Abstract. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is considered as a benign tumor with local aggressive course, consisting of myofibroblastic spindle cells with an inflammatory cells infiltration. IMTs are more usually found in the lung and very rarely in the mandible. We report an IMT of the mandible in a 54-year-old man. The patient complained of pain on the right side of mandible. Radiographically, the lesion was occupied in the right mandible with bone destruction. Although the initial diagnosis was an osteomyelitis, the histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry revealed it to be an IMT. Histologically, the lesion was composed of inflammatory cells infiltration within a variably fibroblastic or myofibroblastic spindle cell background. Immunohistochemically, spindle cells stained with smooth muscle actin (SMA) and CD68 (KP1), but uniformly negative with desmin and cytokeratin.

Small cell osteosarcoma of bone, which was first described in 1979, is an unusual variant of osteosarcoma. Osteoid production by tumor cells is frequently focal or minimal, making the differential diagnosis with other small round cell tumors of bone difficult. Here, we present a rare case of small cell osteosarcoma of the mandible appearing as bony bulging mass in 31-year-old male who has neither tenderness nor paresthesia. Histologically, the tumor contains hypercellular cartilage and abnormal osteoid associated with small round to ovoid malignant cells. Awareness of small cell osteosarcoma should be emphasized because it has worse prognosis than both other small round cell tumor and conventional osteosarcoma.

Neurotized melanocytic nevus (NMN) is categorized into intradermal/intramucosal type of acquired melanocytic nevus. In contrast to typical intramucosal nevus which has relatively distinct histological features, the diagnosis of NMN requires more attention due to its mimicry of benign neural tumors such as neurofibroma. The majority of lesional cells, NMN cells, showed a spindle cell morphology and abundant, eosinophilic cytoplasm which were positive for S-100, vimentin, and collagen type IV. Positive reaction for MART-1 was detected in the NMN cells as well as in the epithelioid nevus cells beneath the epithelium. Neurofibroma exhibited diffuse positivity for S-100, vimentin, CD34 and collagen type IV, but never expressed MART-1. Toluidine blue stained the numerous mast cells scattered in the lesion of neurofibroma, compared to the relatively minor detection of mast cells in NMN. Therefore, MART-1 is a useful marker in differentiating NMN from neurofibroma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common carcinomas in the head and neck area. Bitter melon extraction (Momordicacharantia, BME) has been used as a functional food to prevent and treat human health related issues. It has recently been reported that BME inhibits breast cancer cell growth by arresting cell cycle and promoting apoptosis. In this study, we aimed at proving the inhibitory action of BME on OSCC proliferation. We used two OSCC cell lines, SCC4 and Ca9-22. Both cell lines were treated with different concentrations (1%, 2%, and 5%) of BME. Cell viability was examined by MTT assay. DNA condensation was visualized by immunofluorescence microscope to determine the signs of the cell apoptosis. Cell numbers were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner by bitter melon at concentration of 1% of BME on Ca9-22 cell line (P=0.001) but no significant effect on SCC4 (P=0.124) at the same concentration. 2% BME treatment of the Ca9-22 cell line induces chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation after 20 hours. It seems that BME inhibits the proliferation of Ca9-22 cell line by inducing apoptosis. Thus, BME may be used as a dietary supplement for prevention of OSCC.

Odontoblasts and/or dental pulp cells are responsible for tooth repair as well as dentin formation. Adhesion and migration are critical processes for tissue regeneration. This study was performed to clarify whether Pam3 modulates adhesion and migration of a murine odontoblast-like cell line, MDPC-23 cell and TLR2 signaling is engaged in this process. TLR2 expression in MDPC-23 cells was examined by RT-PCR. Adhesion assay was performed using type Ⅰ collagen-coated plates. Migration ability was determined by a commercial assay kit. Phosphorylation of IκB-α, JNK, p38, and ERK was examined by Western blot analysis. TLR2 was functionally expressed in MDPC-23 cells. Pam3CSK treatment enhanced adhesion and migration of MDPC-23 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Blockade of TLR2 using its antibody restored Pam3CSK-induced adhesion and migration of MDPC-23 cells. These findings indicate that Pam3CSK, an immune activator from gram negative bacteria, can promote adhesion and migration ability of MDPC-23 cells via TLR2.

본 연구는 복숭아 연화의 기작을 밝히기 위하여 ‘장호원황도’를 공시하여 과실품질 및 세포벽 관련물질의 변화를 조사하였다. 과실을 성숙기에 수확하여 과실 경도별 4그룹으로 구분한 후 25℃에서 10일간 보관하면서 품질특성을 조사하였다. 연화가 진행될수록 과육경도의 유의한 감소와 가용성고형물의 증가가 나타났다. 당의 구성은 서당의 비율이 가장 높았는데 연화초기에 84.0%, 연화말기에서 75.8%로 나타났고 연화과정이 진행되면서 환원당의 비율이 점진적으로 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다. 알콜불용성 물질 함량은 연화만기부터 감소하기 시작하였는데 수용성펙틴의 가용성도 함께 증가하기 시작하였다. 과육이 완전히 용질된 연화말기에는 수용성 및 CDTA 가용성펙틴과 4% KOH 가용성 헤미셀룰로스의 가용성이 크게 증가하였다. CDTA 가용성펙틴의 분해는 연화만기에 시작되어 연화말기에 극심하였고 4% KOH 가용성 헤미셀룰로스의 분해는 연화말기에만 나타났다. 종합적으로 볼 때 복숭아 ‘장호원황 도’의 연화과정은 펙틴과 4% KOH 가용성 헤미셀룰로스의 가용성 증대를 수반하며 셀룰로스에 약하게 결합되어 있는 matrix glycan의 부분적 분해와 관련이 있다고 보여진다.

Gingival fibroblasts (GF) are the most abundant cell type in periodontal connective tissues, andhave distinct functional activities in the repair of periodontal tissues and in inflammatory periodontal diseases. Human gingival fibroblasts (hGF) can be used for periodontal tissue engineering. This study examined whether the alkaline phosphatase of hGF is enhanced by recombinant human BMP-4 and/or Anti human BMP-4 antibody. hGF was obtained from the excised gingival tissue of an implant patient undergoing 2nd surgery. The tissue was incubated at 37℃ in 5% CO2 and 95% humidity, and the cultivating media was changed every 2 days. The 2nd passage hGF cells were cultured in a medium containing Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1 X antibiotic antimycotic solution. The control hGF was cultured for 7 days without rhBMP-4/Anti human BMP-4 antibody. The experimental groups were cultured for 7 with BMP-4 (10 ng/ml) and/or Anti human BMP-4 antibody. This study evaluated the differentiation of hGF to osteoblasts using alkaline phosphatase assay. In the experimental groups, the hGF showed abundant positive ALP staining. Among the experimental groups, the experimental group 3 (mixture of rhBMP-4 (20ng/㎖) and Anti human BMP-4 antibody (50000ng/㎖) showed most abundant positive ALP staining. In the control group, the hGF showed weak positive ALP staining. Overall, these results suggest that the ALP expression of hGF can enhanced by rhBMP-4 or mixture of rhBMP-4/ anti human BMP-4 antibody.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of fucoidan on the activation of macrophage and on induction of apoptosis in AGS cell. To measure the activity of macrophages, NO and TNF-α assays were performed in Raw 264.7 cell. Treatment with fucoidan significantly increased production of NO and TNF-α, indicating activation of macrophages. The result of MTT assay shows that cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose and time-dependent manner. Fucoidan increased to enhance mitochondrial membrane permeability, as well as the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Fucoidan decreased Bcl-2 and XIAP expression, whereas the expression of Bax was increased in a time-dependent manner compared to the control. In addition, the active forms of caspase-9 were increased, and the inactivation of Akt was decreased in a time-dependent manner. Caspase inhibitor, z-VADFMK, canceled the apoptosis of fucoidan, expression of Bax and caspase-9 were decrease. These results indicate that fucoidan induces activation of macrophage and apoptosis through activation of caspase on AGS cell.

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma has been defined as a lesion similar to ameloblastic fibroma by WHO, as it shows inductive changes which forms enamel and dentin. Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is a very rare mixed dentition tumor in children, and the symptom shows indolent edema in maxillary and mandibular molar area. The prevalence is two times higher in male than in female, and two times higher in maxilla than in mandible. Radiologically, it shows clear border and characteristics of both fibroma and odontoma histologically. This review reports a case that a 4-year old female visited in dental clinic of this school for edema as chief complaint in Feb, 2012. Emergency surgical curettage was performed right after initial diagnosis as odontoma, then confirmed diagnosis as Ameloblastic fibro- odontoma after biopsy. Currently, after 6 month, no sign of recurrence can be seen. Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is very rare mixed dentition tumor. Moreover, as it is the case of female maxilla, this case is worth of publishing. Furthermore, accurate diagnosis of Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is difficult. This review is published for accurate diagnosis through differential diagnosis of several important mixed dentition tumors.

Rushton bodies are known to be the aberrant keratinization and calcification in the epithelium of odontogenic cyst, which are similar to the features of calcifying odontogenic cyst and pilomatricoma. However, the pathogenetic mechanism of keratinization and calcification of Rushton bodies has not been clearly elucidated. Here, a case of Rushton bodies found in dentigerous cyst was examined by immunohistochemical method using antisera of PCNA, pAKT, HIF, PIM1, and PARP. The globular keratinization in lamellate fashion showed weak birefringency under polarizing microscope, and the Rushton bodies frequently underwent the dystrophic calcification. The polygonal keratinocytes of Rushton bodies were strongly positive for HIF and PARP, and the cyst epithelium was diffusely positive for pAKT and PIM1. Particularly, the cyst epithelium was hyperplastic and focally invaginated into cyst wall with positive reaction of PCNA. These findings may indicate the active response of odontogenic epithelium against the apoptotic stress of the cyst, producing the globular keratinization and irregular calcification in the polygonal keratinocytes. Therefore, it is presumed that the lamellate keratinization and dystrophic calcification of Rushton bodies are aberrant products of retrograding keratinocytes slowly undergoing apoptotic progresses similar to the phenomena of the ghost cells in calcifying odontogenic cyst and pilomatricoma, and also may have a potential for oncogenic proliferation.

Internalization and expression of extracellular molecules into cells and tissues is known very important process to biological processes and therapy of various diseases. In this study, we analyzed expression pattern of extracellular molecule after transduction into various human cells. To investigate cellular expression of internalized molecule, we used adenovirus containing green fluorescence protein. After infection of adenovirus into various human cells, the efficiency of intracellular gene expression was assessed with determining GFP expressing cells by fluorescence microscopy or FACS. After one day of adenovirus infection into HepG2 and A549, we observed that GFP expression was low at 10moi but expression levels were increased at 100moi in both cells. But, adenovirus infection into HCT116 showed low expression of GFP at concentrations from 1moi to 100moi. After 2 day infection with adenovirus, GFP expression level at 10moi and 100moi was highly increased in HepG2 and A549 compared with 1 day infection. Especially, GFP expression was significantly increased in HCT116 after 2 days infection. However, GFP expressing SKOV3 cells by adenovirus infection were not found in all the experimental conditions tested. For quantitative analysis of GFP expression of cells by adenovirus infection, we carried out FACS analysis. As a result, GFP was expressed at very low levels at 1moi in all cells used in this experiment. GFP expression slightly increased after increasing moi to 10 in HepG2, HCT116, and A549 cells. By 100moi infection of adenovirus, GFP expression was elevated to 10 fold higher than 10moi in HepG2 and A549 and about 4 fold elevation was observed in HCT116. A549 showed 20 fold higher expression of GFP than SKOV3. We also found that GFP expression by adenovirus infection was the highest in HepG2 cells. Protein expression was enhanced by increasing concentrations or time of adenovirus infection. In these results, GFP expression efficiency of adenoviral gene transduction reveals the highest in HepG2 and lowest in SKOV3 among the cells tested. Taken together, we could confirm that intracellular protein expression efficiency by transduction of extracellular gene was different in various human cells. Our study suggests that the cell types and cellular properties should be carefully examined to enhance expression efficiency of extracelluar molecules in biological research and disease therapy

Cellular microenvironment is an essential issue for regulating epithelial characteristics through the alteration of intricate signaling pathways and intercellular communications in different cell types. Thus, microenvironment influences tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between microenvironment and epithelial property in HPV16 E6/E7-immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOKs). To investigate characteristics of IHOK cultured in different media, two media were used, which included keratinocyte growth media (KGM), F-medium composed of 3:1 ratio of DMEM and F-12 (P media) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Proliferative property and invasive and migratory activity were observed. As results, proliferating activities of IHOK in different culture condition were changed. Likewise, migratory and invasive activities were also different depending on media types. These results suggest that cellular microenvironment can affect modification of biological properties of epithelial cells.

Considering the dearth of information regarding the medicinal properties of Luffa cylindrica, we assessed the antioxidative, antimutagenic and hyperplasia inhibitory activity of cancer cells from Luffa cylindrica extracts by employing biological and biochemical assays. Ethanol extracts of Luffa cylindrica inhibited MDA-BSA (malondialdehyde-bovine serum albumin) conjugation reaction (66.38±2.65), DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical production (60.13±0.42) and lipid peroxidation (56.04±3.24). In this study, Luffa cylindrica is believed to exert possible antioxidative effects. The direct and indirect antimutagenic effects of the ethanol extracts of Luffa cylindrica were examined by the Ames test using Salmonella typimurium TA98 and TA100. The inhibitory effects on indirect and direct mutagenicity shows an weak tendency, particularly in direct mutagenicity mediated by 2-nitrofluorene in Salmonella typimurium TA98 (5.82±5.74) and in indirect mutagenicity mediated by 2-anthramine in Salmonella typimurium TA100 (5.76±2.15). The ethanol extracts of Luffa cylindrica on cancer cell hyperplasia inhibitory activity via MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay exerted cytotoxic effects on Hela cells (55.83±3.83) and MCF-7 cells (33.03±2.09), which were used in this study. Based on these results, it believed that the ethanol extracts of Luffa cylindrica have antioxidative capacities as well as hyperplasia inhibitory activity of cancer cells. Furthemore, Luffa cylindrica is a candidate for the prevention and dietetic treatment of chronic diseases and for the development of functional food.

Though hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) causes a deleterious effect to cells with its reactive oxygen species resulting in cell death, S-allyl cysteine (SAC, a bioactive organosulfur compound of aged garlic extract) has been known to have a cytoprotective effect. Few reported profiles of gene expression of H₂O₂ and SAC treated human cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). This study revealed changes in the profile of twenty-one genes grouped by oxidative stress, antioxidant, cell death, anti-apoptosis and anti-aging by quantitative real time PCR. A concentration of 100μM of SAC or 50μM of H₂O₂ was applied to MSC which show moderate growth and apoptosis pattern. H₂O₂ treatment enhanced expression of eleven genes out of twenty-one genes compared with that of control group, on the contrary SAC suppressed expression of eighteen genes out of twenty-one genes except C ros oncogene. SAC decreased expression of oxidative stress genes such as SOD1, CAT and GPX. These results seemed consistent with reports which elucidated over expression of NF-kB by H2O2, and suppression of it by SAC. This study will confer basic information for further experiments regarding the effects of SAC on gene levels.

Resveratrol (RVT) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) individually inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The objective was to examine the possibility of interaction between RVT and EGCG, resulting in enhanced inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Preadipocytes were treated with RVT and EGCG individually at 6.25 or 25μM (RVT6.25 or RVT25) and 12.5 or 50μM (EGCG12.5 or EGCG50) and in combination (RVT6.25 + EGCG12.5 and RVT25 + EGCG50). RVT25 as an individual compound decreased lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by 24%, and RVT25 + EGCG50 further decreased lipid accumulation by 77%. In addition, exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to RVT6.25 + EGCG12.5 and RVT25 + EGCG50 combinations resulted in an enhanced increase of adiponectin release and inhibition of leptin release. Quantitative analysis revealed that the combination of tested materials (RVT6.25 + EGCG12.5 and RVT25 + EGCG50) decreased the expression levels of C/EBPα, PPARγ2, and aP2. These results indicate that the combined treatments with RVT and EGCG produce synergistic effects on inhibiting adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The overall results suggested that the combining RVT and EGCG might be more capable of exerting antiobesity effects than each individual compound by itself.

영지버섯 자실체를 열수추출과 주정추출을 하여 항산화 효능 및 간암 및 위암세포의 생장 저해도를 분석하였다. 항산화 효능을 실시한 결과, 대조군인 Trolox, BHA보다 높은 항산화 효능을 보인 것은 ASI 7004, 7014이며, 이 두 균주는 열수추출물과 주정 추출물에서 모두 높은 항산화 효능을 나타냈다. 나머지 균주는 대조군인 ABTs보다 대체적으로 높은 효능을 보였다. 또한 암세포 생장저해도를 알아보기 위해서 열수, 주정 추출물을 간암세포인 HepG2에 농도별로(100, 200, 400μg/ml) 처리하여, 세포 생장 저해도(MTT assay)를 측정한 결과, 열수 추출물에서는 ASI 7002, 7011, 7014, 7020이 농도 의존적으로 간암세포의 생장을 저해하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 주정 추출물에서는 ASI 7011, 7019가 농도 의존적으로 간암세포 생장을 저해하는 것으로 나타났다. 위암세포인 AGS에 농도별로(100, 200, 400μg/ml)처리하여, 세포 생장 저해도(MTT assay)를 측정한 결과, 열수 추출물에서는 ASI 7001, 7002, 7019, 7020이 농도 의존적으로 위암세포의 생장을 저해하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 주정 추출물에서는 ASI 7001, 7002가 농도 의존적으로 위암세포 생장을 저해하는 것으로 나타났다.

Osteoarthritis is one of the commonest causes associated with age-related damage of articular cartilage. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used in osteoarthritic patient. However, long term administration of these drugs results gastrointestinal disorders. Though, most studies have demonstrated in the past that bee venom has therapeutic effect on diseases related to inflammation and pains, but its anti-inflammatory properties have not been so far studied on inflamed chondrocytes (LPS induced) invitro. For the purpose, the study was carried out to determine the effect of bee venom on porcine articular chondrocyte cell using microarray. In this study, we found that 2,235 significantly associated gene (1,404 up-regulated genes and 831 down-regulated genes) that were expressed on inflamed and non inflamed chondrocytes during proliferation. Among the 1,404 up-regulated genes and 831 down-regulated genes, known genes were 372 and 237, respectively. On the other hand, bee venom significantly reduced expression of fetuin involved in acute inflammatory reaction. Our results suggest that this study could be useful database in gene expression profiling of chondrocyte cell treated with bee venom.

Abstract. The keratoameloblastoma is a benign lesion of the jaws, which is a rare histologic variant of the ameloblastoma. There is a variation in the histopathologic appearance of reported cases under the appellation of keratoameloblastoma. The keratoameloblastma has usually keratin formation by the ameloblastomatous epithelium and varies in size. English literature reports only 14 cases of keratoameloblastma. We described an additional case of the tumor developed in the right mandible of a 26-year-old woman. It was presented as an expansile and radiolucent lesion. Histologically, solid tumor islands were seen with some microcystic space within a fibrous stroma resembling an ameloblastoma. In addidion, a hyperchromatic columnar basal cell layer and parakeratin within the microcyst simulating an odontogenic keratocyst