Introduction In the last decade, the luxury industry has witnessed strategic changes in its concept, essence and operation modes resulting from different factors and, in particular, digitalisation and democratisation in luxury fruition. As a result of those changes, luxury consumption has started to be perceived not simply in a conspicuous purchase perspective of goods or services, but as a 360 degrees experience, where cities - in particular in the emerging fast growing economies - have started being filled with luxury and fashion brands, invading every city area from streets to airports, from clinics to hotels and with concept stores, luxury flagship stores, sponsorships for events and urban artefacts, adding value to the symbolic production of an urban lived space (Bellini and Pasquinelli, 2016). In this new dimension of luxury, the underlying hypothesis of this paper is that luxury product brands are enriched by and, hence, draw value from the synergy with city brands and diverse fashion and art city locations, activities and events. This statement is based on that luxury perspective seeing luxury more in its experiential dimension than in the one of a pure desire for an exclusive object purchase and ownership. Accordingly, to what extent is the relation between the luxury brand and the city brand functional to the boosting of luxury brand experiential content? From our point of view, this deserves more specific focus. Based on these premises and with respect to the current evolution of fashion luxury cities and the retailing scenario, this paper will specifically focus on the evolution and different forms of concept stores with particular attention to their interaction with the urban context. The case of concept stores is particularly relevant due to the crisis of this retailing model caused by the rise of luxury e-shops which are becoming dominant brand channels also for luxury segments. In the case of the concept stores we can, in fact, see if and to what extent the value of ―offline stores‖ is rooted in their physical presence in an urban environment that is rich in history and cultural heritage. Two case studies will be carried out, XXX in Shanghai and Luisa Via Roma in Florence, Italy, thus including two different urban contexts characterised by a different relation with fashion and luxury industries, historically and nowadays. Authentic luxury experiences in relevant city contexts (that is in city contexts with which fashion brands succeed in establishing a meaningful, credible and so valuable relation) may add value to luxury brands, in particular to those brands with no consolidated heritage and identity, as in the case of the new Chinese luxury brands. In general, for those luxury brands with a very limited identity and an almost absent heritage, in-store experience is likely to be of special relevance and of increasing importance (Atsmon et al, 2012). Without neglecting the rise of online brand channels and the vibrancy of virtual fashion spaces, the shopping location certainly still represents a crucial factor for the increasingly diverse and demanding luxury customers, for whom the shopping location is not just an instrument of purchase but also a value-adding experience on its own (Rintamaki et al, 2007). Fashion City: An Evolutionary Perspective Historically luxury and fashion have been linked to some specific cities in western countries such as Paris, London, Milan and New York, the so called capitals of luxury and fashion (Breward and Gilbert, 2006); those capitals are considered to be the places where luxury fashion production and consumption cross each other providing economic value for the sector and a unique experience for the consumers. More recently, the scenario has been changing. The ‗fashion city‘ has strated being one of the ‗brands‘ of economic development, seen as capable of strategically boosting attractiveness for the repositioning of a diverse set of cities across the world (Breward and Gilbert, 2006). Urban authorities, policy-makers, and various academic approaches have devoted attention to this phenomenon. The concept of the fashion city has started being part of urban plans and municipal promotional activities trying to reposition cities as attractive destinations for firms, human capital and especially for the ―creatives‖, investors, consumers, and tourists. An increasing number of developing and fast growing countries have achieved the status of ‗second-tier‘ cities of fashion (Larner et al., 2007) such as Antwerp, Shanghai, Beijing, Istanbul, Melbourne, Moscow, Vienna, as centres of reference of a highly diversified fashion context of culture, design, manufacturing and consumption. Although these cities have very different economic and cultural background and history, they indicate the evolution and the interaction between fashion and fashion players - including concept stores - and the urban context. Academia has started clarifying what a fashion city was, what constitutes a traditional fashion city and the interaction between luxury fashion and the fashion city. However, the interaction and evolution of luxury fashion cities and some of the urban players, such as concept stores, is far from being fully clarified and understood. The same can be said regarding the characteristics of the emerging luxury fashion cities. In particular, with respect to the differences characterising those new luxury fashion cities, there is still a very limited research. This article is aimed to make a contribution in this field by discussing the relation between fashion players (i.e. concept stores) and the urban landscape. This will also lead to define a set of characteristics of the contemporary luxury fashion city, based on their functional role in supporting luxury brands‘ value creation processes. In fact, it is certainly not possible to analyse the impact of the global luxury capitals on luxury brands without considering the evolution in city branding, i.e. the way in which cities are represented in order to create an image of the place. Fashion and Luxury in the Urban Branscape As said, ‗fashion city‘ has evidently been considered as potential device to reposition ‗second tier‘ – either large or small - urban contexts. If on the one hand fashion design has been integrated into urban policies in order to boost local economies (Martinez 2007), on the other hand fashion marketing seems to have integrated its luxury fashion strategies into the ―urban brandscape‖ (Bellini and Pasquinelli 2016). Fashion branding has, then, gone clearly in the direction of actively pursuing an appropriation of the city image whose value is drawn by corporate brands (Tokatli 2013). This last aspect, however, has received rather limited attention in literature. In the last decade, the fashion city has enhanced its economic and cultural importance specifically thanks to the economic value generated by the creative process and cultural value of cities (DMCS, 2001; Scott, 2002; Power and Scott, 2004; Breward and Gilbert, 2006; Rantisi, 2011; Bellini and Rovai, 2018). Initially, fashion cities and their fashion design component had only been considered with respect to the creative industry in relation to the mix of physical and symbolic processes involved in the current fashion industry. This combined a highly globalised manufacturing chain with a designer fashion sector mostly concentrated in fashion‘s world cities, together with other image-producing activities that contribute to the creation of place-based symbolic narratives (Williams and Currid-Halkett, 2011). However, the evolution towards new luxury fashion cities has shown a diversification of their meaning and positioning (Martìnez 2007). The delocalisation of fashion manufacturing in offshore urban centres together with the digitalisation and IT component in the process have modified the fashion industry (Segre Reinach, 2005), in parallel with the changes in the economy of media, marketing and the symbols associated to them. Accordingly, it is important to stress how the geographical origin, connection or association of fashion brands to places is simply constructed and negotiated (Pike 2010, 2011), until becoming a pure matter of perception in some case (Thakor and Kohli 1996). Moreover, it is important to notice – and this paper is engaged with this issue – how the fashion brand connection to a city can be built through the creation and exploitation of ―a status market‖ in which the brand is located (Hauge et al. 2009): think, for instance, of how fashion brands capitalize on the presence of prestigious urban assets such as cultural heritage and fine arts (Bellini and Pasquinelli, 2016). This is particularly relevant if thinking that fashion luxury‘s world cities also can count on valuable frameworks of cultural players such as museums, theatres, libraries, festivals, and academic institutions reinforcing their attractiveness (Volonté, 2012). Also relying on such mechanisms, a new wave of luxury and fashion capitals has emerged, i.e. the so called ‗not-so-global‘ cities of fashion, exemplifying new forms of symbolic economy and manufacturing that are not included in the usual classification of luxury fashion cities as New York, Milan, London and Paris (Rantisi and Leslie, 2006; Larner et al., 2007). Such ―not so global cities‖ largely contribute to reshaping the global geography of fashion capitals, which can be redefined as the result of the multiple and highly diverse typologies of links a city succeeds in establishing with products, firms, events and fashion stores, by drawing values and symbols from them (Jansson and Power 2010 ; Power and Jansson 2011). Research Design and Methodology The urban dimension of luxury and fashion brands characterising the emerging geography of fashion has not been extensively analysed. In this direction, this article will focus on the analysis of two international luxury fashion urban centres, i.e. Florence and Shanghai, which will be framed as brandscapes interacting with fashion players that are locally based. Particular attention will be drawn to concept stores by analysing their evolution and their changing relation with the surrounding urban contexts, notwithstanding a clear acknowledgement of the growing relevance of e-shops and digital platforms. A qualitative methodology, based on a review of internet sources, in-store visits and in-depth semi-structured interviews with store managers (to understand the concept store‘s strategy) and various local fashion players (to frame the urban brandscape and its relation with fashion), will be adopted to build a comparative framework. Reputable key players in the respective cities as concepts stores, i.e. Favotell in Shanghai and Luisaviaroma in Florence will be selected as case studies. That is, the study will highlight the synergies between fashion brands and city brands by focusing especially on concept stores, their interaction with the urban symbolic ecosystem and their evolution in the geography of contemporary emerging luxury fashion capitals. Expected Results Below the key propositions that we expect to discuss as a result of the presented study: ⦁ The urban brandscape is mirrored by the concept stores which tend to narrate the connection of their brand to the city ; ⦁ The concept store goes out into the city pushing its visible and distinctive presence in the urban symbolic ecosystem ; this mechanism is rich in symbolic content benefiting the fashion brands whose local, physical and tangile presence in specific urban settings has a strategic role in global value creation ; ⦁ The concept store has developed from a purely physical setting to including the online store ; also throughout such development, it maintains the physical location – its style, taste and connection to specific urban settings and local heritage – as reference and vividly alive ; ⦁ The global travelling of the concept store-city connection – also but not exclusively through digital platforms – make the city brand travel and evolve.

The purpose of this study was to make a pants pattern suitable for women 70 to 85 years of age, then analyze that- pattern’s shape, size, appearance, fit, allowance and air gap. Participants made the pattern using 3D simulation program DC Suite version 5.1. The results suggest a design method suitable for the lower-body shapes of elderly women. In external appearance, the A-type earned the highest evaluation in all items except the allowance of the back waist and back hip. The L type earned the highest evaluation in the allowance of back waist and hips. The A-type’s, back waist appeared set at an angle that did not match the body shape of an old-old aged woman in the center-back-line setting. Therefore, the pattern method of A-type combined with L-type’s method of center back, produces an excellent pants pattern. Evaluation of the air gaps among patterns revealed that; the A-type showed the largest air gap in waist and hip circumference and the smallest air gap in thigh circumference. The waists, abdomen, and hip circumferences of older women often become larger while their legs become slimmer. This study accounted for those factors in determining a pattern suitable for the lower-body shape of old-old aged women. However, participants only analyzed four patterns and compared them with women 70 to 85, years of age. Therefore, it is necessary to develop industrial patterns applicable to a wide age group.

허무주의와 실존주의적 색채를 짙게 드리운 헤밍웨이의 문학 세계는 종교적 상징이 혼재한다. 헤밍웨이는 이 서사 소설에서 “숨겨진 신(神)”을 찾는다. 산티아고는 겉으로 보기에 매우 단순하고 현실적인 인물로 묘사된다. “겸손”이라는 단어조차도 그에게는 너무 추상적일 뿐, 매우 실용적인 인물이다. 하지만 산티 아고는 고기와 작은 새, 소년, 해와 별, 달과 같은 대상 세계에 대하여 “연민”과 경이를 품고, 열린 마음과 풍부한 상상력을 지닌 인물이다. 산티아고는 아프리카 해변의 사자의 꿈을 계속하여 꾸며, 거대한 물고기와의 싸움에서 결코 패배 하지 않으려는 불굴의 의지를 보인다. 쿠바의 바다, “라 마르”의 자연을 배경으 로 푸른 바다가 지닌 색깔 이미저리를 사용하여, 헤밍웨이는 바다가 지닌 성(聖) 스러운 자태를 드러내며, 가톨릭 문화권인 쿠바의 문학 생태주의를 도출한다. 윌리엄 포크너가 지적한 바, 헤밍웨이는 이 소설에서 마침내 “신을 발견하였다.” 산티아고의 양면성의 효과는 그의 종교적 상징과 함께 성취된다.

We observed the external genitalia and uterus of a 24-month-old freemartin Hanwoo. The vulva was smaller than observed in a normal female Hanwoo, while the clitoris was larger in the freemartin. The angle between the external genitalia and the perineum also varied. Upon internal genital examination, the uterus of the freemartin was a thin tube approximately 18 cm in size and had not differentiated into a normal uterus and uterine horns.

Functional foods for health are often consumed among adolescents. To investigate functional food usage, this study surveyed 326 students aged 14-16. 56.3% of the subjects answered that they were interested in health. More than 76% of the subjects thought themselves to be very healthy. Users of functional foods made up 56.7%, and among all types of functional food, probiotic supplements were taken most frequently, followed by nutritional supplements>red ginseng products>enzyme containing products. Most users of functional food got the information on functional food through family (71.3%). 50.3% of users experienced the effectiveness of the functional food when they supplemented. After use, repurchase intent was 58.1%. In order to investigate the relationship between academic stress and functional food usage, groups were classified as stressful (n=124), intermediate (n=122), and low stress (n=84) according to self-perception about stress. There was no significant difference in the intake of functional foods according to academic stress. However, in the intermediate stress group, academic stress index was improved in the users of functional foods. In conclusion, the results of this study can be used to develop functional foods in the future, possibly helping to prepare nutrition education materials, reducing academic stress among adolescents with middle stress.

This is a study on the discrepancies between Liu Yuxi’s 劉禹錫 (772-842) biographies contained in the Jiu Tangshu 舊唐書 (Old Tang History) and the Xin Tangshu 新唐書 (New Tang History). For this study, Liu's biographies in the two Tang histories are cho sen as primary sources for Liu's official life. Then, I try to find out the discrepancies bet ween the two biographies. This paper contains an annotated translation of Liu's biograph y in the Jiu Tangshu and discrepancies between his two biographies in the Tang historie s. In addition, other pertinent materials including Liu’s autobiography Zi Liuzi zizhuan 子 劉子自傳 are also employed. In the translation, the biography is divided into twenty sectio ns by my own determination in order to effectively compare with Liu's biography in the Xin Tangshu.

A 2-year-old female Maltese dog was presented with a history of anemia and vaginal hemorrhagic discharge. Physical examination revealed severe vaginal hemorrhagic discharge, abdominal pain, pale mucous membranes, low blood pressure and dehydration. Results of serum biochemistry, hematology, venous blood gas, and electrolyte canine C-reactive protein (CRP) test revealed severe normocytic normochromic anemia, severe neutropenia, a high level of CRP, hypoglycemia, and imbalanced electrolytes. Abdominal ultrasound examination showed focal hypoechoic defect with loss of layering in uterine horn wall. A laparotomy revealed a clear reddish fluid in the abdomen, the fistula of left and right uterine horn, the purulent discharge from fistula, and symptoms of septic peritonitis near by the fistula site. The bitch underwent ovariohysterectomy and recovered without complication. Histopathological diagnosis of the uterine fistula site was adenocarcinoma.

본 연구는 우리나라의 대표적인 조림수종인 소나무를 대상으로 조림지 식재 후 활착률을 높이기 위해 상대적으로 생육이 좋은 용기묘로 생산하고자 할 때, 관수처리 수준에 따른 생장 반응 특성을 조사하고 이를 통하여 적정 관수 수준을 구명하고자 실시되었다. 104구 용기에서 생육된 소나무 용기묘는 대조구(무관수)를 포함하여 파종 후 15주부터 8주 동안 각각 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 일 간격으로 관수되었다. 관수처리에 따른 소나무 용기 묘의 간장과 근원경 생장, 건물생산량을 조사한 결과 가장 좋은 생장 반응은 관수처리 1일 간격에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 관수주기가 짧아질수록 소나무 용기묘의 생장이 좋아졌지만, 전체뿌리길이는 2일이나 1일 관수주기보다 3일에서 더 높게 나타났다. 묘목품질지수의 경우 1일 간격에서 가장 높고 관수주기가 길어질수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구결과를 종합하면 1~2일 간격의 관수가 소나무 용기묘의 생육에 있어 적합한 것으로 판단 된다.

본 논문은 예이츠의 정치와 예술이 교차하는 야심을 연구한다. 즉, 그이 1907년 작의 주인공 데어드라의 묘사가 보이는 것처럼, 아일랜드의 신화를 재구성한 다. 구체적으로, 아일랜드의 얼스터 사이클의 3명의 인물들에 비추어 예이츠의 주인공 을 연구한다. 『우슬리우의 아들들의 망명』에 등장하는 같은 이름의 데르드루이; 『데르 포르가일의 변사』의 주인공 데르포르가일; 『다 데르가의 여인숙의 파괴』와 『에타인의 구애』에 나오는 에타인. 『데어드라』에서 데르포르가일(이 작품에서는 갈매기로 지칭되 는데)과 에타인에 대한 언급은 『우슬리우의 아들들의 망명』을 얼마만큼이나 활용하는 지를 보여준다. 원래의 이야기의 배경과 데르드루이와 비슷하게 만드는데, 극의 주인 공과 사회의 규범과 판에 박은 듯한 여성의 특성, 그리고 특히 폭력에 대한 자신의 관계를 누그러뜨리는데, 이런 분석은 당시의 맥락에서 문학적 평가를 거쳐서 예이츠의 모더니스트의 지위를 평가함으로써 예이츠의 지위를 복잡하게 만든다

본 연구의 목적은 ‘곤느빌 이야기’가 프랑스의 남방대륙 탐사와 지도에 미친 영향에 대해 살펴보는 것이다. 먼저 ‘곤느빌 이야기’의 시대적 배경이 되는 16세기의 프랑스의 아메리카 탐사와 포프리니에르가 주장한 제3세계의 탐사 계획에 대해 살펴보았다. 17세기에 폴미에는 곤느빌의 탐사를 언급하면서 프랑스가 제3세계를 탐사하여 식민지로 만들 것을 주장했으며, 일부 프랑스 지도에 곤느빌의 땅이 그려졌다. 남방대륙이 표시된 세계지도와 과학이론을 근거로 18세기까지 곤느빌의 땅을 찾기 위한 프랑스의 탐사가 이어졌으며, 이러한 사회적 분위기로 인해 이전에 곤느빌의 땅을 지도에 표시하지 않았던 왕실지리학자 부아쉬 역시 곤느빌의 땅을 표기했다. 곤느빌의 땅은 대체로 앵무새의 땅 동편에 그려졌지만, 제임스 쿡의 항해 이후에는 지도상에서 사라졌다. 곤느빌의 땅은 지도가 사회적 구성의 산물이라는 것을 확인시켜주는 전형적인 사례이다.

We present a BV I optical photometric study of the old open cluster Ruprecht 6 using the data obtained with the SMARTS 1.0 m telescope at the CTIO, Chile. Its color-magnitude diagrams show the clear existence of the main-sequence stars, whose turn-o point is located around V  18:45 mag and B - V  0:85 mag. Three red clump (RC) stars are identied at V = 16:00 mag, I = 14:41 mag and B - V = 1:35 mag. From the mean Ks-band magnitude of RC stars (Ks = 12:39  0:21 mag) in Ruprecht 6 from 2MASS photometry and the known absolute magnitudes of the RC stars (MKS = - :595  0:025 mag), we obtain the distance modulus to Ruprecht 6 of (m -M)0 = 13:84  0:21 mag (d = 5:86  0:60 kpc). From the (J - Ks) and (B - V ) colors of the RC stars, comparison of the (B - V ) and (V - I) colors of the bright stars in Ruprecht 6 with those of the intrinsic colors of dwarf and giant stars, and the PARSEC isochrone ttings, we derive the reddening values of E(B - V ) = 0:42 mag and E(V - I) = 0:60 mag. Using the PARSEC isochrone ttings onto the color-magnitude diagrams, we estimate the age and metallicity to be: log(t) = 9:50  0:10 (t = 3:16  0:82 Gyr) and [Fe/H] = -0:42  0:04 dex. We present the Galactocentric radial metallicity gradient analysis for old (age > 1 Gyr) open clusters of the Dias et al. catalog, which likely follow a single relation of [Fe/H] = (-0:034  0:007)RGC + (0:190  0:080) (rms = 0.201) for the whole radial range or a dual relation of [Fe/H] = (-0:077  0:017)RGC + (0:609  0:161) (rms = 0.152) and constant ([Fe/H]  -0:3 dex) value, inside and outside of RGC  12 kpc, respectively. The metallicity and Galactocentric radius (13:28  0:54 kpc) of Ruprecht 6 obtained in this study seem to be consistent with both of the relations.

본 연구는 하나님께서 이스라엘 공동체에게 주신 율법이 어떠한 모습으로 선교를 구현하고 있는가에 관한 것이다. 구약성경은 선교의 사상만 있다고 말하지만 율법 속에는 하나님의 속성이 잘 나타나 있다. 그리고 그것은 이스라엘 공동체가 사는 삶의 모습을 통하여 드러난다. 이스라엘 공동체에게는 인권과 인간의 존엄성을 존중하고 사회복지 등이 있음을 율법을 통해 볼 수 있다. 율법은 이스라엘 공동체의 삶을 통해 하나님의 속성을 드러내도록 주어진 것이다. 그리고 그들이 하나 님의 속성을 드러낼 수 있는 가장 좋은 방법은 ‘더불어 사는 삶’이었다. 따라서 본 연구는 먼저 율법을 통해서 이스라엘 공동체를 세 가지로 분류하였다. 그리고 ‘더불어’의 의미를 살펴본 뒤 율법과 ‘더불어 사는 삶’과의 관계성을 기술하였다. 율법은 이스라엘 공동체로 하여금 철저 하게 ‘더불어 사는 삶’을 살도록 요구하고 있는데, 그것이 곧 하나님께 순종하는 것이고 하나님의 선교를 세상에 알리는 방법이었다. 다음으로 ‘더불어 사는 삶’의 현대교회 적용을 니케아-콘스탄티노플 신조에 나타난 교회의 네 가지 표지로 적용하였다. ‘더불어 사는 삶’은 오늘과 같이 빈부의 격차 혹은 실패감과 좌절감을 느끼게 하는 시대에 매우 역동적이면서도 나눔과 섬김 그리고 배려를 알려주는 삶의 방식으로 교회 공동체가 실천해야 할 삶의 방식이다.

Modern men are much more interested in their appearance than ever before, as well as showing an increased need for uniqueness in order to construct their own sphere and pursue differentiation from others. Besides, changes in life style and the aesthetic sense are causing men to pursue various kinds of clothing benefits so that they want a suit with characteristics beyond the stereotyped design and style. They have started to be actively engaged in clothing purchases, forming a driving force for the growth of the male suit market. Hence, this study has significance in that it offers data conducive to consumers’ custom suit purchase by reviewing data on the present condition of the custom suit market and bespoke suits. In addition, it aims to give a summary on the theoretical bases of preceding studies, including the need for uniqueness, pursuit of clothing benefit and concern for the appearance of male consumers, as well as examining the factors that influence on their bespoke suit purchase intentions. Accordingly, this work intends to construct a basic environment for consumers to approach the custom suit market easily and pave the way for male suit markets through offering marketing data and information that is helpful for custom suit-related markets.

When the Japanese Empire demolished the fortress of Daegu Eupseong, the rivers that flowed into Daegu City were covered over. At present, most of the rivers in the urban area, such as Dalseo-cheon, Beomeo-cheon, Daemyung-cheon, Daegu-cheon, and Icheon-cheon, are concealed under concrete. These submerged rivers are old waterways with historical features, and there is a need to track and restore these waterways to improve the environment and landscape, and restore the ecology of the city. This study constitutes basic research on restoring the old waterway of Dalseo-cheon (which formerly comprised part of the moat of Daegu Castle) by creating an artificial stream in the area. The purpose of the study is to investigate citizens’ opinions on the introduction of such a stream, as well as on recreational and functional spaces that could be created alongside it. As a result of the study, we found that awareness of the covered waterways in Daegu City was low, but citizens generally considered it necessary to recover the old waterways, improve the residential environment, mitigate the urban heat island, strengthen the sense of place, build a water-circulation system, and improve the aesthetics of the landscape. In addition, the respondents stated that they would prefer a natural-type stream in front of a park, and would like various facilities that could improve the water-landscape function, as well as the stream’s ecological and water-friendly functions. The introduction of new waterways in the city center of Daegu will help to create a riverside and historical park, while maintaining a balance in regard to the conservation and development of historical and traditional cities, thereby transforming the city into a differentiated city.

본 연구는 운전자 연령대와 뇌손상 여부에 따라 다양한 반응시간 과제에서의 반응시간과 반응정확성에서 어떠한 차별성이 있는지 살펴볼 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 30-50대의 중년운전자, 65세 고령운전자, 그리고 65세 이상의 뇌졸중 고령운전자들을 대상으로 단순반응, 2-선택반응, 자극 이심률을 달리한 4-선택반응, 탐색반응 및 동적자극 탐지 과제에 대한 수행을 비교하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전반적으로 중년, 고령 및 뇌졸중 고령운전자 순으로 느린 반응시간을 보였으나 자극 이심률이 작은 조건(5o)에 비해 큰 조건(10o)에서 뇌졸중 고령운전자의 반응시간이 다른 집단에 비해 더 두드러지게 지연되었다. 둘째, 전체 반응시간에서 단순 반응시간을 감산한 반응시간 을 분석한 결과, 2-선택반응 과제와 동적자극 탐지과제에서의 집단간 반응시간 차이는 유의하지 않았는데, 이것은 이러한 과제들에서의 반응시간 차이가 단순 반응시간에 의해 주로 결정된다는 것을 시사한다. 셋째, 일시적 기억을 요구하는 탐색과제에서는 두 고령운전자 집단이 중년운전자 집단에 비해 유의하게 느리고 부정확한 수행을 보였다. 넷째, 집단간 반응정확성에서의 차이는 선택 대안이 많은 과제와 기억을 요구하는 과제에서 두드러졌다. 이러한 결과는 기억 요구를 수반하는 탐색과제는 중년과 고령운전자 사이의 수행을, 반면 자극이심률 조건은 뇌졸중 여부에 따른 고령운전자 집단에서의 수행 차이를 민감하게 반영할 수 있음을 시사한다.

본 논문은 노년을 주제로 다루는 예이츠의 시 작품 일부를 분석한다. 그 의 시에서 특이한 점은 노년과 나이 들어감의 문제가 그의 초기 시에서 말기 시까지 나타난다는 사실이다. 즉, 예이츠는 나이 들어감은 인생의 일부라는 것을 인지하였다는 사실이다. 이를테면, ｢연금수령자의 탄식｣은 20대에 쓰인 작품인데, 인간은 노쇠한 육 체에서 벗어날 수 없으며 시간의 흐름에 순응해야 한다는 것을 인정한 시이다. 이 논 문은 각 시에서의 미묘한 차이점을 파악하려고 한다. 즉, ｢당신이 나이 들면｣, ｢학동들 속에서｣, ｢탑｣, ｢모든 영혼의 밤｣, ｢비잔티움으로의 항해｣등을 읽을 것이다. 각각의 시 에서 노년에 대한 예이츠의 양가성이 보이는데, 우리는 이 시들을 단순히 노년의 시들 로 부르지 말고 이 각각의 시에서의 미세한 차이점에 주목해야 한다.

Kunrak, a type of Korea traditional cheese, is made using Tarak, a yogurt produced with makgeolli as the fermentation source. Kunrak is produced by removing whey from Tarak, followed by drying process for safe storage and consumption over a longer period. In this study, we produced kunrak based on the method described in「Imwonsibyukji」. Prepared Kunrak was ripening for 96 hours at 20, 30, and 40oC. In order to study characteristics of Kunrak, physiochemical properties (pH, acidity, water contents) and contents of metabolites (organic acids, sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) were analyzed. During ripening, water contents decreased. The main organic acids in Kunrak were citric acid and lactic acid, and the main free sugar was lactose. Main amino acids were glutamate and phenylalanine, and main fatty acid was saturated capric acid. At later ripening, all metabolites increased immediately after preparation. The sensory evaluation score of overall preference was highest for Kunrak, which was ripening at 40oC for 96 hours. This study was aimed to assay metabolites of Kunrak under various ripening conditions. The results provide basic data to produce conditions for standardized manufacturing of Kunrak.