The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the perceptions and attitudes of adult native speakers of Korean and Chinese toward the pronunciation of World Englishes. Fifty-two Korean and 63 Chinese speakers listened to six variations of World Englishes and then completed a questionnaire outlining their perceptions and attitudes toward the different pronunciations. The survey results revealed that Korean adult English learners showed less favorable attitudes toward different pronunciations of World Englishes than Chinese adult language learners did. Korean adult learners preferred American English, but Chinese adult learners preferred Canadian English. Among the three individual variables measured, the first language showed the greatest influence in their responses. The findings of this study imply that, in the context of English education in Korea, it is necessary to raise the awareness of both teachers and learners to the acceptability of World Englishes through exposure to a wide variety of English pronunciations.

The IUU Fishing Index is composed of 40 indicators. These indicators were grouped by state responsibilities (flag, coastal, port, and general including market) defined in the FAO IPOA-IUU (2001) and then by type into vulnerability, prevalence, and response. A total of 152 coastal nations was surveyed. Korea's total combined IUU Fishing Index was 2.49 in 2019 and 2.91 in 2021, indicating a drop in the ranking to the third worst out of 152 countries followed by China and Russia in 2021. The indicators that increased the IUU fishing risk in 2021 compared to 2019 included seven indicators of prevalence and two indicators of response while those reducing the risk included one prevalence and one response indicator. The IUU Fishing Index revealed that many fisheries observers and monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) practitioners active in the waters of RFMOs jurisdiction where Korean distant water vessels operate have mentioned concerns about the compliance with RFMO conservation measures or fishing practices. It suggested that strengthening management intervention in the fishing sector is needed. The primary tool for management is the MCS system. Given the logistical difficulty of oversight from land, air and at-sea, there is a need to enhance MCS strategies through logbook data, at-sea observer and electronic monitoring program. It also suggested that MSC fisheries certification and fisheries improvement projects, which are widely used for improving fishing sector performance, could contribute to the eradication of IUU fishing and the promotion of sustainable distant water fisheries.

This study aims to help companies with efficient investment and marketing strategies by empirically verifying the impact on satisfaction and purchase intention for artificial intelligence-based digital technology supported shopping assistants introduced in e-commerce. Frequency, factor, SEM, and multiple group analysises were conducted using SPSS 26.0 and Amos 26.0. As a result, first, motivated consumer innovativeness elements of AI shopping assistant were derived into a total of four categories: functional, hedonic, rational, and reliable. Second, in the order of hedonic and rational, satisfaction with the AI shopping assistant was significantly affected, and in the order of rational and functional, purchase intention was significantly affected. The satisfaction with the AI shopping assistant did not affect the purchase intention. Third, in the case of hedonic, the AI-preferred group had a more significant effect on satisfaction than the human-preferred group, and in the case of rational, there was no difference by group in purchase intention. Thus, it was found that consumers prefer AI shopping helpers for e-commerce because they can shop reasonably and are functionally convenient. Therefore, when introducing AI shopping assistants, it is essential to include content that can compare and analyze fundamental information, such as product prices, as well as search functions and payment system compatibility that facilitate shopping.

Recently, the government has provided support such as entering new markets, expanding sales channels, and supporting manpower, not just in the form of funding, to efficiently and effectively support limited national resources to improve corporate performance. In this study, we tried to find out the effect of government support for companies that have benefited from the Excellent Technology Research Center Project (ATC Project) and the World Class 300 project using propensity score matching. As a result of the analysis, the effect of government support for the ATC project became visible after the appointment period, while the effect of the World Class 300 project was insignificant. This means that when the size of the company is small, the effect of government support is more pronounced. This suggests that in order to maximize the effectiveness of government support, appropriate national policy interventions such as government innovation funding are needed when the size of the company is small. In this study, differences in the timing, performance indicators, and company size of policy support effects were found in the growth stage of a company from a mid- to long-term time series perspective, suggesting that support policies based on this need to be adjusted and redesigned.

Antimicrobials in human medicine are classified by The World Health Organization (WHO) into three groups: critically important antimicrobials (CIA), highly important antimicrobials (HIA), and important antimicrobials (IA). CIA are antibiotic classes that satisfy two main criteria: that they are the sole or the only available limited therapeutic option to effectively treat severe bacterial infections in humans (Criterion 1), and infections where bacteria are transmitted to humans from non-human sources or have the potential to acquire resistance genes from non-human sources (Criterion 2). WHO emphasizes the need for cautious and responsible use of the CIA to mitigate risk and safeguard human health. Specific antimicrobials within the CIA with a high priority for management are reclassified as “highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HP-CIA)” and include the 3rd generation of cephalosporins and the next generation of macrolides, quinolones, glycopeptides, and polymyxins. The CIA list is the scientific basis for risk assessment and risk management policies that warrant using antimicrobials to reduce antimicrobial resistance in several countries. In addition, the CIA list ensures food safety in the food industry, including for the popular food chain companies McDonald's and KFC. The continuous update of the CIA list reflects the advancement in research and emerging future challenges. Thus, active and deliberate evaluation of antimicrobial resistance and the construction of a list that reflects the specific circumstances of a country are essential to safeguarding food security.

PURPOSES : In this study, we aim to broaden the understanding of the factors influencing the accuracy of WIM systems for overload enforcement. Particularly, we explored the proportions and causes of secondary influencing factors (driving path, vehicle class, and acceleration), which have been relatively less studied and reduced the accuracy of the WIM system. METHODS : Overload enforcement data were recorded by the WIM system, and enforcement officers were gathered. The ratios of each data point, which are the relative errors, are used to estimate the accuracy of the WIM system. These relative errors were classified into four driving-path groups, four vehicle-class groups, and three acceleration groups. The change in the accuracy of the WIM system caused by each influencing factor was analyzed by comparing the difference in the average relative error between the classified groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Welch's ANOVA were used to determine significant differences between groups. RESULTS : Vehicles departing from a normal driving path make it difficult for the GVW compensation algorithm of the WIM system to operate properly. For these abnormal paths, the standard deviation of the average GVW relative error was 22%. There was no specific trend in the difference in accuracy by vehicle class. However, we found that the rear axle and retractable axle were the main causes of the reduced GVW accuracy in each vehicle class. The average GVW relative error remained the same regardless of the acceleration, but the average FAW relative error of the accelerated vehicle was approximately 2.5% lower than that of the unaccelerated vehicle. CONCLUSIONS : An abnormal driving path, lifting of a retractable axle, and rapid acceleration (or deceleration) reduce the accuracy of WIM systems. Intelligent transportation systems, such as traffic signals, telematics devices, and applications that induce desirable driving are required for effective overload enforcement. Additionally, it is necessary to smoothen the road pavement to minimize the dynamic effects on the rear axle.

해양 조난사고가 발생하면 해양경찰은 수색계획을 수립하기 위하여 조난자의 수와 신원을 파악하는 등 사고 현황을 조사한다. 선장은 출항 시 선원과 승객의 신분을 포함한 명부를 첨부하여 관할기관에 신고서를 제출하도록 명시되어 있지만 승선자들이 수기로 승 선자명부를 작성하면서 대기 시간이 길어지고 조난사고 발생 시 이러한 내용을 즉시 파악하기 어렵다. 승선 신청을 편리하게 할 수 있도 록 해양수산부에서 앱을 개발하였지만, 활성화되고 있지 않아 본 연구에서 이를 개선하는 방안을 제안하였다. 모바일 승선신고 제도를 활 성화하여 조난사고 시 조난자의 초기 위치와 조난시각을 신속히 확보하고 조난신고 접수 사실을 문자로 통보하여 조난자에게 심적 안도 감을 제공할 수 있다. 더불어 이 정보 이용을 통해 해양경찰을 포함하여 주변에 있는 민간 선박과 함께하는 민관협력 형태로 신속히 구조 할 수 있는 효과를 기대할 수 있다.

Prebiotics are known as components of intestinal microbiota that can improve and maintain human health status by stimulating the growth and activity of the intestinal tract as a method of controlling the intestinal environment. In this study, we examined whether 2’-fucosyllactose (FL) could affect intestinal microbial population and bowel activity. Water content and frequency of mouse feces were increased in the 2’-FL treated group at a high concentration (1,000 mg/kg), with brightness of the color enhanced and physical properties diluted. In addition, intestinal microbial analysis showed that harmful bacteria Clostridium and Staphylococcus strains were decreased and beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus strains were markedly increased in the group treated with a high concentration of 2’-FL compared to those in the control group. These findings suggest that administration of 2’-FL can maintain healthy bowel activity by reducing harmful bacteria population and improving diluted physical properties.

견과류는 영양가가 우수하고 다양한 기능성 생리활성을 가져 건강한 식단에 중요한 요소이다. 멜라토닌은 뇌의 송 과선에서 분비되는 호르몬으로 각종 조직의 산화적 손상을 방지하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 식물체에서도 중요한 역할 을 한다. 본 연구는 견과류의 멜라토닌 추출 및 정량을 위 한 분석법을 마련하였고, 견과류의 높은 지방함량을 고려한 최적화된 추출 절차를 이용하여 경기도에서 유통되는 견과 종실류 등의 멜라토닌 함량을 조사하였다. 땅콩 또는 견과 류, 유지종실류 및 두류의 평균 멜라토닌 함량은 각각 1200.83 (409.76-2223.56), 934.83 (454.10-1736.60), 616.46 (494.70- 825.12) pg/g으로 나타났다. 호두와 밤의 경우 속껍질을 포 함한 반탈각 상태와 과실만 있는 경우의 멜라토닌 함량을 비교한 결과, 반탈각 상태에서 멜라토닌 함량이 유의적으로 높았다. 또한 호두, 밤 및 땅콩의 경우 2022년 재배된 햇 견 과보다 2021년 재배 후 저장된 견과에서 멜라토닌 함량이 유의적으로 높았다. 이러한 결과는 견과종실류 등의 멜라토 닌 함량이 높아 우수한 기능성 식품임을 시사하였다.

This study aimed to examine the operations of school food services to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in schools nationwide. The survey data on school food service operations targeting nutrition teachers and nutritionists at 1,023 schools in 2020 and 1,177 schools in 2021 were used. The year 2021 saw an increase compared to 2020 in the following: ‘average days to be served with meals for a year (144.5 vs. 184.7)', 'provided meals to all students (92.3% vs. 96.6%)', 'utilization of additional staff for foodservice assistance (33.4% vs. 38.8%)', 'installation of partitions (61.2% vs. 83.8%)', 'provision of general diet (96.1% vs. 99.1%)', and 'use of kitchen utensils (91.3% vs. 95.1%)', 'use of cafeteria water cup (9.9% vs. 31.0%)' and 'use of drinking water in school (46.8% vs. 52.1%)'. Compared to 2020, in 2021, it was confirmed that the school food service operations stabilized due to the increase in the normal school attendance rate and that systems were in place for operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the future, it will be necessary to develop manuals and special recipes necessary for responding to infectious diseases, and to operate a manpower pool that can quickly find replacement personnel if required.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation education via the jigsaw cooperative learning on the knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, self-efficacy for group work, and self-regulation of baccalaureate nursing students. Methods: This one-group pretest-posttest experimental design study was conducted from April 20 to June 10, 2022. It included 27 baccalaureate nursing students. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test using Statistical Product and Service Solutions for Windows, version 25.0. Results: The results showed statistically significant improvements after the educational intervention program. The level of cardiopulmonary resuscitation knowledge (Z=-4.22, p<.001), cardiopulmonary resuscitation self-efficacy (Z=-3.84, p<.001), self-efficacy for group work (Z=-2.83, p=.005), and self-regulation (Z=-2.70, p=.007) improved significantly. Conclusion: These findings suggest the necessity of continuous cardiopulmonary resuscitation education and cooperative learning. Thus, it is necessary to conduct repeated studies on cardiopulmonary resuscitation education by applying various teaching methods for nursing students.