수율(n=5)은 73.5-86.7%이었으며 상대표 준편차는 8.9%이하로 확인되었다. 또한 실험실간 검증 결과 두 실험실간 회수율 결과에 따른 평균값은 77.2-95.4% 이며 변이계수(CV) 또한 14.5% 이하로 조사되어, 본 연구는 국제식품규격위원회 가이드라인(Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC/GL 40)의 잔류농약 분석 기준 및 식품 의약품안전평가원의 ‘식품등 시험법 마련 표준절차에 관한 가이드라인(2016)’에 적합한 수준임을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발한 시험법은 농산물 중 잔류할 수 있는 퀴녹시펜의 안전관리를 위한 공정시험법으로 활용 가능할 것이다.

전세계적으로 일사계 비교관측 기술은 급격히 발전하고 있지만 국내의 경우 일사 비교관측 표준지침을 준비하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 기상 및 지리적 환경을 고려하여 전천일사계의 비교관측 절차를 정립하였다. 2017년 아시아 지역 복사센터에서는 국가표준 일사계들의 비교관측을 통해 일사계 보정이 이루어졌다. 이때 검교정된 기상청 기준기를 이용하여 기상청의 부기준기들과 강릉원주대의 전천일사계의 비교관측 및 검교정이 수행되었다. 비교 관측 및 검교정은 2018년 10월 24일부터 10월 25일(2일)까지 수행되었으며 비교관측자료를 분석하여 오차분석 및 검교정을 수행하였다. 보정전 비교관측에 따르면, 전천일사계 부기준기들(B-J)은 기상청 전천일사계 기준기(A)를 기준으로 ±12.0Wm−2 이하의 편차가 나타났고 B와 I 전천일사계는 ±4.0Wm−2 미만의 작은 편차를 보였다. 태양 복사량이 450 Wm−2 이상인 자료들을 이용하여 감도정수의 보정값을 계산하였다. B와 I 일사계(오차 ±0.5Wm−2 이하)를 제외한 일사 계들(오차 ±5Wm−2 이상)은 0.08-0.16 μV (Wm−2)−1 감도정수 변경이 적용되었다. C 일사계는 감도정수의 변화가 가장 컸으며 감도정수는 −0.16 μV (Wm−2)−1으로 보정하였다. 비교관측에 참가한 9종의 기준기 및 부기준기들의 최종 관측오차는 0.06Wm−2 (0.08%) 이하였으며 허용범위인 ±1.00% (±4.50Wm−2 )로 검교정되었다.

본 연구는 농산물 중 2019년 기준신설 예정농약 Broflanilide에 대한 공정시험법을 개발하고자 수행하였다. Broflanilide는 meta-diamide계 살충제로 중추신경계 억제성 신경전달물질인 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 수용 가이드라인(2016)’에 적합한 수준임을 확인하였다. 개발된 시험법은 낮은 검출한계 및 정량한계, 우수한 직선성, 회수율 실험을 통한 정확성과 정밀성, 재현성 등이 입증되 어 농산물 중 broflanilide의 잔류검사를 위한 공정시험법 으로 활용되기에 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey on coffee intake habits, preference of coffee and other beverages, and awareness of caffeine in coffee by college students in some areas of Jeonbuk province. According to the survey result, 83.9% of subjects drank coffee usually, and males (46.4%) and the females (54.2%) drank coffee at school stores and coffee shops, respectively. Companions to drink coffee with were mainly friends, and frequency of coffee intake was one to two cups daily for males and females. Males and females drank coffee at any time (60.0%) and after lunch (38.7%), respectively. Most males and females drank only coffee without snacks. Males preferred more soft drinks and sports drinks than females, but females preferred more milk and dairy products, tea, and coffee than males. Coffee was consumed most frequently, among several beverages. Reasons for drinking coffee was to prevent sleepiness (64.6%), and to enjoy its taste and aroma (38.0%) for males and females, respectively. Male (47.2%) and female (73.5%) subjects could detect caffeine, and most of them could detect caffeine in coffee. Additionally, all subjects agreed that less intake of caffeine was better for their health. Based on the survey of intake habits of coffee, the university students need nutrition education relative to labeling caffeine contents in coffee and intake of caffeine, and need to make an effort to overcome the potential damage of caffeine intake.

본 연구는 여름철 산란계의 더위 스트레스로 인한 생산성 저하에 영향을 미치는 열환경인자들 중 제어 요소를 결정하고 산란계의 생산성을 높일 수 있는 방안을 모색하기 위해 수행되었다. 경상남도에 위치한 산란계사에서 ISA Brown 품종의 산란계 48,451수를 공시하여 생산성 지표를 측정하였다. 또한 산란계사 내부에 온습도로거를 설치하여 건구온도와 상대습도를 여름이 시작되는 6월 19일부터 9월 7일까지 총 81일간 동안 측정하였다. 1일 평균온도, 1일 최고온도, 1일 최저온도, 1일 평균상대습도, 1일 최고상대습도, 1일 최저상대습도, 1일 평균THI, 1일 최고THI 그리고 1일 최저THI와 산란계의 생산성 지표 간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 분석한 결과에 의하면, 1일 평균, 최고, 최저의 건구온도와 THI가 상승할수록 사료섭취량, 헨데이 산란율, 난중과 FCR은 낮아졌다(p<0.01). 반면, 음수량은 1일 평균, 최고, 최저의 건구온도와 THI가 상승할수록 증가하였다(p<0.001). 상대습도의 경우, 산란계의 생산성 지표에 대해 직접적인 상관관계를 가지지 않는 것으로 판단된다(p>0.05). 특이점으로는 폐사율의 경우, 1일 평균·최고 온도, THI와 1일 평균·최고·최저 상대습도와는 유의적인 상관관계를 가지지 않았지만, 1일 최저의 온도와 THI와는 상관관계를 갖는 것으로 분석되었다(p<0.05). 따라서, 여름철 산란계의 생산성을 향상시키기 위해서는 산란계사 내의 1일 평균, 최고, 최저의 건구온도와 THI를 가능한 낮추는 것이 필요하고, 특히 1일 최저온도를 산란계의 하한임계온도인 20℃에 근접하게 조성해주는 것이 유리 할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 농산물 중 잔류허용기준 신설 예정 농약인 펜프로피모르프의 안전 관리를 위한 공정 시험법을 개발 하기 위하여 수행되었다. 펜프로피모르프는 모르폴린계 살균제로 스테롤 생합성을 저해하여 곡류와 채소류에 발병 하는 녹병과 흰가루병 및 바나나에 발병하는 시가토카병 을 방제 하는데 사용되고 있다. 현재 국내에는 농산물 중 펜프로피모르프의 잔류물의 정의 및 잔류허용기준이 설정 되어 있지 않고, 수입식품 바나나에 대한 잔류허용기준을 신설할 예정이다. 이에 농산물 중 잔류농약 분석 및 검사 를 위한 공정 시험법 마련이 시급하여 본 연구에서는 대표농산물 5종(현미, 감자, 대두, 감귤, 고추)을 대상으로 시 험법을 개발하고자 하였다. 따라서 QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe)법을 이용한 추출 및 정 제법을 최적화하여 LC-MS/MS에 의한 분석법을 확립하였다. 펜프로피모르프의 시험법 정량한계는 0.01 mg/kg이며 5종의 농산물에 0.01, 0.1 및 0.5 mg/kg의 처리농도로 회수 율 실험을 한 결과 평균 회수율은 90.9~110.5%이었고, 상대표준편차는 5.7% 이하로 조사되었다. 또한 실험실간 검증 결과 두 실험실간 회수율 결과에 따른 평균값은 88.6~101.4%이며 변이계수(CV) 또한 14.6% 이하로 조사 되어 국제식품규격위원회 가이드라인(CAC/GL 40-1993, 2003)의 잔류농약 분석 기준 및 식품의약품안전평가원의 ‘식품등 시험법 마련 표준절차에 관한 가이드라인(2016)’ 에 적합한 수준임을 검증하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발한 시험법은 국내 및 수입 농산물 중 펜프로피모르프의 안전 관리를 위한 공정시험법으로 활용될 수 있으며 잔류 물의 정의 및 잔류허용기준을 설정하는 데 기초자료로써 활용 가능할 것이다.

This study evaluates the quality properties of soy-paste soybean cultivar for fermented soybean products. The six soybean varieties that include Jinpung, Saedanbaek, Daepung 2, Pyeongwon, Cheonga and Saeolkong were used in the experiment. The range of water uptake ratio, hardness after soaking and hardness after steaming were 117.00~131.33%, 1.65~3.30 kg and 0.05~0.14 kg, respectively. The physicochemical analysis indicated the following: Moisture content, 63.27~68.72%; pH, 6.43~6.60; total acidity, 0.27~0.45%. Color values for L value (lightness), a value (redness), and b value (yellowness) ranged from 39.07~67.92, 7.64~11.79, and 7.48~20.67, respectively. The amylase and protease activities of the Saedanbaek samples were the highest among all cultivars. The amount of viscous substance in the fermented soybean products by cultivars ranged from 5.93 to 8.37%, and Saedanbaek was the highest. The total viable cells counts for soybean fermented products were 9.11~9.42 log CFU/g. The amino-type nitrogen contents of all samples were in the range of 401.07 to 524.47 mg% and Saedanbaek cultivars showed the highest content (524.47 mg%). Based on the results, Saedanbaek will be suitable as a soy-paste soybean cultivar and the quality standards for the fermentation process of the fermented soybean products.

Electro-coagulation process has been gained an attention recently because it could overcome the membrane fouling problems in MBR(Membrane bio-reactor). Effect of the key operational parameters in electro-coagulation, current density(ρ i) and contact time(t) on membrane fouling reduction was investigated in this study. A kinetic model for ρi and t required to reduce the membrane fouling was suggested under different MLSS(mixed liquor suspended solids) concentration. Total 48 batch type experiments of electro-coagulations under different sets of current densities(2.5, 6, 12 and 24 A/m2), contact times(0, 2, 6 and 12 hr) and MLSS concentration(4500, 6500 and 8500mg/L) were carried out. After each electro-coagulation under different conditions, a series of membrane filtration was performed to get information on how much of membrane fouling was reduced. The membrane fouling decreased as the ρi and t increased but as MLSS decreased. Total fouling resistances, Rt (=Rc+Rf) were calculated and compared to those of the controls (Ro), which were obtained from the experiments without electro-coagulation. A kinetic approach for the fouling reduction rate (Rt/Ro) was carried out and three equations under different MLSS concentration were suggested: i) pi0.39t = 3.5 (MLSS=4500 mg/L), ii) pi0.46t = 7.0 (MLSS=6500 mg/L), iii) pi0.74t = 10.5 (MLSS=8500 mg/L). These equations state that the product of ρi and t needed to reduce the fouling in certain amounts (in this study, 10% of fouling reduction) is always constant.