In this study, the spatio-temporal variations and trends of frost events (total frost days, first/last frost date) in South Korea were investigated using RegCM4.0 simulation data based on two RCP(4.5, 8.5) scenarios. To evaluate the performance of RegCM4.0 for the current (1981-2010) frost events, the daily minimum temperature of 49 observation sites in South Korea were used. Generally, the RegCM4.0 reasonably simulated the spatial characteristics of frost events, but the first (last) frost date was simulated by about 6.6 (3.3) days earlier (later) than that of the observation. As the results, the simulated number of the total frost days was 10.8 days greater than that of the observation. In the mid- 21st century(2021-2050), the first(last) frost date was projected to be delayed (bring forwarded) by about 7.9(3.1) days in RCP4.5 and about 9.6(2.3) days in RCP8.5, respectively. And the first(last) frost date in the late 21st century(2071-2100) is projected to be delayed (bring forwarded) by about 14.5(15.0) days in RCP4.5 and about 22.2(23.5) days in RCP8.5, comparing to the current climate. These changes could induce a significant decrease of the number of total frost days by about 26.5(47.7) days in the late 21st century under RCP4.5(RCP8.5). And the interannual variability of frost events under RCP4.5(RCP8.5) was projected to be relatively higher(smaller) in the mid-21st century than in the late 21st. The results indicated that the extreme frost events is expected to increase in the mid-21st century under RCP4.5, while in the late 21st century under RCP8.5, comparing to the current climate.

Scientific analysis and inter-Korean cooperation are needed to reduce North Korea’s environmental pollution and deforestation. Many efforts to reduce North Korea’s environmental issue have a fundamental weakness because they are generally influenced by internal and political conditions. To overcome such a weakness, two approaches may be effective; the first is to use new technology such as Google Earth and the second is to build collaborative governance that is invulnerable to political conditions. This study focuses on building collaborative governance models based on Google Earth data investigation, a previous research’s release of Google Earth database, and literature review of North Korea’s environmental issues. This research’s results are as follows. First, North Korea’s industrial regions suffer from environmental pollution and many other regions experience severe deforestation according to Google Earth-based spatial images. Second, we can discern environmental pollution such as air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and deforestation using Google Earth-based spatial image. In reality, we are able to identify deforestation and partially soil pollution with Google Earth-based spatial image. Third, there are different environmental problems among North Korea’s local regions. South Korea has to prepare and plan various collaborative governance models depending on North Korea’s local needs on environmental problems.

영국에서는 지역구분이 필요없고 상대적으로 긴 재현기간에 대해서도 안정적인 확률강우량 추정이 가능한 FORGEX (Focused Rainfall Growth Extension) 기법을 개발하여 강우자료의 지역빈도해석을 수행하고 있으며, 지역빈도해석에 적합한 모집단 성장곡선으로부터 네트워크 최대값(network maximum, netmax) 자료의 분포위치를 고려하기 위하여 영국 강우자료를 이용한 공간상관식(ln Ne)을 유도하였다. 이런 이유 로 영국에서 개발된 공간상관식을 우리나라에 적용할 경우 부정확한 확률강우량을 산정하는 문제점이 발생한다. 이를 보완하기 위하여 본 연구에 서는 우리나라 기상청 산하 유인관측소 지점 중 30년 이상의 긴 강우자료를 보유한 64개 지점의 강우자료를 이용하여 공간상관식을 유도하였다. 지점 간의 합리적인 비교를 위해 1973년부터 2014까지를 기준기간(reference period)으로 정하였고, 강우지속시간, 지점 수, 네트워크 면적 등 3가지 변수를 고려하여 공간상관식을 유도하였다. 유도된 공간상관식을 FORGEX 기법에 적용하여 지역빈도해석을 수행하였고, 기존의 영국식을 이용하여 산정한 확률강우량 값과 비교·분석하였다. 그 결과 우리나라 강우자료를 이용하여 새롭게 유도한 공간상관식은 기존의 영국식 보다 정확 한 것으로 나타났고, 이를 FORGEX 기법에 적용한 결과 영국 공간상관식은 새롭게 개발한 공간상관식보다 확률강우량을 과소 추정하는 것으로 나 타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 기존 FORGEX 기법에서 내포하고 있는 부정확성을 보완할 수 있고, 긴 재현기간에 대한 확률강우량을 보다 정확하게 추 정할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study was aimed to analyse spatial patterns of the monthly amounts of damage by heavy snowfall in Korea using damage data of disaster yearbook at all cities and guns(country level) in Korea during 1980-2014. Most damages by heavy snowfall happened in January, followed by March, December, February, and November. The spatial distribution of snowfall disaster areas by themselves represented a strong spatial positive autocorrelation. The local spatial autocorrelation is drawn by the LISA cluster map. The distribution of snow disaster area is not independent of a spatial context within geographic limits, forming a spatial cluster. We examined the synoptic scale situation in monthly extreme events of damage by heavy snowfall based on composite analysis. The result shows the snowfall disaster is characterized by low pressure in January. The snowfall disaster in February is characterized by easterly wind. The snowfall disaster in March is mainly due to low pressure. Westerly wind with west-high and east-low pressure system pattern is predominant in December.

Aging phenomenon is an important issue in Korea national policy. This aging phenomenon depends on the social and environmental characteristics of regions. Also aging phenomenon and regional characteristics have spatial dependency. The purpose of this study is to discover the spatial changes in aging population rate and to find local factors of regional aging phenomenon considering spatial autocorrelation. For spatial analysis of ageing phenomenon, local Moran’s I and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) were applied. As the results, the most significant changes of aging phenomenon appeared between 2000 and 2005, and most of hot-spot regions (aged regions) were distributed in Jullanam-do and Jullabuk-do. The results of GWR (R-square: 0.681) shows that total fertility rate, the number of doctor per 1,000 people and forest area rate have positive relation with aging population rate, but the number of private academy per 1,000 people has negative relation.

본 논문에서는 스트라우스의 성부진행공간을 음고류가 아닌 “음정적” 측면에서 재해석하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저 필자들은 두 집합류들 간의 성부진행을 음정류적 측면에서 산출할 수 있도록 음 정의 “확장-수축 측정치”를 새롭게 정의하였으며, 이를 토대로 3음군공간과 4음군공간을 재구성하였다. 이처럼 재구성된 성부진행공간은 두 집합 간의 성부진행을 음정적 확장과 수축의 개념으로 해석할 수 있으며, 또한 집합류 간의 성부진행을 -6󰀃ECM󰀃+6 안에서 수치화 시킬 수 있다는 점에 서 그 유용성이 있다고 하겠다. 마지막으로 본 논문에서는 이론적 효용성을 증명하기 위하여, 베베른의 《현악4중주를 위한 여섯 개의 바가텔 Op. 9》 중 제6곡을 분석하였다.

다양한 이유로 콘텐츠 생성에 대한 연구는 최근 게임 인공 지능분야에서 활발히 연구되고 있 다. 디자이너의 개입과 관계없이 자동적으로 콘텐츠를 생성하려는 시도가 계속 되고 있으며, 여 러 게임 장르에서 다양한 형태의 게임 콘텐츠를 생성하는데 사용되어 왔다. 본 논문은 다양한 콘텐츠 생성 연구 중, 고립 동굴이 없는 맵을 자동으로 생성하기 위해 이진 공간 분할을 활용 하여 보강된 셀 오토마타 방법을 제안한다. 이진 공간 분할을 이용하면 원하는 공간의 수를 지 정할 수 있으며, 셀 오토마타를 이용하여 자동 생성된 맵의 통로를 탐색하는데 걸리는 시간도 줄일 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이진 공간 분할로 보강된 셀 오토마타를 이용하여 자동 생성된 맵을 게임에 적용하여 그 유용성을 보인다.

Jeju Island relies on subterranean water for over 98% of its water resources, and it is therefore necessary to continue to perform studies on drought due to climate changes. In this study, the representative standardized precipitation index (SPI) is classified by various criteria, and the spatial characteristics and applicability of drought in Jeju Island are evaluated from the results. As the result of calculating SPI of 4 weather stations (SPI 3, 6, 9, 12), SPI 12 was found to be relatively simple compared to SPI 6. Also, it was verified that the fluctuation of SPI was greater fot short-term data, and that long-term data was relatively more useful for judging extreme drought. Cluster analysis was performed using the K-means technique, with two variables extracted as the result of factor analysis, and the clustering was terminated with seven-time repeated calculations, and eventually two clusters were formed.

This study was conducted to know the visual preference and emotional change for the cut-flower decoration at public indoor space by using vertical, horizontal, and round type which are generally used. The investigation was done with 173 participants of National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in 3 indoor areas designed with cut-flower decoration and 1 area of public place without it, respectively. Psychological evaluation was analyzed with the visual preference of cut flower shape and Semantic Differential method. In addition, the general awareness, loyalty and importance for cut-flower decoration were investigated. Statistical analysis was carried out with paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, cross correlation analysis, and analysis of frequency. As the result of evaluating the emotion of subjects with Semantic Differential, the feeling of comfort, nature and calm were significantly high in the public indoor space with cut-flower decoration. When we surveyed the feeling for the 3 type of cut-flower decoration with 14 pairs of emotional vocabulary, the participants felt ‘tranquil’ and ‘comfortable’ in the public indoor space with horizontal and round shaped decoration while they felt ‘strong’ and ‘anxious’ in the space with vertical shaped decoration. The preference of decoration forms was significantly high with round > horizontal > vertical type in order and vertical shape was highly preferred in twenties and sixties groups compared to other types significantly. In conclusion, we could recommend that round type decoration can be used in indoor place where comfort and calm are required and vertical form will be appropriate for challenging and vibrant twenties and depressed sixties with ageing. This customized cut-flower decoration will improve the environment quality of employment.

Shell structure that is best used for the long span structure is a structure which can effectively resist against the external load. But these structure has instability like snap-through and bifurcation buckling, and it has a characteristic sensitive to the initial conditions. Therefore, to determine the analysis model of DDOF Space Truss and when the beating load was applied in model, we confirmed the changing results for height and load.

It is difficult to predict scabbing limit thickness of fiber reinforced concrete, because existing formulas are not consider fiber reinforcing effect. So, In this study, obtaining the fiber reinforced factor and factors are applied to Modified NDRC formula. As results, it was possible to make accurate prediction for scabbing limit thickness of fiber reinforced concrete.

Koreans have sedentary lifestyles and use under-floor heating called Ondol as home heating systems. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) caused by VOCs released from flooring material has been of significant interest in residential apartments. In this study, we measured exposure to VOCs by having test subjects breathe under conditions of high surface temperature. The results showed that the emission level of VOCs was high at 40oC in the early stage of the experiment. However, 20 days after the experiment began, the emission level was reduced by 0.9-4 times in each product at 40oC. The exposure to VOCs released from floor coverings was measured by taking into account the average respiratory rate, weight, and activity hour of test subjects and presuming that people are exposed to VOCs all the time while staying indoors. The level of emission from FJR of low-cost PVC floor coverings was the highest among the tested coverings, but the exposure to VOCs emission from the covering was relatively low at 0.025 mg/kg/day at 40oC. The amount of toluene detected from this experiment was the highest among VOCs emitted from floor coverings. The hazard quotient (HQ) of toluene detected in this test was over 20 times smaller than the risk characterization level of 0.1. It was, therefore, estimated that the emission of toluene from the floor surface would not be critically harmful to residents.

The concepts of residence time and flushing time can be used to explain the exchange and transport of water or materials in a coastal sea. The application of these transport time scales are widespread in biological, hydrological, and geochemical studies. The water quality of the system crucially depends on the residence time and flushing time of a particle in the system. In this study, the residence and flushing time in Gamak Bay were calculated using the numerical model, EFDC, which includes a particle tracking module. The average residence time was 55 days in the inner bay, and the flushing time for Gamak Bay was about 44.8 days, according to the simulation. This means that it takes about 2 months for land and aquaculture generated particles to be transported out of Gamak Bay, which can lead to substances accumulating in the bay. These results show the relationships between the transport time scale and physical the properties of the embayment. The findings of this study will improves understanding of the water and material transport processes in Gamak Bay and will be important when assessing the potential impact of coastal development on water quality conditions.

This study examined the effectiveness of and satisfaction of visitors with the Environmental Improvement Project on national parks’ trail entry areas. A survey was conducted to improve the proposal framework based on the data. Data for the study were obtained from 6400 respondents who used 28 national park offices at 32 national park trail entry areas. The field research was collected in 3200 surveys, divided between pre- and post-implementation of the Environmental Improvement Project. The study variables consisted of socio-demographics, visitors’ perceptions on the environmental improvement of trail entries, effects of the environmental improvement, and visitor satisfaction. Several important results were found. First, the environment of trail entries has a significant impact on the formation of images and user satisfaction of national parks. Second, the influence of the trail entry improvement showed that 71.8% of visitors rated the trail entry as environmentally friendly after the Environmental Improvement Project, compared to 48.5% of visitors rated the trail entry as environmentally friendly before the Environmental Improvement Project. The findings indicated that a top priority of environmental improvement of the trail entries needs to be the installation of convenience facilities such as rest areas, restrooms, and direction boards (pre: 34.5%, post: 32.6%). Third, functionality and the other nine variables were shown to enhance the effect of the environmental improvement of the trail entries at the 1% statistical significance level. Finally, results indicated that the overall satisfaction of the visitors with the park was significantly higher after the environmental improvement (t-value=25.741, p=.000), showing the satisfaction score was higher after the environmental improvement (pre: 3.51, post: 4.12), with a statistically significant difference at the 1 % level. This study helps to understand trail entries, which have influenced the image of the national park and satisfaction. These findings can be utilized to manage and design a national park as a public space.

The purpose of this study is to understand the master plan of “The project on a comprehensive village development with a unit of a based township” through the master plan analysis and to help understand the implications of this project in order to maintain rural villages that can make local residents satisfied with them and promote the project of comprehensive rural village development as a successful way based on a comparative analysis through the in-site survey. The processes of this study are as follows. First, the analysis of development planning created a drawing based on linking business strategy by each region. The current situation and characteristics of planned public spaces were analyzed through the analysis of location and distribution of public spaces and facilities. Second, the situation analysis was performed by the task of shooting based on the basic plan information, and the master plan and status were confirmed through interviews. Also, the analysis of location and distribution of public spaces and facilities was conducted by a created drawings based on a survey. Finally, the detailed information of public spaces and facilities was compared with the investigation by in-site survey and analyzed through the Master Plan Strategy and a detailed classification of the types of facilities among each regional issues. In addition, by overlapping the planned drawings with the results, the results of formations were confirmed and the planned positional changes and the distribution of facilities were analyzed. As the results of “The project of comprehensive village development with a unit of based township”, it was determined that there were many issues on cultural and welfare facilities in this project to meet the business objectives. Also, the facilities the residents needed, identified by interviews, were rural tourism facilities. According to the results, the residents cherished rural tourism facilities as much as basic living facilities. However, as the results of comparative analysis of public spaces and facilities, it was confirmed that mostly the plan was unfulfilled. Therefore, it is concluded that living, cultural and welfare facilities in the township can be maintained and expanded comprehensively as a purpose of “The project of comprehensive village development with a unit of based township” after not only planning process but also the project is fulfilled actually in rural areas.

본 연구는 『멋대로 맘대로 윌로』 에 그려진 교사와 학생이 각각 교실이라는 공간에 대해 어떻게 인식하 고 있는지 살펴보고 그에 따른 교수·학습이 어떻게 일어나는지 살펴보고자 하는 것이다. 먼저, 변화되기 전의 호손 선생님은 교실을 통제 및 관리 감독하기 위한 교실로 인식하고 있다. 어두운 조 명과 일자형 책상배치 그리고 바른 자세는 호손 선생님이 교실을 어떻게 인식하고 있는지 보여준다. 그리 고 이것은 획일적이고 지시적인 교수와 반드시 교사의 교수를 따라야만 하는 수동적 학습으로 나타난다. 그러나 변화 후의 호손 선생님은 교실 벽을 아이들과 함께 꾸미는 활동을 통해 교실은 선생님과 학생이 함께 만드는 교실로 인식이 바뀌었다. 그래서 교수·학습도 학생중심 교수·능동적 학습으로 바뀌게 된다. 한편, 윌로에게 교실은 교실의 창문을 통해 늘 새로운 세계를 탐색할 수 있는 체험의 공간으로 인식된다. 그래서 자신이 체험한 것을 바탕으로 상상력과 창의력을 발휘하는 능동적 학습을 한다. 그리고 때로는 호 손 선생님께 새로운 세계를 안내함으로서 윌로가 호손선생님을 변화시키기도 한다. 이처럼 교실이란 공간은 단순히 물리적인 공간이 아니라 교사와 학생이 어떻게 인식하느냐에 따라 교수·학 습에 있어 큰 영향을 끼칠 수 있음을 보여준다. 따라서 우리는 교실 공간에 대해 좀 더 의미있게 인식하여 살아있는 교수,학습의 공간이 되도록 노력할 필요가 있다.

In this study, green design introducing nature into the commercial place is viewed how it gives not only psychological and emotional values to the customers but also economic value to commercial business self. Because economic value is to be difficult, complex and inaccurate in figure, this study was investigated for economic values of introduction of naturality by conversions of brand values. Also this study investigated how customers give economic benefits to the brand attitude and brand royalty when they were conscious of the introduction of the naturality in family restaurant and how customers expressed brand loyalty by revisits and recommended to others. For the analogical interpretation, it were clarified with three hypotheses. The first hypothesis was visual factors will have positive effects to brand attitude and brand loyalty and the second hypothesis was that, among customer evaluation factors, introductions of naturality will affect more to the brand attitude and brand loyalty than visual factors. The third hypothesis was family restaurants of natural stlye would have introduced green design factors which were represented by plants and naturality. The results of this study were as follows: The first hypothesis was verified that visual factor was influenced for positive effect on higher brand attitude and brand loyalty of customers. The second hypothesis was investigated that recognition of natural elements were influenced for positive effect on higher brand attitude and brand loyalty of customers. Thirdly, the restaurants of natural stlye were explained by natural elements factors and has more positive relations to the brand attitude and brand loyalty than other type for introducing plants. Finally, this study was propsed that introducing natural plants in commercial family restaurant was to estimate brand asset values and to have motive to practice green design with natural elements, speciality natural plants.

This study investigates and analyzed the psychological effect of existence or non-existence of cut-flowers decoration in the conference place by the presenting eight colors of decorations (white, pink, blue, orange, red, green, purple, and yellow) to the participants, 103 numbers of genders. The measurement of psychological condition was carried out and compared with an attention recovery scale, profile of mood states (POMS) and semantic differential (SD method). In addition, paired t-test, One way ANAVA and Pearson’s correlation analysis were used for the statistical analysis. As the result of investigation for the general awareness of cut-flower decoration, the most priority is its color tone and 57.3% of participants which is the highest portion answered that the amount of annual investment for cut-flower decoration is 20,000～99,000 Won. According to the result of comparison for three psychological indexes, the attention recovery scale was significantly higher in the area with cut-flower decoration than the area without it. In POMS, it showed the negative emotions, such as, tension-anxiety, depression, confusion was low while the positive emotion like vigor was significantly higher in the area with cut-flower decoration than the area without it. In addition, the participants could feel the pleasant, natural and clam significantly more in the conference place with cut-flower decoration than the area without it. The order of color preference of cut-flower was Green > White > Pink > Blue > Yellow > Purple > Orange > Red with significant difference. Also, as the result of investigation for the color sensibility of its tone of the cut-flower decoration in conference place with SD method, the participants could feel ‘comfortable’ and ‘calm’ the most with green, white and blue decoration while ‘strong’, ‘vibrant’, ‘uneasy’ of feeling was shown the most in red and orange decoration and ‘warm’, ‘fancy’ in yellow. Based on the result of this study, the workers can have positive psychological effects by having cut-flower decoration or using appropriate colors with cut-flower decoration in the uncomfortable area, such as, conference place.

A novel disaggregation model that combines a machine learning model and kriging of residuals is presented to map precipitation at a fine scale from coarse scale precipitation data. Random forest (RF) and fine scale auxiliary variables are used to estimate trend components at a fine scale. Residual components are then estimated by area-to-point residual kriging. A case study of spatial disaggregation of TRMM monthly precipitation data acquired over the Korean peninsula is carried out to illustrate the potential of the presented disaggregation method. From the evaluation results, the presented method outperformed the RF-based disaggregation method that only considers trend components and ignores residual components, in terms of accuracy statistics and the ability of coherent predictions. This case study indicates that accounting for residual components by applying a proper spatial prediction method such as area-to-point kriging is very important in spatial disaggregation of coarse scale spatial data, even though advanced regression models such as RF could have high goodness of fit for the quantification of relationships between a target attribute and auxiliary variables.

This study is conducted with the questionnaire survey of 174 participants to investigate the psychological effect of workers with the indoor-garden in lounge of public building. The measurement of mental state was investigated and compared with loyalty, attention restoration, profile of mood states (POMS) and semantic differential method (SD Method) while statistical analysis was compared and analyzed with paired t-test, frequency analysis, cross correlation analysis, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. As the result of analysis of three psychological index, the rate of attention of restoration to the worker was significantly higher in the area where the indoor-garden is installed than the area with no indoor-garden (p≦0.001). Emotional examination showed less negative emotions, such as, the tension, depression, anger, exhaustion or confusion while more positive feeling was vitalized in the area where there is indoor-garden in the lounge than the place with no garden. In addition, as the result of comparison for the index of emotion by gender, negative emotions of men decrease but positive feeling increase more than the group of women in the area where there is indoor-garden in the lounge than the place with no garden. As the result of evaluating the emotion of pleasant, natural and relax with SD method, worker might feel them more in indoor-garden of lounge. Detailed items of plant does not seem to affect to the loyalty in the interest of indoor-garden to the workers, however, behavioral element, such as, feasible investment-cost, provides extremely positive effect (p≦.05). Based on this study, the cognizance of healing effect, attention restoration, profile of mood state (POMS) and emotional quotient by the existence of indoor-garden can be concluded that it will provide the positive effects to diffuse indoor-garden and promotion of emotional health for the staff. In addition, indoor-garden can be practically used to reduce the stress and provide the stability of the indoor-staff.