Advertising signaling theory predicts that the amount that a company invests in advertising impacts on consumers’ perception about the quality of a product (Anand & Shachar, 2009). For this signaling to occur, some specific conditions are necessary, for example, the product must be a repetitive purchasing product and its quality must not be observable at the time of purchase, but only during the consumption of the product (Kirmani & Rao, 2000). Advertising signaling is based on the assumption of a rational consumer, who is expected to perform an objective and deliberate evaluation of the advertising actions, taking into account the amount invested by the company in the advertisement production and media and the level of investments applied by competitors in the same market to perceive the quality signals. However, this strictly rational perspective has been questioned since Simon (1947, 1955) demonstrated that humans’ rationality is limited by several factors, such as cognitive resources and selective memory, which may influence judgments and decision making. More recently, researchers have argued that affect is also a source of bounded rationality, playing an important role in the way people think and make decisions (e.g., Hanoch, 2002; Kaufman, 1999; Muramatsu & Hanoch, 2005). The objective of the present research is to examine advertising signaling theory through the consumer information processing perspective, exploring the influence of the following three variables on these processes: the individual’s mood, the level of information asymmetry about the product’s attributes and the individual’s gender. The study was applied to 390 undergraduate students in France. Three factors were manipulated in the study: the advertising investment, which was manipulated in three levels (below, the average and above the market average advertising investments for similar campaigns), the subject’s mood (two levels, positive and negative) and the level of information asymmetry about the product’s attributes (two levels, high information asymmetry and low information asymmetry). Thus, the research had a 3 x 2 x 2 experimental design. Respondents were asked to declare their gender, which was considered in a subsequent analysis. Students were approached in the university and invited to participate in the study. Twelve booklet models (each booklet contained the activities and scales related to one experimental group) were randomly distributed among the respondents who accepted to participate of the study. The results of an ANOVA analysis showed main effects of mood (F (1, 376) = 13.31, p < .001), level of information asymmetry (F (1, 376) = 135.00, p < .001) and advertising investment (F (2, 376) = 31.06, p< .001) on the respondents’ quality perception. These main effects were obtained in a context of two significant interactions, between the advertising investment and mood (F (2, 376) = 3.68, p < .050) and mood and information asymmetry about the product (F (1, 376) = 19.05, p < .001). Regarding the first significant interaction, the results showed that subjects who were informed that the advertising investment was below the market average showed similar means of product evaluation whether they were in a positive (M = 5.47) or negative (M = 5.46) mood (F (1, 364) = .000, p > .10). Those who were informed that the advertising investment was at the market average evaluated the product as significantly better when in a positive (M = 6.40) than a negative (M = 5.91) mood (F (1, 364) = 6.29, p < .05). In the same way, respondents who were informed that the advertising investment was above the market level evaluated the product as significantly better when they were in a positive (MPA = 6.94) than a negative (MNA = 6.19) mood (F (1, 364) = 14.32, p < .001). The interaction between the individual’s mood and the level of information asymmetry about the product demonstrated that subjects who were exposed to a slight level of information asymmetry, receiving some information about the product’s attributes, showed similar means of product evaluation whether they were in a positive (M = 6.71) or a negative (M = 6.74) mood (F (1, 364) = .04, p > .10). By contrast, those who were not given any information about the product characteristics, being exposed to a severe level of information asymmetry, evaluated the product as significantly better when in a positive (M = 5.83) than a negative (M = 4.96) mood (F (1, 364) = 27.63, p < .001). A second ANOVA model was conducted to examine the influence of the advertising investment and the individual’s gender on the perceived product quality. The results showed main effects of the advertising investment (F (2, 376) = 31.56, p < .001) and gender (F (1, 376) = 9.77, p < .005) on the subjects’ quality perception. These main effects were qualified by a significant interaction between the advertising investment and the subjects’ gender (F (2, 376) = 5.28, p < .010). Women evaluated the product quality as better (MW = 5.81) than men (MM = 4.71) in the context of advertising investments below the market average (F (1, 370) = 19.05, p < .001). This difference disappeared in the contexts of advertising investment at the market average (MW = 6.19, MM = 6.14, F (1, 370) = .04, p > .10) and above the market average (MW = 6.70, MM = 6.52, F (1, 370) = .55, p > .10), in which men and women showed similar means of perceived product quality. The results show that positive mood influences in the individuals’ perceived product quality specifically in situations of advertising investment at the market average and above the market average. When individuals were informed that a level of advertising below the market average was invested, they demonstrated similar means of product evaluation irrespective of their mood. By contrast, in situations in which they were informed that the company invested approximately the same as competitors in similar advertising campaigns, or even above this amount, respondents who were in a positive mood evaluated the product as significantly better than those who were in a negative mood. The fact that the advertising investment interacts with the individual’s mood suggests that both variables are likely processed by the same information processing route, namely, the peripheral route (Elaboration Likelihood Model, Petty, Cacioppo and Schumann, 1983). That is, although individuals are expected to compute the information related to the advertising investment through the central route, the signal emitted through the advertising investment is more likely processed by the peripheral route. Thus, this signal is also a heuristic element on which individuals based their product evaluations. Our findings also demonstrate gender differences in the processing of the information signaled through the advertising investment only in situations of advertising investment below the market average. In the contexts in which the advertising investment was manipulated below the market average, women evaluated the product as better than men. Nevertheless, in situations in which the advertising investments were manipulated at the market average and above the market average, men and women showed similar levels of perceived product quality. An explanation for this effect is that women are better able than men to process the information sent through the advertising investment and, thus, to perceive the advertising signal only at a specific level of advertising investment. Above a certain level of advertising investment, men are as motivated as women to process this information, causing the gender differences to disappear. This finding is consistent with the Selectivity Model (Meyers-Levy, 1989), which predicts that some situational elements may stimulate men and women to engage in an effortful and detailed processing of the information that can eliminate the differences between the genders. Thus, in situations in which the investment in advertising is sufficient to encourage both women and men to process it, the genders become equally sensitive to the advertising signaling.

This study investigated the relative contributions of linguistic knowledge and strategy use to L2 listening success, especially in bottom-up and top-down dominant listening tasks. Participants (n = 130) were Korean college students in a required listening course. The tested variables for linguistic knowledge were sentence processing speed, grammar, receptive vocabulary, and productive vocabulary. Listening strategy use was measured with a metacognitive awareness listening questionnaire. We hypothesized that linguistic knowledge will make greater contributions to Bottom-Up-Listening-Comprehension (BULC) than to Top-Down-Listening Comprehension (TDLC), and different aspects of strategies will be accessed in each comprehension type due to different psycholinguistic features of the tasks. A series of stepwise multiple regressions were conducted and confirmed our prediction. The unique variance explained by linguistic knowledge was 27.8% in BULC, but 22.4% in TDLC. Strategy items that address problem solving and mental translation were significantly related to BULC, while items dealing with directed attention and person knowledge had significant explanatory power for TDLC.

This technology is based on the processing skills by the automatic high speed burner processors to improve the overall productivity and customer satisfactions. The following conclusions could be gained from this research. A burner for processing stone plate was measured to obtain the average 23.8 m/s. Non-slip friction coefficient of the burner after processing was measured to obtain a mean value of 53.2 BPN. Production rate for stone items was measured by the time of the burner and the result passed through the brush was 26.94 m/s on average.

In this article, to predict the wear amount of nano particles in a worn nano composite, computational analysis pre/post-processor were developed using ABAQUS and visual basic programs. The abrasion, which is one of nano particles release scenarios, was applied in the computational analysis. Moreover, reciprocation, which is the abrasion type, was selected and incarnated in abrasion computational analysis. Also, to predict wear amount of nano composite in computational analysis, archard equation was applied and the predicted wear amount was evaluated compare with experimental value. The predicted wear amount of nano composite was increased in accordance with increasing force and was similar to result of experimental value.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal mixing conditions of soybean oil and bread crumbs mixture for pork patty. The experiment was designed according to the central composite design of response surface methodology. There were ten experimental points, including two replicates for soybean oil and bread crumbs. The physicochemical and mechanical analyses of each sample, including pH, cooking loss, thickness increase, moisture content, lightness, hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, chewiness, and gumminess showed significant differences (p<0.05). The results of sensory evaluation showed significant differences in tenderness, juiciness, and overall quality (p<0.05). The optimum formulation calculated by numerical and graphical method was 13.61 g of soybean oil and 6.35 g of bread crumbs. The results obtained in this study will be useful to the meat industry, which tends to decrease the saturated fatty acid content with a concomitant enrichment in the unsaturated fatty acids content.

In this paper, we propose an efficient real-time multi-user input processing algorithm and protocol for supporting a number of different types of user input from various input devices. The main objective of this multi-user input processing algorithm and protocol is to support multiple users to interact simultaneously with the interactive digital content using a variety of user input devices. This protocol is composed of two parts: the input terminal and the server. The input terminals are connected to input devices and the 1:1 value obtained by the selection, calibration, integration, analysis and then transmission to the server to be used for the user input to the contents. The server processes multi-user input information and applies the input processing algorithm to identify the user and then pass input information to the desired application. This paper presents the design and implementation of the multi-user input processing algorithm and protocol. It also describes how to build and execute a multi-user interactive Unity3D application based on this algorithm.

This study was performed to determine the purification yield, color value, and total anthocyanin content of purifiedanthocyanins from Bokbunja byproducts for analyzing the optimal conditions of purification processing by responsesurface methodology (RSM) based on HCl or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) concentration as an acidulent and ethanolconcentration as an eluent. From the results of purification yield, color value, and total anthocyanin content of thepurified anthocyanins, it was shown that HCl was better than TFA for purification processing from Bokbunjabyproducts and the optimal concentration range of ethanol was 60-75%. The optimal purification conditions for HClor TFA, ethanol concentration, and overall desirability by analysis of multiple response surface methodology withthe same weighed value for each dependent variable were 0.84%, 73.12% and 0.77 for HCl acidulent and 1.00%,60.75%, and 0.96 for TFA acidulent, respectively.

◉ 목적 : 본 연구는 학령전기 뇌성마비 아동의 감각처리기능과 내현화, 외현화 문제행동 특성을 파악하여 감각통합치료를 제공하는데 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. ◉ 연구방법 : 학령전기 뇌성마비 아동의 감각처리기능을 파악하기 위해 감각프로파일(sensory profile)을 사용하였고, 내현화 및 외현화 문제행동을 파악하기 위해 유아용 행동평가척도-부모용(Child Behavior CheckList for Ages 1.5-5)을 사용하였다. 연구대상은 뇌성마비로 진단받은 아동을 양육하고 있는 보호자에게 설문조사에 대한 동의를 얻어 총 32명의 자료가 분석에 사용되었다. 자료분석은 일반적 특성과 감각처리기능과 내현화 및 외현화 문제행동특성을 기술통계분석 하였다. ◉ 연구결과 : 학령전기(만 1.5∼5세) 뇌성마비 아동의 감각프로파일 검사결과 전정감각처리 항목이 의심범주, 지구력/근 긴장도 조절이 문제 범주, 신체자세/움직임 조절 항목이 의심범주에 속하였고, 감정반응에 대한 감각입력 항목과 감각처리 행동 항목에서 각각 의심범주에 속하였다. 감각요소 하위항목에서는 낮은 지구력/근 긴장도 항목이 문제범주, 감각등록의 저하, 미세동작/지각력 항목이 각각 의심범주에 속하였다. 유아용 행동평가척도 검사결과로는 내재화 및 외현화 문제에서 준임상 범주에 속하는 결과를 보였다. ◉ 결론 : 학령전기 뇌성마비 아동은 감각처리기능의 문제와 내재화, 외현화의 문제행동을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다. 앞으로는 감각처리기능과 문제행동과의 관련성을 알아보는 연구를 통해서 뇌성마비 아동의 문제행동을 감소시킬 수 있는 원인을 파악하는 후속연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.

As a replication study of Hanaoka and Izumi (2012), the present research investigated the process of learners’ noticing of problems in their interlanguage (IL) while they were producing the second language (L2) and their process of relevant input provided in the form of two types of feedback (i.e., reformulation and a model text) in L2 writing. The data were collected from twenty-five university students in Korea, and they engaged in a four-staged picture description task consisting of the writing stage (Stage 1), the comparison stage (Stage 2), the immediate revision stage (Stage 3), and the delayed revision stage (Stage 4). It was found that output triggered learners’ noticing of problems; however, the problems did not always show up overtly in their writing. Some problems were manifested in writing (i.e., overt problems), while some were hidden (i.e., covert problems). A model text and reformulation played somewhat different roles in offering the solutions to the problems: a model text provided more solutions to covert problems while reformulation provided more solutions to overt problems. And, the extent of learners’ noticing was associated with the types of problems (overt vs. covert problems) and feedback (i.e., models vs. reformulation). However, the types of problems and feedback were not related to the rate of incorporation of feedback into subsequent writing.

This study introduces the web-camera image processing-based natural landmark extraction method for automatic welding using 3-axis stage. The welding is a highly significant process in the industries of shipbuilding, automobile, construction, machinery, and so on. However, it has been avoided due to poor working conditions such as fume, spatter, noise, and so on. For the automatic welding system, the web-camera is used to extract the natural landmarks which can give the relative coordinate to set up the initial position of the stage for the welding process. The Canny edge and Hough transformation have been used to extract the significant points for the natural landmark extraction in this paper.

목적 : 본 연구는 다문화가정 어머니의 문화적응 스트레스정도와 자녀의 감각처리능력, 사회성숙도에 미치는 영향에 대 해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 경상북도 B군, 전라남도 N시에 거주하는 다문화가정 외국인 어머니 60명과 자녀 60명을 대상으로 다문화가정 어머니에게 문화적응 스트레스 검사, 자녀에게는 단축감각프로파일과 사회성숙도를 검사하였다. 결과 : 첫째, 다문화가정 어머니는 한국문화적응에 어려움을 가지고 있었다. 둘째, 다문화가정 자녀의 감각처리능력과 사 회성숙도에 지연을 보였다. 셋째, 어머니의 문화적응 스트레스가 자녀의 감각처리능력과 사회지수의 관련성과 변인분 석에 대한 연구 결과, 어머니의 문화적응 스트레스의 지각된 차별감, 향수병, 두려움, 죄책감, 문화적응 스트레스 총점 항목은 자녀의 감각처리능력과 사회지수에 유의한 관련성을 보였다. 어머니의 문화적응 스트레스 하부항목 변인 중에 지각된 차별감과 기타 항목이 사회지수 변동에 영향을 미쳤고, 지각된 차별감, 문화충격, 죄책감 항목이 감각처리능력 변동에 영향을 미쳤다. 결론 : 이 연구결과를 통하여 다문화가정 외국인어머니의 한국문화적응에 어려움이 자녀들의 감각처리능력과 사회성숙 에 영향을 미치는 것을 알아볼 수 있었다. 그러므로 앞으로 다문화가정 이주여성과 자녀들에 대한 작업치료 중재 시 기 초자료로 제공하고자 한다.

귀리, 콩, 감자, 밀에서 유래한 다양한 식이섬유를 밀가루 대신 10-40%까지 대체함에 따른 수화능, 동적점탄성, 용매흡착능 및 in vitro starch digestion을 비교하였다. 귀리, 콩, 감자, 밀에서 유래한 다양한 식이섬유를 식이섬유의 대체비율이 증가할수록 수분흡착능과 팽윤력은 증가한 반면, 수분용해도는 감소하였다. 밀가루 대신 콩과 감자 식이섬유를 대체함에 따라 동적점탄성은 증가하였으나, 귀리와 밀 식이섬유 대체에서는 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 식이섬유 대체에 따른 밀가루의 용매흡착능 변화를 분석한 결과, 낮은 대체량의 귀리 식이섬유와 높은 대체량의 콩과 감자 식이섬유가 활용 가능성을 보였다. 원료별 식이섬유 대체 시 밀가루 겔의 전분소화 패턴은 식이섬유 대체비율이 증가함에 따라 glucose 방출은 감소하였으나, 원료별 특성에 따른 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 특히, 밀식이섬유를 제외한 귀리, 콩, 감자 식이섬유는 모두 RDS감소와 RS증가에 따른 pGI 저하를 보여 실제 식품소재로 활용 시 가공적성을 유지할 수 있다면 전분소화지연효과를 기대할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, 식이섬유의 원료에 따른 식이섬유 조성과 전분소화 관련 특성 간 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 전분소화를 지연시키는 효과는 수용성 식이섬유보다는 불용성과 총식이섬유 함량이 중요한 인자임을 알 수 있었다.

고온성 유산균인 Bacillus coagulans KM-1 균주를 이용하여 속성멸치액젓을 제조하였고 시판멸치액젓과 일반성분, 칼슘, 총질소, 아미노질소, 유리아미노산, 히스타민 등의 이화학적 품질특성을 비교하였다. 조단백질함량은 시판멸치액젓과 속성멸치액젓 각각 8.7 g/100 g, 10.95 g/100 g으로 속성멸치액젓이 더 높게 나타났으며 칼슘함량에서도 속성멸치액젓이 45.52 mg/100 g으로 시판멸치액젓 보다 높았고 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)를 보였다. 또한 총질소, 아미노질소에서도 시판멸치액젓은 1,380±13.92 mg/100g, 906.63±8.45 mg/100 g을 보인 반면 속성멸치액젓에서는 각각 1,750±15.88 mg/100 g, 1,251.15±12.72 mg/100 g로 더 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 핵산관련물질 총량은 시판멸치액젓과 속성멸치액젓 각각 201.85 mg/100 g, 212.11 mg/100 g를 보였으며 분해가 진행됨에 따라 hypoxanthine(Hx)의 함량은 시판멸치액젓 175.22 mg/100 g, 속성멸치액젓은 171.46 mg/ 100 g으로 핵산관련물질 중 가장 높게 측정되었으나 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)는 없었다. 유리아미노산 총량은 시판멸치액젓이 6983.8mg/100 g인 반면 속성멸치액젓은 9535.6 mg/100 g으로 높게 나타났으며 주요 아미노산으로 glutamic acid, hydroxyproline, citrulline, arginine, valine, leucine, proline, isoleucine으로 확인되었다. 히스타민의 측정에서 속성멸치액젓이 95.80±8.85 mg/kg으로 시판멸치액젓의 비해 5배 정도 낮게 나타났고 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)를 보였다. 대장균은 두 액젓 모두 음성으로 나타났다.

최근에 개발된 시스템 온칩 프로세서는 통합 성능을 요구하는 작업의 가능성을 제공하였으며, 이러한 작업은 예전에는 우수한 성능을 가진 컴퓨터의 도움만으로 수행 할 수 있는 것이었다. 본 논 문에서는 실제 환경 하에서 자율 이동 장치의 GPS 위치측정을 개선하기 위해 임베디드 영상처리기 법을 활용하는 고급 제어 시스템을 소개한다. 메인 컨트롤 시스템은 Raspberry PI 개발 보드에 통합 된 ARM(SoC.) 아키텍처를 기반으로 한다. 제시한 제어 시스템은 실시간 비디오 캡처, 전력-효율적 이미지 처리 작업, 예를 들어 (임계 값 처리, 이진화, 모션 감지 등) 및 비디오와 같은 스트리밍 결과 이미지를 처리 할 수 있다. GPS 정밀도는 WAAS(EGNOS) 위성을 활용하여 다만 3 미터의 정밀도를 제공 할 수 있다. 제안한 솔루션은 도로와 보도의 경계를 감지하기 위해 GPS 솔루션 및 임베디드 이 미지 처리를 사용한다. 일부 도로나 통로가 길가의 흰색 선을 제공하지 않기 때문에 제시한 알고리 즘은 길가의 흰색 선을 검출하지 않고 보편적인 도로나 보도를 감지한다. 제안한 시스템은 소형 이 동장치에 사용할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 생산 공간 사이의 긴 거리를 가진 중공업 산업 단지에서 부품 수송을 위한 이동장치 등에 사용할 수 있다.

In this paper, two kinds of advanced powder processing techniques Metal Injection Molding (MIM) and Direct Laser Forming (DLF) are introduced to fabricate complex shaped Ti alloy parts which are widely used for med- ical and aerospace applications. The MIM process is used to strengthen Ti-6Al-4V alloy compacts by addition of fine Mo, Fe or Cr powders. Enhanced tensile strength of 1030 MPa with 15.1% elongation was obtained by an addition of 4 mass%Cr because of the microstructural modification and also the solution strengthening in beta phase. However, their fatigue strength was lower compared to wrought materials, but was improved by HIP. Subsequently, the effect of feed- ing layer height (FLH) on the characteristics of the DLF compacts was investigated. In the case of 100 µm FLH, sur- face roughness was improved and nearly full density (99.8%) was obtained. Also, tensile strength of 1080 MPa was obtained, which is higher than the ASTM value.

Lamb waves are extensively used in plate-like structure inspection because of their guided nature. However, their dispersive properties often limit their use in flaw detection and other applications. Dispersion weakens and defocuses interrogating Lamb waves and makes it difficult to accurately interpret signals reflected from defects or boundaries. Time reversal (TR) processing can be applied to compensate for the effect of dispersive Lamb waves. Thus, the TR operation will enable the amplification of dispersive Lamb wave signals by signal compression in time. In this study, experiments are performed in order to examine the refocusing and recovering the initial input waveform in the long range propagation of dispersive Lamb waves in a plate. Two different time reversal processes (regular TR and reciprocal TR or inverse filtering) are tested and the experimental results are compared

고구마 칩의 최적 제조 조건 확립과 적합품종을 선정하기 위하여 신자미, 주황미 및 하얀미를 시료로 세절 두께(1~3㎜), 침지 당액 농도(15~30%), 데치기 시간(15~60 sec), 굽기온도(110~140℃) 및 굽기 시간(23~31 min)을 달리하여 칩을 제조하고, 각 조건별 관능평가와 파괴강도를 측정하였다. 품종 별 최적 제조 조건은 신자미는 각각 1 ㎜, 20%, 45 sec, 120℃ 및 31 min이었으며, 주황미는 1 ㎜, 25%, 45 sec, 130℃ 및 29min이었고, 하얀미는 1 ㎜, 25%, 30 sec, 130℃ 및 27 min이었다. 칩 제조 후 유리당 함량은 증가하였으며, maltose는 원료에서 검출되지 않았으나, 칩에서 3.85~13.50% 범위에서 증가하였고, sucrose 함량은 10.31~20.67% 범위에서 25.24~34.06% 범위로 칩 제조 시 증가하였다. 칩의 관능특성에 영향을 미치는 요인은 fructose, maltose, sucrose 함량, b-value 및 failurestress로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 칩의 제조 시 적합한 품종의 선택과 품종에 따른 최적 제조 조건의 설정이 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 주황미가 칩의 제조에 가장 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal amounts and mixing condition of skim milk powder (A), and roselle (B) for the production of yogurt prepared with roselle. The experiment was designed according to the central composite design for estimating the response surface method, which yielded ten experimental points, including two replicates for the skim milk powder and roselle. The physicochemical and mechanical analysis of each sample, including pH (P<0.001), titratable acidity (P<0.001), color (P<0.05), viscosity (P<0.001), showed significant differences. Antioxidant properties (total phenolic content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity) and viable cell counts of lactic acid were significantly different (P<0.05). The sensory measurements were significantly different in color, flavor, sourness, texture, and overall quality (P<0.05). The optimal formulation, calculated by numerical and graphical methods, was 7.82 g of skim milk powder and 2.09 g of roselle. From findings of this study, the roselle may be used in yogurt and can be applied for other food industries.