This study investigated the changes in chemical components, antioxidant compounds, and activity before (BG) and after germinated (AG) brown rice in order to promote the availability of these beneficial factors. The GABA content of BG and AG brown rice were 0.07~6.61 and 11.13~49.72 mg/100 g, respectively. The α-amylase activity of AG brown rice was 1.77~70.25 unit/g fold higher than it was in BG brown rice. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, which are known to be related to antioxidation, were higher in BG brown rice than in AG brown rice. The total polyphenol contents of BG and AG brown rice were 10.52~36.38 and 11.38~26.33 mg/100 g, and the total flavonoid contents were 3.55~13.39 and 3.52~9.78 mg/100 g, respectively. Also, DPPH radical scavenging activity was 57.64~251.34 and 50.49~213.35 mg TE/100 g, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity and total tannin content showed a similar trend to DPPH radical scavenging activity. We expect that this data will be useful in the manufacturing of food products.

국내 선식의 유통 안전성 확보를 위한 기초기반연구로 저온플라즈마 처리한 시판 선식의 품질 특성 평가를 진행하 였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 플라즈마 시스템은 서울대학교에서 개발된 컨테이너형 유전격벽 플라즈마로 방전 가스는 공기를 활용하여 0, 5, 10 및 20분간 처리하였고 미생물 감균효과, 색도, 과산화물가 및 관능평가를 국립식량과학원 및 서울대학교에서 공동으로 수행하였다. 일반 호기성 미생물 분석 결과 20분 처리 시 약 1.70 log CFU/g 감소하였으며, Bacillus cereus 및 Escherichia coli O157:H7을 이용한 접종 시험 결과 각각 2.20 및 2.50 log CFU/g 감소하였다. 색도 측정 결과 플라즈마 처리에 의해 명도 값은 증가하였으나 적색도 및 황색도 값은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 하지만 플 라즈마 처리에 의해 지질 산화가 일어나 관능적 품질이 저하되는 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과 공기로 방전 한 저온 플라즈마 기술은 선식의 품질안전성을 개선할 수 있으나, 관능적 식미향상 및 품질개선을 위한 후속연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

1. 우리나라 쌀 소비량은 지속적으로 감소하고 있으나 쌀 가 공식품의 매출은 꾸준히 증가하는 추세에 있다. 2. 이에 본 연구는 농촌진흥청 농식품 소비자 패널조사 자 료(703가구)를 이용하여 최근 5년간 쌀 가공식품 구매패턴의 변화를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 쌀 가공식품을 밥류, 죽류, 면류, 떡류, 방류, 과자류, 주류, 음료류, 조미류, 가루류 10종류로 분류하고, 쌀 가공식품의 종류별, 월별, 구매장소별 구매가구 수, 구매금액, 구매빈도 등 전반적인 구매패턴의 변 화를 살펴보았다. 3. 향후 소비 증가가 예상되는 쌀 가공식품의 종류와 향후 요구되는 관련 연구과제를 제안하였다.

The objective of this study was to determine the physico-chemical properties in the high-amylose rice varieties. The rice flours were analyzed by RVA, DSC, HPAEC, resistant starch kit, SEM, spectrophotometer, etc. According to the RVA measurement of rice flours, the pasting temperature of Dodamssal was higher than those of the others. The proportion of amylopectin short chains (DP 6-12) of the Dodamssal was significantly lower than that of the others. The contents of amylose and resistant starch in the high-amylose rice flours ranged from 19.03% to 38.71% and from 0.6% to 12.39%, respectively. In SEM images, starch granules within Ilmibyeo, Mimyeon, Saegoami rice flours displayed polyhedrons different from those (relatively spherical morphology) of Dodamssal rice flour. According to the DSC results of rice flours, there were significant differences in the onset, peak temperatures of the endothermic peak. Gelatinization enthalpy was 4.52-6.3 J/g, with the lowest change in Dodamssal rice flour.

본 연구에서는 국산밀 품종에 대해 발아시간에 따른 항산 화 성분 및 항산화 활성을 측정하였다. 발아시간에 따른 국산 밀 에탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀, 플라보노이드 및 탄닌 등 페놀성분의 함량은 발아시간에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보이 는 것으로 나타났다. 무처리 금강밀, 조경밀, 백중밀 및 고소 밀의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 13.74, 15.05, 16.84 및 13.02 mg GAE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 총 플라보노이드 함량은 각 각 5.11, 6.72, 6.28 및 5.43 mg CE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 유의성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 총 탄닌 함량은 각각 9.19, 8.86, 8.93 및 8.66 mg TAE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따 라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 유의성을 보이는 것으로 나타 났다(p<0.05). 금강밀, 조경밀, 백중밀 및 고소밀의 DPPH 라 디칼 소거활성은 각각 30.77, 23.88, 25.35 및 18.73 mg TE/100 g이었으며, 25℃에서 72시간 발아 시료가 각각 47.47, 44.17, 38.22 및 42.85 mg TE/100 g으로 유의적으로 높은 활성을 보 이는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). ABTS 라디칼 소거활성은 각 각 83.42, 88.53, 88.87 및 79.97 mg TE/100 g이었으며, 발아시 간이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다 (p<0.05). 이상의 결과 국산밀의 발아를 통하여 페놀성분 및 라디칼 소거활성이 증진된 효과를 얻을 수 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서 주식류 9종에 대해 조리분량(4인분, 100인분)에 따른 영양성분을 비교한 결과, 주식류 종류에 따라영양성분의 차이를 나타내는 것이 상이하였지만 대량조리에 따른 영양성분의 함량 변화를 보이는 것이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 추후, 다양한 주식류에 대해 대량조리 시영양성분 변화에 대한 연구 및 단체급식소에서 적용할 수있도록 대량조리 영양성분 DB화가 이루어져야 할 것으로생각된다. 뿐만 아니라 대량조리에 있어서 품질 기준이 될수 있는 관능적 평가도 추가적으로 필요할 것으로 보인다.

본 연구는 비허용 품목인 유지종실류 5종(달맞이꽃씨, 홍화씨, 유채씨, 해바라기씨 및 아마씨)을 선정하여 광자 극발광법(PSL), 열발광법(TL), 전자스핀공명법(ESR) 및 기체크로마토그래프/질량분석법(GC/MS)을 활용하여 검지 특성 연구를 수행하였다. PSL 및 TL 측정 결과, 5종 모두 적용 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단하였다. ESR 분석결과는 5종 모두 조사시료에서 조사유래의 특이 ESR signal이 관찰되지 않아 적용 가능성이 낮다고 판단하였다. GC/MS 분석 결과, 홍화씨, 유채씨, 해바라기씨 및 아마씨의 경우에는 조사 유래의 hydrocarbon류가 검출되어 적용 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단하였다. 특히, oleic acid에서 유도된 8-heptadecene (C17:1), 1,7-hexadecadiene (C16:2)이 조사 여부를 확인하는 화학적 마커로 활용 가능성이 높았다. 달맞이꽃씨 경우에는 oleic acid에서 유도된 hydrocarbon류가 검출되지 않아 적용 가능성이 낮다고 판단하였다. 또한, 달맞이꽃씨, 홍화씨 및 해바라기씨에서 감마리놀렌산의 주요 원료인 linoleic acid에서 유도된 1,7,10-hexadecatriene (C16:3)과 6,9-heptadecadiene (C17:2)이 검출되어 조사여부를 확인하는 화학적 검지 마커로 활용 가능성이 높다고 판단 하였다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 유지종실류 5종에 대한 적용 가능성 및 다중분석 체계(PSL-TL-GC/MS)를 확립하였다.

This study was performed to analyze the retarded degree of Garaetteok retrogradation added with different ratios 0-15% (w/w) of apple pomace dietary fiber powder (DFP). SEM (×500) showed that air cell size on the Garaetteok surface increased as DFP content increased, whereas control had a compact structure without air cells. The degrees of Garaetteok retrogradation after 3 days at 4 and 25℃ by α-amylase iodine method were 57.44 and 41.55% for control, respectively. On the other hand, those of 15% DFP Garaetteok were 28.38 and 15.05%, respectively. Enthalpy changes (δE) by DSC of control, 10 and 20% DFP Garaetteok after 3 days of storage at 4℃ were 4.41, 4.17, and 3.80 J/g, respectively, whereas those at 25℃ were 2.14, 1.04, and 0.72 J/g. Hardness of 15% DFP Garaetteok was around 48% compared to that of control after 3 days of storage at 25℃. Increasing DFP content from 0 to 15% decreased L color value from 86.2 to 55.1, whereas a and b values increased from -1.9 to 8.9 and from 5.3 to 20.8, respectively. In a sensory intensity test, hardnesses of 15% DEP Garaetteok were significantly different at 1 and 0.1% compared to those of control after production and followed by storage for 3 days at 4℃, respectively.

사과박의 식이섬유를 추출하여 설기떡에 첨가 시 첨가량에 따른 저장 중 품질특성변화를 분석하였다. 설기떡의 색도는 식이섬유첨가량이 증가함에 따라서 L*값은 87.9로부터 65.9로 감소하였으며 a*와 b* 값은 각각 -1.9에서 5.9 및 5.0에서 20.5로 증가하였다. 주사전자현미경(SEM)으로 설기떡의 표면구조를 관찰한 결과 식이섬유를 첨가한 설기떡에는 쌀가루사이에 끼어든 식이섬유가 쌀가루간의 연결을 저해하여 대조구보다 치밀한 구조이지 않았으며 사이사이 공간이 형성되어 있는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 대조구, 10% 및 15%의 식이섬유를 첨가시킨 설기떡의 엔탈피 변화는 3일 후 4oC 저장에서 각각 4.83, 3.80 및 3.18 J/g로 나타났으며 25oC 저장에서는 각각 1.14, 0.60 및 0.60 J/g이었으며 식이섬유첨가는 설기떡의 노화를 지연시키는 작용을 하였다. 대조구와 식이섬유첨가 설기떡 간의 경도를 비교하여 볼 때 실온저장보다는 냉장저장 시 경도증가(노화)억제효과가 컸으며 4oC에서 저장 3 일 후 15%첨가 설기떡의 경도는 대조구의 약 42%수준이었다. 기준 검사물과의 차이검사법에 의한 전체적인 기호도 평가에서 15% 식이섬유를 첨가시킨 설기떡이 제조 직후와 4oC 저장에서 3 일 후 모두 가장 높은 값을 보였으며 대조구와 5% 내에서 유의성 차이를 보였다.

This study was conducted to determine distribution and characteristics of odors in Yeo-su industrial complex. The sampling of odor compounds was performed from may to september in 2009, twice a month, both morning and afternoon. The analytical items were meteorological data, complex odor, legally-designated 17 odor compounds. Complex odor and 17 odor compounds in Yeo-su industrial complex were suitable in emmission standard(s). The major odor compounds were appeared to be Hydrogen sulfide, Methyl mercaptan, Trimethyl amine, Ammonia. So, the industrial complex in Yeo-su was influenced by the Nitrogen and Sulfide odor substances. The distribution of concentration was investigated Ammonia＞ Stylene＞ Xylene＞ Acetaldehyde in order. We suggest that VOCs, causing the odor problem in Yeo-su, should be mutually controlled with Hazardous Air Monitoring Network.

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of major odorous pollutants emitted from foodwaste treatment facilities for providing the basic information in field of prevention. Twelve odorous components were analyzed at unit processes in 3 plants on May, August and October. The major odorous components appeared to be Ammonia (559.42 ppb), Acetaldehyde (229.70 ppb), Methylmercaptan (50.39 ppb) and Hydrogen sulfide (48.90 ppb). In the view-point of COC (Calculated Odor Concentration) based on odor threshold, A plant showed the highest value. The major odor active facilities were prevention ＞ input ＞ afterripening ＞ fermentation ＞ boundary ＞ pretreatment. The major odor active components were Hydrogen sulfide, Methylmercaptan, Acetaldehyde and i-valeraldehyde. It is important that the findings on major odor active facilities and components should be referred in the design of odor treatment process to the specific plants.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate effects of writing instruction using comic strips on Korean students' English writing skills and learning attitudes. Using both narrative and descriptive writing tasks, the experiment was conducted for eight weeks with 120 secondyear middle school students. The experimental group had writing activities with comic strips, whereas the control group studied writing using the textbook or free writing. The results showed that the experimental group improved English writing skills more, and had more positive attitudes toward learning English, than the control group. Lower-level students in the experimental group showed a marked improvement in narrative writing, while upper-level students demonstrated a positive change in their attitudes. Through surveys, interviews, observation, and analysis of students' writing, it was revealed that the experimental group reacted differently depending on the contents and type of comic strips, and activity types. Comic strips that dealt with everyday life and were drawn humorously induced more interest, while those demanding cultural understanding diminished the students' motivation. Student participation increased when drawing their own strips and sorting cuts of comic strips into order.

Background : Recently, there has been an increase in the use of herbal drugs for healthcare. The reference standards of herbal medicine is used to quality control for herbal medicines. It have been produced and re-evaluated by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, starting from 2002. In this study, we re-tested the quality of a variety of Herbal Reference Standards (HRS). We analyze the HRSs with identification test by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). All test is based on experimental method of the Korean Pharmacopoeia, the Korea Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Methods and Results : To check the stability of reference standards of herbal medicine, we annually performe real-time monitoring under storage condition (4℃). The aim of this study is to perform a stability testing for 200 national reference standards to ensure the reliability of standards. For example, there are reference standards of Osterici Radix, Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Lithospermi Radix etc. It was achieved by comparing the colors and Rf values of the bands in TLC with those of the marker compounds using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Tests for each item are based on experimental methods of the official compendium or the previous study on establishment of HRSs. Through re-test system, we confirm stability and reliability of HRSs condition. Also, based on the results, these HRSs will be continuously supplied as Herbal Reference Standards of MFDS. Conclusion : As the result, the HPTLC results showed the same TLC patterns as compared with previous reports. Based on the all results that we will update the each certificate of analysis. We want to contribute for quality control of herbal medicines.

Background : The reference standards of herbal medicine is used to quality control for herbal medicines. It is important that National Reference Standards maintain high stability of herbal medicines during all periods from the manufacture to the storage. In order to control quality of herbal medicines, the control reference standards (CRSs) have been produced by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, starting from 2002. The designated CRSs are essential tests and assays to be carried out in accordance with the official compendium such as the Korean Pharmacopoeia and the Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Methods and Results : The aim of this study is to perform a stability testing for 80 national reference standards to ensure the reliability of standards. For example, there are reference standards of Sweroside, Liquiritin, Wogonin etc. First of all, We randomly select three samples of CRSs and weight them and mobile phase is made suitable for the experimental conditions. We analyzed the purity value of each CRSs in calculating absolute peak area percent, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) based on the method in the official compendium. And the result showed that 80 evaluted CRSs were revealed more than 95% purity value. The stability of the CRSs under storage condition (4℃) were tested annually for 3 randomly selected samples. Conclusion : There are no significant difference among observed contents. The results of stability assessment represent suitable for quantitative analysis: less than 5% uncertainty of measurement. Even though this statistical analysis identified that stability was maintained for most of the products, some of them still need to be continuously monitored.

We investigated physicochemical properties of puffed snacks with intermediate and high amylose rice varieties. The intermediate amylose rice varieties ‘Sindongjin’ and high amylose rice varieties newly developed for food processing, ‘Dodamssal’ and ‘Goami4’ were tested for this study. The crude fat and crude protein contents of the rice cultivars ranged 1.47-3.08% and 6.30-7.63%, respectively. The resistant starch and amylose contents of Dodamssal and Goami4 were higher than those of Sindongjin. The hardness of rice was the highest in Sindongjin and Dodamssal. Also, Hardness of puffed snacks decreased by 72.07% for Sindongjin, 88.21% for Dodamssal and 66.67% for Goami4 compared to raw rice samples. The sensory evaluation showed that the highest scores in taste, texture and overall acceptability of puffed snacks were obtained in Dodamssal. The results of this study indicate that Dodamssal was suitable varieties for puffed snacks. Also, the physicochemical properties of Dodamssal were improved by the extrusion process. Therefore Dodamssal can be used for the industrial production of puffed snacks.

Yogurt is produced by fermentation of milk using bacteria known as “yogurt cultures”. Most of these bacteria are probiotics such as Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lb. rhamnosus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Bifidobacterium. The domestic fermented milk market is increasing, and about 30 companies are producing yogurt. The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality characteristics of domestic commercial liquid yogurt. Total 30types of commercial yogurts were sampled and their physicochemicial properties, including pH, sugar content, acidity, viscosity, and microbial characteristics of lactic acid bacteria counts, were measured. Commercial liquid type yogurt showed a pH of 4.5, sugar content of 7.4-21.2%, total acid content of 0.4-0.9%, and viscosity of 0.1-250 cP. In terms of microbial populations, lactic acid bacteria counts were 7.2-11.3 log CFU/mL and anaerobic lactic acid bacteria counts were 8.0-11.5 log CFU/mL. The quality characteristics differed depending on the constituents of the sample and the microorganisms used. These results are related to the quality characteristics of yogurts and are useful for identifying new trends in the domestic fermented milk industry.