본 연구는 금강하구둑과 관련하여 금강에 서식하는 참게(Eriocheir sinensis)의 이동과 산란을 알아보기 위해 2007년 5월부터 2009년 1월까지 금강 수계에서 조사하였다. 참게의 유생은 5월에 기수역에서 채집되었으나, 이후 치해로 변태하여 소상하는 개체들은 채집되지 않았다. 산란을 위해 참게들이 금강하구에 도달하는 시기는 9월 초순이었고, 3월부터 4월 사이에 산란을 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 연구 결과 기수에서 부화한 참게의 유생이 치해로 변태하여 담수로 이동하는 통로를 만들어 준다면, 금강 수계의 자연산 참게 복원이 제한적이나마 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant effects of 4 citrus fruits including Hallabong,Cheonhyehyang, Cheonggyeon, and Jinjihyang. In this study the citrus fruits were separated in three parts of peel, pulp segment membrane (PSM), and pulp and extracted with methanol, then concentrated using a rotary vacuum evaporator. Total polyphenol contents ranged 23.497~42.341 mg/g in peel, 13.285~21.872 mg/g in PSM and 6.333~11.627 mg/g in pulp of the citrus fruits. The total polyphenol contents were highest in the peel and PSM of Jinjihyang and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. 1,1-diphenyl-2picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities were highest in the peel and PSM of Jinjihyang and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. 2,2’-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities were also highest in the peel and PSM of Jinjihyang and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. Reducing powers were highest in the peel of Cheonggyeon, in the PSM of Jinjihyang,and in the pulp of Cheonhyehyang. There were significant correlations in between total polyphenol contents and the radical scavenging activities, and reducing power each other. These results indicate that the 4 citrus fruits (Hallabong, Cheonhyehyang, Cheonggyeon, and Jinjihyang) evidently have antioxidant capacities and their peel parts have the highest antioxidant activities.

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator(uPA) bound to urokinase plasminogen activator receptor(uPAR) expression is strongly correlated with the metastatic potential of various tumors by enhancing ECM degradation through plasminogen and matrix metallopreotease activation. But expression of uPA/uPAR in human malignant salivary gland tumors has been rarely reported. The purpose of this study were to investigate mRNA expression and cytologic concentration of uPAR in SGT cell line compared to various cancer cell lines by RT-PCR and ELISA method, and to study migration and adhesion assay. These results would be to apply the pathogenesis and prognosis of malignant salivary gland tumors. All the cell lines(SGT, HN 4, SCC 25, and HeLA) were cultured under DMEM with 10% FBS at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator. We studied a possible association between mRNA expression and cytosolic concentrations of uPAR in SGT cell line compared to various cancer cell lines using RT-PCR and an enzyme-linked immunoassay( ELISA) method. And also cell adhesion and migration assay were done in all the cell lines. In migration assay SGT cell line was about 2.5-4 folds higher than another cell lines. In adhesion assay SGT cell line was about 1.1-2 folds higher than another cell lines. uPAR cytosolic concentrations of SGT cell line was about 3.4-10 folds by ELISA, while mRNA expression was about 2.5-5 folds by RT-PCR. Oral Scc cell lines showed the lowest value. uPAR protein and mRNA expression were correlated with migration and adhesion assay. From the aboving results, high cytosolic concentrations and mRNA expression of uPAR were correlated with migration and adhesion assay. It suggested that this might be a specific marker for malignant potential of SGT cell line and would be contributed to pathogenesis and prognosis of human salivary gland adenocarcinoma

This study was done to analyze the contents of minerals and vitamins to compare the measured values of minerals, vitamins with labeled values of them in food labeling and to investigate the ratio of measured values to labeled values in 437 specimen with minerals and vitamins - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas. Content of calcium and sodium in samples after microwave digestion was analyzed with an ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer) and vitamins were determined using by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The measured values of calcium were ranged 80.3~142.6% of the labeled values in 21 samples composed calcium - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas. In case of sodium, measured values were investigated 33.9~48.5% of the labeled values in 21 sports beverages. The measured values of vitamin C, vitamin B2and niacin were ranged 99.7~2003.6, 81.1~336.7, 90.7~393.2% of the labeled values in vitamins - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas, 57, 12, 11 samples. To support achievement of the accurate nutrition label, there must be program and initiatives for better understanding and guidances on food labelling and nutrition for food manufacture.

Plasminogen activator(PA) system such as urokinase plasminogen activator(uPA), urokinase PA Receptor(uPAR), tissue, tissue PA, and PA inhibitor-1&2(PAI-1&2) play a role in tumor invasion, metastasis, and proliferation. It is interested that these factors in patients with primary oral squamous cell carcinoma(Oral SCC) will be evaluated and correlated with clinicopathologic variables. Recently, these expression of primary oral SCC has been restricted to clinical or immunohistochemical study such in vivo study. The purpose of this study were to investigate the mRNA expression and cytologic concentration of uPA, uPAr, tPA, and PAI-1,2 in oral SCC cell lines compared to NHOK and to apply these results to evaluate early detection biomarkers of oral SCC in future. All the cell lines(NHOK, HN 4 and SCC 25) were cultured under KBM bullet kit at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator. We studied a possible association between mRNA expression and cytosolic concentrations of uPA, uPAR, tPA, and PAI-1,2 in oral SCC cell lines compared to NHOK using RT-PCR and an enzyme-linked immunoassay(ELISA) method. uPA mRNA expression was about 5-6 folds, while uPAR was a bout 3 f olds, and PAI-1 was about 1 .5-1.6 f olds. PAI-2 was a bout1.2 -1.3 f olds t han that o f NHOK, w hile t PA w as l ower t han that of NHOK. uPA cytosolic concentrations was about 15-19 folds, while uPAR was about 8 folds, and PAI-1 was about 3-4.5 folds. PAI-2 was about 2 folds than that of NHOK, while tPA was lower than that of NHOK. Both uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1,2 cytologic concentrations were correlated with mRNA expression of oral SCC cell lines. From the aboving results, high cytosolic concentrations of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 & 2 were correlated with mRNA expression. It suggested that these might be specific markers for oral SCC cell lines and these results would be contributed to evaluate early detection biomarkers for human oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Korea had experienced second epidemic highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), and there were the seven affected farms, including two breeder duck farms, from 22nd November 2006 to 6th March 2007. Here, we reported the clinico-pathological characteristics of domestic breeder ducks farms naturally infected with HPAI virus (H5N1). Clinically, the most ducks showed various signs from depression, decreased egg production and feed consumption to even, death. The most commonly gross changes were hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhage on the liver surface, a white stripe on the cardiac muscle, and severely hemorrhagic and deformed eggs. The most significant histopathological changes were necrosis of various cells such as neuron, lymphocytes, cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes, blood vessels and pancreatic acinar epithelium. The viral antigen was mainly detected in the endothelium of blood vessels of various organs and tissues, peripheral nerves and neuronal cells. Based on the above results, we identified that HPAI H5N1 induced systemic infection in the adult breeder ducks.

In order to make a (CZTSe) sputtering target sintered for solar cell application, synthesis of CZTSe compound by solid state reaction of Cu, Zn, Sn and Se mixed powders and effects of ball milling condition on sinterability such as ball size, combination of ball size, ball milling time and sintering temperature, was investigated. As a result of this research, sintering at after ball milling using mixed balls of 1 mm and 3 mm for 72 hours was the optimum condition to synthesis near stoichiometric composition of and to prepare sintered pellet with high density relatively.

본 연구는 기장군 전면해역에 설치예정인 외해 해조류 대량양식시설의 구조물 설치 및 공간 배치를 위한 기초자료로 대상해 역의 지형구조 및 해수순환특성을 조사하였다. 관측결과 기장군 해역은 대체로 수심이 깊은 해역으로 해안에서 3-4 km 부근에서 30 m 이상의 비교적 깊은 수심을 보였다. 외해 해조류 대량양식시설의 적지선정을 위한 기초자료로 해황조건(조위, 조류)을 검토하기 위하여 수치모형 실험을 이용한 주변해역의 해수훈환 특성을 검토하였다. 대상해역은 한반도의 동해남부에 위치하여 외해역으로 갈수록 수심 이 급격히 증가하는 양상을 보이며, 특히 지형적 특성으로 인하여 바람의 내습이 큰 지역이나 본 연구에서는 외해구조물의 특성상 파랑 에 대한 구조물의 내파특성에 대한 검토는 실시하지 않았다. 대상해역은 서해나 남해안에 비하여 비교적 수심이 깊은 해역으로 대량양 식 시설 적정 수심역은 외해 양식시설의 특성 및 구조물 설치상의 특성등을 고려하여 적정 수심역을 15m～40m 선정하였다. 수치모형 실험 결과 해수유동은 창조시 남서방향으로 약 0.4 m/s 의 유속분포를 보였으며, 낙조시도 이와 반대방향으로 유사한 유속분포를 보였 다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cytokine-induced osteoclastogenesis on tooth movement related to orthodontic force. We evaluated the cytotoxicity as well as the expression of OPG and RANKL, which influence the homeostasis of bone metabolism. Titanium particles were applied to human periodontal ligament cells and subcultured fourth generation cells. The ALP assay and the MTT assay were used to assess changes in cytotoxicity. After 48 hours, cytotoxicity increased proportionally with the concentration of titanium. With 20 mg, the cytotoxicity was the lowest. R T-PCR was u sed for assessing m R NA l evels of O PG a nd R ANKL; after 96 hours, t he m R NAs of O PG a nd R ANKL increased steeply. A western blot analysis showed that with 20 mg of titanium, the protein expression of OPG increased linearly with time, especially a fter 96 hours, while t he p rotein e xpression o f RANKL d id n ot s how significant changes with titanium processing. Given the increase in OPG expression after the initial cytotoxicity, changes in cytotoxicity with titanium may be attributable to the antagonistic effect of OPG on cytotoxicity

이 연구는 최근 우리나라에 유입되는 외국인의 수가 증가하고 있고 이에 따라 범죄를 저질러 교도소에 수감되는 외국인의 수도 증가함에 따라 외국인수형자 처우에 대한 정책적 관심이 높은 시점에서 외국인수형자들의 특성과 그들의 교정처우 경험, 그리고 처우 만족도 등을 파악함으로써 교정처우 수립에 기초적인 정보를 제공하고자 하는 목적으로 수행되었다. 대전교도소와 천안외국인교 도소에 수용되어 있는 외국인수형자 165명을 대상으로 첫째, 외국인수형자의 인구학적 특성, 둘째 그들의 범죄 및 수용특성, 셋째, 교정처우 경험 및 만족도, 넷째, 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 살펴보았다. 국내 교도소에 수용되어 있는 외국인수형자는 20대에서 40대까지의 연령대로 한국에 입국한지 1년 이상 3 년 미만의 비율이 가장 높았으나 3개월미만의 입국자도 상당히 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 반 이상이 기혼상태이며, 한국어를 전혀 못하는 외국인들이 전체의 1/3 정도나 되어 언어적 지원의 필요성이 아주 큰 것으로 나타났다. 주로 사기와 살인을 저질러 3년 이상의 형기를 받은 비율이 높았고 처우급으로는 2급과 3급이 가장 많았다. 전화나 서신을 이용하는 비율은 높았으나 접견을 전혀 하지 못하 고 있는 비율이 57%나 되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 직업훈련이나 한국어교육에 참여 한 외국인수형자의 비율이 크게 높지 않았고, 한국어실력이 부족한 상태에서 중요하게 기능할 수 있는 모국어나 영어지원이 불충분한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 모국어로 된 법률지원에 대한 개선이 필요한 것으로 보인다. 외국인 수형자들의 교도소 생활 만족도에 영향을 주는 요인은 모국어지원과 거실인원수로 나타났 다. 외국인수형자를 위한 교정정책을 수립하는 데 있어 이 두가지 요소를 포함 시킨다면 외국인수형자들의 교도소 적응에 긍정적 역할을 할 것으로 예상된다. 마지막으로 이 연구의 한계에 대해 언급하였다.

The purpose of this study was to compare the anaerobic threshold (AT) between subjects with and without non-specific chronic low back pain (NCLBP). The patient group included 15 women with NCLBP. The normal group included 15 women without NCLBP who were age-, height-, weight-, and activity level-matched. The subjects performed a Balke treadmill protocol which was symptom-limited progressive loading test. Their heart rate (HR), ventilatory gas and metabolic equivalents (METs) were measured using the automatic breath gas analyzing system. After the test, each subjects' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were evaluated. The visual analog scale (VAS) was assessed pre- and post-test. The independent t-test and Wilcoxon's signed-rank test were used for analysis of the data. Time, HR, the volume of oxygen consumption (), relative , and METs at the AT level of the patient group were significantly lower than those of the healthy group (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences in RPE, VAS, and breathing frequency at the AT level (p>.05). The findings of this study indicate that patients with NCLBP had a lower aerobic fitness than healthy subjects. Thus, implementation of rehabilitation program to increase aerobic fitness may be considered in patietns with NCLBP, and further studies are required to determine the etiological factors of decreased aerobic fitness.

The purpose of this study was to assess visual biofeedback's influence on trunk muscles' (EMG) activity and endurance holding time for correct position during whole-body tilt exercise. For the study, we recruited 14 volunteers who showed no symptom of lumbar disease during medical tests. We measured the EMG activity of their rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and erector spinae muscles, and their endurance holding time for correct position during anterior and posterior whole-body tilt under two conditions: whole-body tilt with and without visual biofeedback. Resistance with gravitational force on the trunk during whole-body tilt was applied by using a device that had a monitor on which the subjects could check their alignment and that sounded an alarm if a subject's alignment collapsed. The study showed an increase in the EMG activity of external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique/rectus abdominis ratio and endurance holding time for correct position during both anterior and posterior whole-body tilt with visual biofeedback compared with without visual biofeedback (p<.05). We suggest that the whole-body tilt exercise with visual biofeedback could be a beneficial strategy for selectively strengthening the internal abdominal oblique muscle and minimizing the rectus abdominis muscle's activity while maintaining correct alignment during whole-body tilt exercise.

Tumor cell biological factors, such as urokinase plasminogen activator(uPA) and its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor- 1(PAI-1) play a role in tumor invasion, metastasis, and proliferation. These factors in patients with primary oral squamous cell carcinoma(Oral SCC) will be evaluated and correlated with clinicopathologic variables. However, relatively rarely has been known in oral squamous cell carcinoma in vivo and in vitro study . The purpose of this study were to investigate the protein expression of uPA and PAI-1 in oral SCC cell lines cell line compared to NHOK and to study migration and adhesion assay. All the cell lines were cultured under KBM bullet kit at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator. We studied a possible association between cytosolic uPA and PA-1 concentrations in oral SCC cell line compared to NHOK using an enzyme-linked immunoassay(ELISA). Cell adhesion and migration assay were done in all the cell l ines. In migration assay oral SCC cell lines were about 70 folds higher than NHOK. In adhesion assay oral SCC cell line were about 7-12 folds higher than NHOK. uPA cy tosolic concentrations was about 15-19 folds and PAI-1 was 3 to 4.5 folds than that of NHOK. Both uPA and PAI-1 concentrations were correlated with migration and adhesion assay. High cytosolic concentrations o f uPA and PAI-1 were correlated with migration and adhesion assay . It suggested that these markers might be specific for oral SCC cell line and these results would be contributed to treatment and prognosis of human oral squamous cell carcinoma.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 전산화 인지프로그램(Rehacom)을 노인성 치매 환자에게 적용 시 집중력, 기억력 변화정도가 수단적 일상생활활동 중 전화걸기에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : MMSE-K 점수 18점 이상 24점 이하인 8명의 치매 노인을 대상으로 주 2회, 각 회기당 20분씩 총 8회를 실시하였다. 단일집단 검사 전-검사 후 설계(one group pretest-post test design)를 통하여 K-DRS, CNT, 비디오 분석의 차이를 알아보았고, 신뢰도 분석방법을 통하여 비디오 분석에 대한 연구자간 신뢰도를 알아보았다. 결과 : 윌콕슨 쌍대비교(Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test)를 통해 K-DRS에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p=.17). 또한 CNT 중 visual span의 경우 정방향 맞은 개수(p=.38)는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 비디오 분석을 위한 연구자간 신뢰도를 알아 본 결과 신뢰도가 높게 나타났다. 그 결과 전화걸기의 치료 전-후의 변화에서 전화 걸기 수행도에 대해 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=.03). 결론 : 본 연구에서 실시한 전산화 인지프로그램(Rehacom) 훈련은 인지기능의 향상을 보였으며, 이에 따른 수단적 일상생활 중 전화걸기 능력의 향상을 보였다. 따라서 인지치료는 치매 노인의 인지기능 감퇴의 진행 완화나 치료에 있어 유용하게 사용 될 수 있다.