18개월령과 31개월령 사이의 암소 56,487두의 판독 결과를 이용하였으며, 환경요인과 유전적 요인들에 대해 분석이 이루어졌다. 2011년 1월에서 2018년 8월까지의 기간 동안의 국내 농가들의 데이터를 이용하였으며, WOMBAT 소프트웨어를 활용하여 Multi-trait animal model을 통해 각 형질들의 유전력, 유전상관 및 표현형상관을 추정하였다. 모델식들의 환경적인 요인들의 대해 유의성이 나타났다; 측정년도, 측정월, 지역, 암소개월령. 초음파 등지방두께, 초음파 등심단면적, 초음파 근내지방도의 유전력은 각각 0.364, 0.499, 0.104로 추정되었다. 유전상관과 표현형상관은 각 형들간에 있어 강한 정의 상관을 나타냈다. 각 형질들간 유전상관은 초음파 근내지방도와 초음파 등심단면적, 초음파 근내지방도, 초음파 등심단면적과 초음파 근내지방도는 각각 0.551, 0.485, 0.486으로 나타났으며, 표현형상관은 0.594, 0.490, 0.514로 나타났다. 이에 대한 결과로 초음파측정결과를 이용하여 농장운영에 있어서 육질 개선을 위한 유전적 능력을 개선시킬 수 있을 것이라 보며, 한우의 개량에 있어서 기초적인 자료로서 이용이 될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

collected from approximately 1100 purebred Duroc pigs between 2011 and 2017. The meat quality traits evaluated were: moisture content (MC), fat content (FC), water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss (CL), and shear force (SF). Meat samples were evaluated for the following fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. We evaluated the meat for the following sensory traits: color, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and acceptability of the meat. Variance and covariance components were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood procedures on different animal models. The results showed that the estimates of heritability for MC, FC, WHC, CL, and SF were 0.17, 0.58, 0.34, 0.31, and 0.42, respectively. The heritability estimates for fatty acid composition were moderate to high (0.34 to 0.63). The estimates of genetic correlation were -0.60 and 0.46 between MC and FC, and MC and SF, respectively. Generally, phenotypic correlation between meat quality traits was low. Linoleic acid had moderate to high negative phenotypic and genotypic correlation with both palmitic and oleic acid. Comparison of meat quality traits and sensory traits revealed a positive correlation (0.208) between acceptability and WHC, while the correlation between acceptability and SF was negative (-0.207). The estimated genetic parameters among meat quality traits, sensory traits, and fatty acid composition in this study are expected to be used to improve pork to suit consumer preferences.

For the effective seedling production of the hard shelled mussel, Mytilus coruscus, this study assessed the effects of the dietary value of live food, density, water temperature and salinity on growth and survival rate of the larvae. The optimal survival rate and growth rate were examined under differing conditions of water temperature, salinity, and rearing density for 30 days. The three groups were provided different feeding organisms, such as Isochrysis galbana and Teleaulax suecica. The mixtures were provided at a rate of 5×104 cell mL-1. The best growth was observed in the group with conditions 21℃ water temperature (16.2±9.1 μm), 33 psu of salinity (16.82±3.9 μm), 2500 individual m-2 (17.2±5.9 μm), and fed with 5×104 cell mL-1 of I. galbana and T. suecica mixture (16.0±7.3 μm). The highest survival rate was found in the group at conditions 18℃ water temperature (66.4%), 33 psu of salinity (24.4%), 2500 individual m-2 (65.8%), and fed with 5×104 cell mL-1 of I. galbana and T. suecica mixture (58.8%). We therefore conclude that the suitable culture conditions for the stable production of hard shelled mussel artificial seedlings was at 18 to 21℃ of temperature, 30 to 33 psu of salinity, 2500 to 5000 individual m-2 of rearing density, and feeding supplement of 5×104 cell mL-1 of I. galbana and T. suecica mixture under semi running water system.

Omni-directional high dynamic range images are used in image-based lighting or environment mapping. In game development environment high dynamic images can be used with shader assets. Recently various 360 VR camera systems are produced which can capture omni-directional images or video images without extra image stitching. In game development environment, shader assets or assets for shaders can be made along very time-consuming complex processes. In this paper, we proposed more simple and autonomous conversion system which can use directly in Unity.

In this study, nutritional analysis was done on regular rice bran and fermented rice bran toward increasing their availability and use. Regular and fermented rice bran were extracted 10 times at 98℃ for 4 hours each with water, extracted with 60% ethanol at 60℃ for 4 hours, then concentrated and extracted twice by freeze-drying. When rice bran was fermented, moisture, protein, and ash contents increased, while fats and carbohydrates decreased. Out of fatty acids, the saturated fatty acid content of regular rice ran was found to be 17.7%, and 20.5% when fermented while the unsaturated fatty acid components of rice ran and fermented rice bran were found to be 82.3 and 79.5%, respectively. In both kinds of bran, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid represented over 90% of the fatty acid content. In rice bran the fatty acid composition was 15.1% palmitic acid, 40.6% oleic acid and 39.5% linoleic acid, while that of fermented rice bran was 13.2% palmitic acid, 43.2% oleic acid and 31.3% linoleic acid. Out of free sugars fermented rice bran contained 0% fructose, 0.0099% glucose, 0.0039% maltose and 0.3233% sucrose. These results with which those of regular rice bran were silmilar were according to the normal sugar composition of rice in general. The vitamin C content of rice bran was 53㎎/100g and that of fermented rice bran 7㎎/100g. In neither kind of rice bran was vitamin A detected. Out of 18 minerals analyzed, Ca, K, Mg, and Mn were the most abundant minerals in both kinds of rice bran. Fermented rice bran had a higher K content with 3, 163㎎/100g, than normal rice bran, Mg content was 1, 178mg/100g. Fermented rice bran had a higher total mineral content.

버섯 재배에서 배지살균은 종균의 순수배양 및 배지내 버 섯균의 우점을 통하여 재배의 성패를 좌우하는 중요한 작업 이다. 버섯 배지의 살균방법은 재배형태에 따라서 다르다. 느 타리, 양송이 등 간이재배사를 활용한 균상재배는 65℃ 저 온살균을, 미강, 밀기울, 건비지, 면실박 등 질소함량이 높 은 재료를 영양원으로 사용하는 병재배나 봉지재배는 주로 121℃ 고압살균 또는 100℃ 상압살균을 하고 있다. 고 압살 균이나 상압살균에서 살균기의 노후, 온도센서의 부정확, 스팀보일러의 용량부족 등의 경우 배지내부는 일정 온도까 지 도달하는 시간이 지연되기도 한다. 이러한 원인으로 배 지가 변질되면 버섯균은 배양, 발생, 생육 기간이 오래 걸리 며 수량과 품질이 낮아진다. 따라서 본 시험에서는 버섯 배 지살균시 배양병 내부의 온도변화와 121℃ 또는 100℃ 유 지 시간을 조사하였다. 버섯배지의 살균온도를 측정하기 위 하여 iButton Temperature Data Logger DS-1922T (Co. Maxim Dallas) 제품을 사용하였다. 본 기기의 온도측정 시 간을 1분 간격으로 설정하여 배지의 내부에 삽입하고 살균 을 실시하였다. 살균이 끝난 후 꺼내어 USB Adapter DS- 9490R과 Reader DS-1402D를 사용하여 컴퓨터에 연결하 고 1-Wire Viewer 프로그램으로 측정온도를 분석하였다. Autoclave는 10년간 사용한 60리터들이 HS-60(1999년 도 구입)과 3년간 사용한 HB-506(2006년도 구입)을 비교 하였다. 배지의 종류 및 용량을 비교하기 위하여 액체배지는 삼각플라스크(250㎖용)에 100㎖과 바이알병(500㎖용)에 500㎖을; 톱밥배지는 시험관(직경30㎜)에 70㎖ 용량, 삼각 플라스크(250㎖용)에 200㎖ 용량, 850㎖ PP병, 1100㎖ PP 병을 Autoclave HB-506으로 121℃에서 살균하였다. 또한 살균방법을 비교하기 위하여 900병들이 고압살균기를 사용 하여 850㎖ PP병의 톱밥배지를 121℃ 고압살균, 100℃ 상 압살균, 65℃ 저온살균을 각각 실시하였다. Autoclave의 사 용연한에 따른 성능 비교에서 3년간 사용한 HB-506은 설 정온도, 계기판의 표시온도, 센서의 측정온도 간에 차이가 없 었으나 10년간 사용한 HS-60의 경우 표시온도 121℃에서 측정온도는 2℃가 낮았으며 이 자료를 근거로 수리를 실시 한 후에는 문제가 없었다. Autoclave의 살균시간 설정은 액 체배지 100㎖를 담은 250㎖들이 삼각플라스크는 20분간, 액체배지 500㎖ 바이알병은 25분간으로 충분하였다. 톱밥 배지를 충진한 직경 30㎜ 시험관은 25분간, 250㎖들이 삼각 플라스크는 40분간, 850㎖ PP병은 90분간, 1100㎖ PP병은 95분간으로 살균시간을 설정하였을때 배지 내부는 121℃로 18~20분간을 유지하였다. 또한 스팀보일러와 고압살균기 를 사용하여 고압살균, 상압살균, 저온살균 등 살균방법을 달 리하였을 때 고압살균의 121℃와 상압살균의 100℃ 유지에 문제가 없었으나 65℃ 저온살균시에는 배지의 온도가 80℃ 까지 오르며 불규칙적이어서 저온살균은 실시할 수가 없었 다. 본 실험은 고온고압에 견디며, 배지에 삽입하여 온도 측 정값을 저장할 수 있는 기기를 사용하여 살균기의 종류, 배지 의 종류와 용량, 살균방법별로 일정한 시간 간격에 따라 배지 의 온도변화와 살균온도 유지시간을 측정하였다. 이 실험에 사용한 방법과 결과는 버섯 재배현장에서 응용함으로써 알 맞은 배지 살균으로 버섯의 안정생산에 기여할 것으로 기대 된다.

An analytical method for trimethylamine in ambient air was developed, using headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Trimethylamine was collected on the acid filter which was impregnated sulfuric aicd in the 47 ㎜ diameter of glass fiber filter. Trimethylamine collected on the acid filter was regenerated in the headspace vial and introduced into the GC analytical column directly. Several parameters such as sample volume, equilibrium temperature and time, and slurry method of filter were optimized to provide maximum detection response. Resolution power also compared according to liquid phase of analytical column. The detection limit of method was 0.13 ppb with 50 L sampling volume. The developed acid filter method is easy to deal with the field sampling and the method was adopted as the standard method for odor analysis in Korea.

보존료인 소르빈산 및 소르빈산칼륨, 안식향산 및 그 염류, 파라옥시안식향산에스테르류를 중심으로 식품첨가물의 일일추정섭취량을 평가하는 새로운 방법으로서 설문조사법을 제시하여 일일추정섭취량을 구하였을 때 조사한 보존료 모두 일일섭취허용량(ADI)의 1%미만으로 매우 안전한 수준이였다. 기존에 수행된 최대허용량을 이용한 단순추정방법 및 실제 분석치를 이용한 정밀추정방법과 비교·평가하였을 때, 설문조사법에 의한 총 일일추정섭취량은 소르빈산염류의 경우 0.39 ㎎/㎏ bw/day로 실제 분석치를 이용한 정밀조사방법에 의한 값인 0.22㎎/㎏ bw/day보다 높았으나 최대허용량을 이용한 방법에 의한 값인 1.39 ㎎/㎏ bw/day보다는 훨씬 낮았다. 또한 안식향산염류와 파라옥시안식향산에스테르의 경우도 설문조사가 0.29㎎/㎏ bw/day, 0.03㎎/㎏ bw/day으로 정밀추정방법보다는 높게 나타났으나 단순추정방법인 최대허용량을 이용한 방법보다는 훨씬 낮은 값으로 정밀추정방법에 의한 값에 가까운 결과를 보였다. 따라서 설문조사법을 간편하고 경제적이면서 섭취량을 정밀하게 추정할 수 있는 식품첨가물 섭취량 평가의 방법으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

A study has been performed to estimate the average and high (90th percentile of consumers-only) daily intakes of sorbates by age-sex groups (＞ 3 years old) in Korea. The estimation of daily intakes was based on individual-based dietary intake data in `National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998' and the contents of sorbates from samples. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of sorbates for average consumers ranged from 0.09 mg/kg bw/day to 0.51 mg/kg bw/day corresponding to 0.4-2.1% of acceptable daily intake (ADI). For high consumers, the range of EDI of sorbates was 3.42-14.65 mg/kg bw/day corresponding to 13.7-58.6% of ADI. Foods that contributed most to the daily intakes of sorbates for all age-sex groups were processed fish products, processed meat products, and salted foods. There was an inverse relationship between age and the consumption of sorbates for average and high consumers, whereas no marked pattern was emerged by sex categories. The intake levels of sorbates even among high consumers were below the ADI in Korea.

A study has been carried out to estimate the average daily intakes of sorbates, benzoates, and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid commonly used in Korea. The estimation of daily intakes was based on individual dietary intakes in $quot;National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998$quot; and the the contents of preservatives from 264 samples. Estimated daily intakes(EDI) of sorbates, benzoates, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were 0.22, 0.015, and 0.004 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. When assuming the standard body weight of 55 kg for Korean, ratios to acceptable daily intake(ADI) of sorbates, benzoates, and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were 0.88, 0.30, and 0.04%, respectively.

The analysis of hazardous heavy metals, such as Pb, Cd and As, was conducted from the porcelain dinnerwares. Total 374 samples of those products in the domestic market were purchased for the study. All the samples were extracted by 4% acetic acid solution, followed by the analysis with AAS(Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). As a result, Pb and As were detected maximum 8.63 ㎍/ml, 2.58 ㎍/ml, respectively. Cd was found in a sample as 0.10 ㎍/ml.

Daily intakes of 14 preservatives were evaluated by using their maximum permitted levels(MPL) and national food disappearance data in 1998. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of each preservatives were compared with corresponding acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). EDIs of dehydroacetic acid, sodium dehydroacetate, p-hydrobenzoic acid ester, propionic acid, sodium propionate and calcium propionate were leas than 2% of ADI and judged to be safe. However, EDI of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate were 76.61 mg/person/day and it reached 5% of its ADI. EDI of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate were 85.65 mg/person/day and it reached 31% of its ADI. The highest intake of benzoic acid came from carbonated drink.

The Budget method used currently in Codex for estimation of use levels of food additives was investigated and the specific approach that can be applicable for Koreans has been proposed. Theoretical maximum daily intakes(TMDIs) of benzoate, p-hydroxybenzoic acid ester, butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), t-butylhydroquinone(TBHQ), nitrite, nitrate, sorbate, and sulfite were estimated and compared with corresponding acceptable daily intakes(ADIs). Additives requiring further precise evaluation were screened. TMDIs of benzoate, BHA, BHT, TBHQ, nitrite, and sulfite exceeded ADIs. On the other hand, it appeared that TMDIs of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, nitrate, and sorbate were below ADIs. It is expected that the Budget method may be used as one approach for the estimation of use level and risk assessment.