21종류의 폴리스티렌 용기를 대상으로 용출조건에 따른 용기내 증류수로 용출되는 5종의 VOCs(톨루엔, 스티렌, 에틸벤젠, 이소프로필벤젠 및 n-프로필벤젠)를 Purge&Trap 장치를 연결하여GC-FID로 분석하였다. 각 표준물질은 1~50 ng/ mL의 농도범위에서 직선성(r2 =0.9976~0.9995)을 나타냈으며, 검출한계는 0.041~0.092 ng/mL, 정량한계는 0.135~0.304 ng/mL 이었다. 용출조건은 첫째, 60oC에서 30분, 둘째, 95oC에서 30분, 셋째, 실생활에서 컵라면 섭취시를 고려하여 끓은 물을 부은 후 뚜껑을 덮고 3분간 유지한 다음 뚜껑을 열고 5분 동안 개방하여 용출시키는 것으로 설정하였다. 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 이소프로필벤젠 및 n-프로필벤젠은 평균용출량이 모든 조건에서 5 ng/mL 이하로 검출되었으며 스티렌의 경우는 60oC에서 평균용출량이 4.02 ng/mL, 95oC에서는 52.71 ng/mL, 컵라면 섭취시의 조건에서는 17.23 ng/mL로 검출되었다.

Indium doped SnO2 thick films for gas sensors were fabricated by a screen printing method on alumina substrates. The effects of indium concentration on the structural and morphological properties of the SnO2 were investigated by X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope. The structural properties of the SnO2:In by X-ray diffraction showed a (110) dominant SnO2 peak. The size of SnO2 particles ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 μm, and SnO2 particles were found to contain many pores, according to the SEM analysis. The thickness of the indium-doped SnO2 thick films for gas sensors was about 20 μm, as confirmed by cross sectional SEM image. Sensitivity of the SnO2:In gas sensor to 2000 ppm of CO2 gas and 50 ppm of H2S gas was investigated for various indium concentrations. The highest sensitivity to CO2 gas and H2S gas of the indium-doped SnO2 thick films was observed at the 8 wt% and 4 wt% indium concentration, respectively. The good sensing performances of indium-doped SnO2 gas sensors to CO2 gas were attributed to the increase of oxygen vacancies and surface area in the SnO2:In. The SnO2:In gas sensors showed good selectivity to CO2 gas.

푸른 곰팡이병은 그린몰드(green mold)가 그 원인으로 알려져 있으며 이들은 버섯의 종류에 관계없이 발생하 며 균사 생장 시 균상에 발생하여 버섯균의 균사생장을 방해 하거나 기생하여 사멸시키며, 버섯 수확기에 병 해를 발생시킨다. 따라서 본 연구는 버섯 병해의 주범인 그린몰드(green mold)의 생장을 제어하기 위하여 유 기계 화합물이 첨가된 수목추출물과 시판 항균제품에 위한 그린몰드 생장 억제력을 비교 평가하였다. T. aggressivum에 대한 유기계혼합제제는 1000 ppm에서 125 ppm과 비교하였을 때 5배 높은 53%의 항균력이 나타났고 시판 항균 제품에서는 모든 농도에서 100%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. T. atroviride에 대하여 유기계혼 합제제는 250 ppm 농도에서 30%이상의 높은 항균활성이 나타났고, 1000 ppm에서 66%의 항균활성을 나타냈 으며 시판 항균제품은 63 ppm에서 80%, 125 ppm에서 83%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. T. harzianum에 대하여 유기계혼합제제는 1000 ppm 농도에서 56%이상의 높은 항균활성이 나타났고 63 ppm 과 125 ppm 농도에서 19%로 최소저해농도는 63 ppm이라고 판단되었으며 시판 항균제품의 항균활성은 250 ppm부터 1000 ppm 까지 100%의 항균활성을 나타냈지만 125 ppm에서는 항균활성이 81%으로 나타났다. T. koningii에 대하여 유기계혼합제제는 500 ppm 농도에서 Trichoderma 5종 균주 중 가장 높은 43%의 항균활 성을 나타냈으며 1000 ppm에서 68%의 항균활성을 나타냈고 시판 항균제품의 항균활성은 T. harzianum과 마 찬가지로 250 ppm부터 1000 ppm 까지 100%의 항균활성을 나타냈지만 63 ppm에서 항균활성이 90% 로 나타 났다. T. viride에 대하여 유기계혼합제제는 63 ppm 농도에서 13.0%, 1000 ppm농도에서 82%의 항균활성이 나타났 고 250 ppm에서부터 항균활성이 30%로 급격히 증가하였으며 시판 항균제품의 항균활성은 모든 농도에서 100%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. Trichoderma 5종 균주에 대하여 시판 항균 제품은 모든 농도에서 100%의 항균활성을 나타냈고 유기계혼합제 제의 항균활성은 1000 ppm에서 53% - 82%로 가장 효과가 좋다고 판단되며 항균제제로서 산업화 가능성이 있다고 판단된다.

This study examined the relative effect of participative and assigned goal setting on team performance. Participants were 30 college students and their typing speed was tested. They were ordered on the basis of the typing speed and were divided into 15 pairs, with the members of each pair having similar typing speed. Members in each pair were randomly assigned to the two experimental conditions. Participants were asked to type materials provided by the experimenter for 20 days. The dependent variable was the number of words typed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in performance between the two conditions. The results also showed that the difference in trend between two conditions was not statistically significant.

This study was conducted to investigate optimal conditions for formation of synnemata from Beauveria bassiana. The strain of B. bassiana was isolated from a host of Oncotympana fuscata in Halla mountain of Jeju island. The yield of synnemata was the highest at application of brown rice (90%) and silkworm pupae (10%) media. On the other hand, the other media did not result in formation of synnemata. The highest formation of synnemata was achieved at conditions of moderate air inflow and 20℃. The optimal moisture and light intensity for formation of synnemata were 60% and 300 lux, respectively. In addition, inoculation of the liquid spawn resulted in higher yield than that of asexual spore.

The purpose of this study is to understand factors of risk perception and purchase obstruction by consumer characteristics and purchase experience of clothing in online. The collection of the research materials was progressed by online and offline. Out of 374 usable questionnaires used for examining this study, 278 questionnaires were collected from offline and 107 questionnaires were collected from online. Frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, t-test, One-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis using SPSS WIN 12.0 were conducted. Three factors of perceived risk were extracted: harmonic/image, quality/shopping process, payments. Based on these dimensions, ANOVA was conducted. The results indicated that the more purchasing experience people had, the less the extent of perceived risk they got, and quality/shopping process risk mostly among them. As the factors which obstruct purchasing decision, a security obstruction, a reliability obstruction, a convenient obstruction and an information insufficient obstruction are extracted. Also, the factors have got the result of same aspects as the perceived risk recognized by the Internet shopping experience. Meaningful differences between groups appear at security obstruction, reliability obstruction, and convenient obstruction. Perceived risk almost influenced on purchase obstruction when purchasing clothes in Internet shopping mall. When consumers perceiving harmony/image risk highly make decisions, they usually hesitate or abandon due to reliability obstruction, convenient obstruction. All the factors: including security obstruction, reliability obstruction, convenient obstruction and information insufficient obstruction made consumers perceiving quality/shopping process risk highly obstruct purchase decision.

The purpose of this study was to identify the competing values leadership of restaurant general managers and to investigate the impact of their competing values leadership on employee job satisfaction and turnover intention. A sample of full-time restaurant employees (n=360, 36% response) completed an e-mail survey. The results showed that among the eight sub-dimensions of competing values leadership roles, the monitor (4.04), producer (4.01), and director (3.99) roles were perceived as the most frequently used leadership styles of managers compared to broker (3.78), innovator (3.83), and mentor (3.91) roles (p <0.001). Additional T-test results suggested that an employees’ gender had an influence on how he/ she perceived the leadership style of their manager. Male employees were more likely to perceive that the director and mentor roles (4.19) were performed very well by their managers, while female employees perceived that their managers concentrated more on monitor (3.98) and producer (3.96) roles rather than on broker (3.73) and innovator (3.79) roles (p< 0.05). It was found that manager competing values leadership had a significant correlation with employee job satisfaction, and the mentor, coordinator, and innovator manager roles explained the relationship with 42.1% based on multiple regression analysis (p<0.001). In further findings, the manager competing values leadership roles had an effect on employee turnover intention. The results of the data were as follows: mentor and facilitator roles promoted a decrease in employee turnover intention and the director role caused employee turnover intention to increase. Ultimately, this study will be useful for restaurant managers to guide the application of appropriate competing values leadership roles in order to strengthen employee job satisfaction and to reduce turnover intention.

This study was designed to estimate the effect of ethanol addition on shelf-life extension and changes in growth of total aerobic bacteria in fresh wet noodles. The wet noodle was made with addition of 0, 1 and 2% ethanol. During the storage at 10oC, wet noodles were monitored changes in the total numbers of aerobic bacteria. A 6 log cfu/g was applied as a standard for microbiological quality of foods. As a result, the shelf-lifes of wet noodle with addition of ethanol at the standard were 9.17 days at no ethanol, 15.02 days at 1% ethanol and 27.03 days at 2% ethanol. The respective percentage increases in the shelf-life observed at both 1 and 2% ethanol addition were 63.8% and 194.8% comparing with no ethanol treatment. Consequently, addition of ethanol into fresh wet noodle inhibited growth of total aerobic bacteria and extended shelf-life.

본 연구에서는 서로 다른 지역에서 재배된 장뇌삼 8 품종과 밭에서 재배된 재배인삼 등 총 9개체에 대해 장 뇌삼 품종들 간의 유연관계를 분석하였다. RAPD분석에 사용한 random primer는 총 40종류(OPA 1～20, OPB 1～20)였으며, 이 중 34개가 각기 다른 지역에서 재배된 품종간의 집단을 형성하여 9개 품종간 유연관계를 밝히 는데 유용하였다. 유연관계를 분석한 결과, 홍천과 재배 인삼, 의성과 금산, 진안과 풍기와 강화, 상주와 안동 4개 의 그룹으로 구분되었으며 이는 다시 2개의 그룹「홍천- 재배인삼-의성-금산」,「풍기-강화-상주-안동」으로 구 분 되었다. 9개 지역에서 수집한 품종간의 유사도 값은 최저 0.30, 최고 0.53으로 나타났다. RAPD방법은 사용법 이 간단하고 소요시간이 적게 소요될 뿐만 아니라 적은 양의 DNA시료로도 분석이 가능한 검정법으로 형태적인 차이가 구별되지 않는 장뇌삼 품종 간의 유전적 유연관 계를 밝히는 데 유용한 방법임을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 품종별 계통유연관계를 보다 정확히 분석하기 위해서 AFLP 또는 Molecular Maker를 이용하거나 계통분류에 널리 이용되는 핵, 엽록체 DNA의 유전자 염기서열 비교 와 같은 정밀한 분자계통학적 연구가 수행되어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

친전자성 치환반응을 통하여 제조된 술폰화 단량체와 비(非)술폰화 단량체의 직접 중합법을 통하여 서로 다른 술폰화도를 나타내는 술폰화 폴리아릴에테르술폰 공중합체를 합성하고, 이들로부터 직접 메탄올 연료전지용 이중층(層) 고분자 전해질 막을 제조하였다. 우수한 이온 전도특성을 나타내는 술폰화도 50%의 공중합체를 사용하여 전해질 막의 모체(母體) 전도층을 제조하고, 이들의 한쪽 표면에 술폰화도 10%의 공중합체를 도포한 후 건조하여 낮은 메탄올 투과 특성의 코팅층을 형성시켰다. 도포되는 공중합체의 질량비를 5~20%로 조절함으로써 코팅 층 두께에 따른 전해질 막의 특성 변화를 고찰하였으며, 형성된 코팅 층을 막-전극 접합체의 음극 면에 접합시켜 운전 시 메탄올 연료와 직접 접촉하도록 하였다. 이중층 형성 공정을 통하여, 단일 전해질 막과 동등한 수준의 이온 전도 특성을 유지하면서도, 전해질 막을 통한 메탄올 투과 특성이 현저히 개선된 우수한 효율의 고분자 전해질 막 제조가 가능하였다. 작동 온도 60°C, 2 M의 메탄올 공급 환경에서 수행된 연료 전지 성능 평가 결과, 막-전극 접합체 출력 밀도는 5%의 질량비에서 최대 134.01 mW/cm2였으며, 이로부터 상용 나피온 115 대비 105.5%의 향상된 성능 효율을 확인할 수 있었다.

This thesis started from the attempt to make it clear that 80’s American artist Keith Haring(1958-1990) had conducted social intervention of criticism, resistance, and participation through his works, and so pursued public value. Haring of graffiti fame left popular and familiar cartoon style pictures on the street wall, the billboards, the posters and so on. Popular and playful works was explained as his unique characteristics, but Haring’s creative way at the field has more value than just being grasped as artist’s personal characteristics. Haring’s work pieces became everyday art by joining with people’s life, and are working as a social speaking place. So I think that these Haring’s art works possess characteristics of ‘the public sphere.’ ‘The Public Sphere’ means that is independent and free from the government or partisan economic forces, so that is not connected with the interested relations, and that is the sphere of rational argumentation without ‘disguise’ or ‘fabrication’, and that is the sphere where general public can participate in and is inspected by them. The public sphere between the sphere of public authority such a nation and a market and the private sphere of free individual, it is mutually connected with them and works as the space forming public opinion. Private individuals communicate with this public sphere and perform a role of direct and indirect check, balance, and social criticism way off from power. Openness that should include the voice of not only leading power but also the socially weak such as citizens, women, homosexuals, minority races, and so on, and alienated class, is an index of the public characteristics. The public sphere is not working just with speech and mass media. Many artists as well as Haring open their mouth and act through an art at the center of society, and create another public sphere by an art. I understood that the real participatory and practical characteristics on the Haring’s work is a phenomenon and current of a part of the art world including Haring. Such current started from 1960s is the in-depth effort to be connected with the life more closely, to communicate with people, and to improve problems of life. And it has pursued public value on the different way from the nation or public power. Artists have intervened in the society with strategic and positive ways in order to raise pushed-out value and sinked rights as the public agenda, and labored to accept the value of variety and difference at the society. The aspect of such social intervention is the notable features, findable on the Haring’s works and process. Haring’s works include art historical meanings and are expressed with familiar and plastic language, so they were able to communicate with various classes. And he secured various customers at the field and the street. This communicative and public approach factor raised the possibility much for his works to work as the public sphere. Haring presented critical and resistant speech toward society with his works based on this factor. He asserted his position and justice of gender identity as a sexual minority. And his such work continued to movement for alienated class and social week over his own rights. His speech and message on the wall painting, poster, T-shirts, billboard of the subway, and so on worked as a spectacle and pressed concern with social issues and consciousness shift. And he’s been trying to protect and care people who is injured by HIV and drug and to realize social justice through social week protection. Haring’s works planned to meet many people as much as possible performed its role of intervening in society through criticism, resistance, speech, and participation, and controlling and checking social issues. These things considered, Haring’s works show his consciousness about public attributes of art, and obviously include public value seeking. And also we can find the meaning of such his work as that an art is working as the public sphere and shows the possibility to discuss and practice public issues.