The objective of this study was to investigate ELF-MF exposure levels in infant living environmental spaces at daycare centers. To achieve the objective of the study, we surveyed ELF-MF levels using EMDEX II at daycare centers from October 2013 to October 2014. The ELF-MF level of 53 daycare centers in terms of arithmetic mean (AM) and geometric mean (GM) were 0.59 ± 0.76 mG and 0.33 mG, respectively. And the ELF-MF level of 260 daycare center classrooms was 0.50 ± 0.71 mG (GM: 0.28 mG). The exposure levels of ELF-MF for all daycare centers were far below the recommended standards cited in guidelines in Korea (833 mG) and international reference levels proposed by WHO or ICNIRP (2,000 mG). Furthermore, we discovered out that as distance increased, ELF-MF emission levels decreased significantly in all electrical instruments. Below the 2 mG ELF-MF levels when an electrical instrument moved away stage 1 (Grade). Thus, these results will provide useful data for the determination of ELF-MF management and reduction methods at infant daycare centers.

To determine the effect of soil salinity and crop response according to drainage methods, a field experiment was conducted in reclaimed tidal flat land adjacent to Yeongsangang located at Sanyimyon Haenamgun Jeonnam province for three years from 2012 to 2014. Three drainage methods, subsurface drainage (SD), 30 cm open ditch drainage (OD30) and 60cm open ditch drainage (OD60) tested on silt loam soil. In SD and ND, soil salinity were lower than OD30 and OD60 but there was no significant soil EC to the depth of open ditch. SD had a little effect in lowering ground water table. Waterlogging intensity in SEW30 values during the growing season was the lowest in SD 297 compared with the OD30 855, ND 1,420 and OD60 1,553 cm-day. From the above results, subsurface drainage system control soil salinity and waterlogging. Also, the open ditch drainage had an effect on drainage improvement but there was no significant effect on desalinization. So drainage and soil reclamation were essentially needed to stable upland crop cultivation at the reclaimed tidal flat land.

To improve rice productivity in Myanmar, we evaluated two Korean rice cultivars and one Myanmar rice cultivar comprised of planting density and fertilization amount in three experiments from rainy season 2014 to dry and rainy season 2015. In the planting density experiment during wet season 2014, the rice yield in ‘Yeongpoong’ and ‘Shwethweyin’ cultivars increased considerably under high planting density but there was no significant differences in rice yield of ‘Dasan 2’ cultivar between planting density treatment. In dry season cultivation 2015, rice yield increased considerably under high planting density at all experimental cultivars. In wet season cultivation 2015, the rice yield of ‘Dasan 2’ and ‘Yeongpoong’ cultivars was significantly increased except ‘Shwethweyin’ cultivar. The yield of ‘Dasan 2’ cultivar was high in rainy season but there was much variation in yield among the planting density treatment and cultivation years. The yield of ‘Yeongpoong’ cultivar was higher in wet season cultivation than dry season cultivation and significantly increased with planting density. In the fertilization amount experiment, the yield of ‘Dasan 2’ cultivar cultivated in wet season 2014 was increased considerably with increasing fertilization amount but there was no difference between ‘Yeongpoong’ and ‘Shwethweyin’ cultivar. The yield of ‘Yeongpoong’ cultivar cultivated in dry and wet season 2015 was increased significantly with increasing fertilization amount. The Myanmar rice cultivar ‘Shwethweyin’ was no difference in yield with increasing fertilization amount. The yield of Korea cultivars ‘Dasan 2’ and ‘Yeongpoong’ was increased significantly with increasing fertilization amount but there was some yearly and seasonal variation. From the above results, if cultivation techniques would be applied in Myanmar, it is possible to raise productivity by using Korean rice cultivars.

This study was performed to determine the optimal condition for Lentinula edodes JMI-10079 mycelium cultivation on the root of Polygonum multiflorum. We also analyzed the proximate composition, total amino acids, and minerals in the root of P. multiflorum cultivated with L. edodes JMI-10079 mycelia. The optimal temperature and pH for L. edodes JMI-10079 mycelium cultivation on the P. multiflorum root were 25oC and pH 5–6 respectively, whereas the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were glucose and maltose, respectively. The content of crude protein, crude fat, and ash in the P. multiflorum root cultivated with L. edodes JMI-10079 mycelia was higher than that in the uncultivated P. multiflorum root. The content of crude fiber was the highest in the control. Total amino acid analysis revealed that the contents of total amino acids and total essential amino acids were increased by higher root of P. multiflorum concentration.

본 연구의 목적은 2010년부터 2014년까지 경기북부지역에서 유통 중인 식품 18,446건을 대상으로 식품의 안전성을 조사하고자 하였으며, 식품공전과 식품첨가물공전의 시험방법에 따라서 분석하였다. 조사대상 18,446건 중 전체 부적합은 184건으로 부적합율은 1.00%수준이었다. 연도별로 부적합률을 보면, 2010년에 3,683건 중에서 61건이 부적합으로 1.66%의 부적합률을 보였고, 2011년에는 3,863건 중에서 부적합이 37건으로 0.96%, 2012년에는 3,721건 중에서 부적합이 44건으로 1.18%, 2013년에는 3,669건 중에서 부적합이 25건으로 0.68%, 2014년에는 3,510건 중에서 부적합이 17건으로 0.48%의 부적합률을 보여 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 최근 5년간 부적합률을 월별로 분석하면 9월이 2.54%로 부적합률이 가장 높게 나타났다. 식품유형별 부적합 분포는 들기름이 204건중 23건이 부적합하여 11.27%, 참기름이 394건중 32건으로 8.12%, 절임류가 177건중 9건으로 5.08%, 고춧가루가 283건중 10건으로 3.53%, 추출가공식품이 451건중 15건으로 3.33%, 순으로 나타났다. 검사 항목별 부적합 건수의 분포는 전체 192건 중에서 세균수가 28건으로 15.22%로 가장 높았으며, 리놀렌산과 산가가 27건으로 14.67%, 요오드가가 19건으로 10.33%, 내용량이 16건으로 8.70%, 그리고 이산화황이 9건으로 4.89%을 보였다. 주요부적합 식품유형 및 검사 항목의 교차분석 결과는 참기름 32건에서는 리놀렌산이 27건으로 84.38%로 가장 높았으며, 요오드가가 6건18.75%, 그리고 벤조피렌이 2건으로 6.25%로 나타났다. 들기름 23건에서는 요오드가가 12건으로 52.17%로 가장 높았으며, 산가가 9건으로 39.13%와 벤조피렌이 2건으로 8.70%를 보였다. 과자류 20건에서는 산가가 10건으로 50.00%, 추출가공식품 15건에서는 세균수가 100%, 고춧가루 10건에서는 수분이 7건으로 70.00%로 각 품목에서 가장 높은 부적합율을 보였다. 식품유형에 따른 연도별 부적합 현황을 분석하면 참기름과 들기름의 경우, 2010년부터 2012년까지 10.00% 이상의 부적합률을 보이다가 2013년 이후 줄어들어 5.00%이하를 기록하였으며 2014년에는 부적합이 발생하지 않았다. 반면에 과자류의 경우는 부적합 건수가 줄어들지 않고 지속적으로 발생하고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 2010년에는 기타식초류가 9건 중에서 부적합이 5건으로 55.56%의 높은 부적합률을 보였다. 2011년과 2012년에는 참기름에서 각각 10.53%와 18.03%, 2013년에는 고춧가루에서 10.94%, 2014년에는 추출가공식품에서 12.50%의 부적합률을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 최근 5년간 경기북부지역에서 제조되고 유통되는 식품에서 안전 기준에 부적합한 항목들이 검출되었으며, 이러한 결과는 식품으로 인한 위해가 발생할 가능성이 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 식품으로 인한 위생상의 위해를 예방하고 안전성을 확보함으로써 국민의 건강을 증진하기 위하여 더욱 체계적이고 집중적인 식품의 안전관리가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sample presenting types on the sensory characteristics of chilled buckwheat noodle soup (Naeng-myeon). Generic descriptive analysis was performed for evaluating only stock (system 1), only noodle (system 2) and stock with noodle (system 3). Eight kinds of commercially available Naeng-myeon were samples of interest. Ten female descriptive panelists participated. ANOVA and regression analysis were used for data analysis. In the training sessions, ten sensory properties were developed for system 1, four were additionally established for noodle. In each system, the 8 products showed significantly different intensities in almost all sensory attributes like darkness of stock, overall flavor, sweetness, saltiness, sourness. When integrating the two systems, sample presenting types showed significant difference for the seven sensory attributes, especially saltiness, sourness, beef flavor tended to be rated more strongly in system 1 than system 3.

The objective of this study is to explore the preference differences of experience programs in rural areas according to socio-demographic characteristics. For this purpose, data were collected from a total of 481 adults visited in rural social enterprises in 2015, using self-administered questionnaire survey. Twenty-six items for evaluating the preference of experience program were measured using 5 score Likert scale and were extracted to 6 factors such as physical, ecological, historical culture, recreational and healing, watching show, and rural life experience. The results were as follows: first, visitors preferred the ecological experience the most and in order of recreational and healing, rural life, physical activity, historical culture, and watching show. Secondly, physical activity were preferred by young people, the unmarried, and student. Ecological, historical culture, recreational and healing, rural life experience were preferred by higher income earner or highly educated. Based on these results, implications for developing customized consumer’s experience program for rural social enterprises will be suggested.

The objective of this study was to assess RF-EMF exposure levels in indoor daycare centers in a Metropolitan city. RF-EMF measurements were collected and surveyed from 50 volunteer daycare centers in the Korea between October 2013 and October 2014. Through our research, it was found that the main exposure source for indoor daycare centers is the frequency bands for TV and Radio broadcasting (FM: 88.1~107.9 MHz), mobile phone (869~894 MHz, 1840~1870 MHz, 1885~2170 MHz), wireless LAN and home electronics, etc., including TRS, Wireless Data Communication. The RF-EMF exposure levels for all daycare centers were far below the recommended standards of EMF Guideline Korea and international reference levels proposed by ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). However, in terms of long term health effects some uncertainty exists, and thus minimizing exposure may reduce this uncertainty. The data we collected will be useful data for determining RF-EMF management and risk communication at daycare centers.

Although chemical fertilizers have a quick effect and broad applicability to agricultural fields, they have caused many problems like increasing soil acidity or decreasing soil organic matters. Environmental-friendly agriculture has been attempted in various ways such as organic agriculture, natural farming, low input and sustainable agriculture. The common interest of all environmental-friendly systems is to decrease burden to agricultural environment by low input of agricultural labor and materials. This study was conducted to estimate overwintering capacity and genetic distance among Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus, CMV) collections based on morphological characteristics and AFLP (Amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis. Furthermore, the effect of CMV as green manure was observed in mix-cultured paddy fields with rice, sesame and sweet-potato. An another objective of this study was also to compare the pattern of weed occurrence in paddy fields with or without CMV and different rice transplanting times. The CMV collected from Paju district in central region of Korea was successively occurring through self-reseeding without artificial management. However, there was no noticeable difference in growth habit between Paju native CMV and introduced CMV from China which is currently used in farm fields. On the basis of multi-dimensional scaling and tree analyses, there are no significant difference of agricultural growth characteristics among Paju and chinese collections only excepting leaf angle and root length. The flowering time of Gurye collection was fast for 1 week as compared to other collections. AFLP that was commonly used for plant classfication, was applied to exam the genetic variation of CMV collections. Total 579 PCR products and 336 polymorphic fragments were generated using 8 primer pairs.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of migration frequency on growth performance, blood profile, pork quality and economical analysis in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 56 growing pigs [(Yorkshire×Landrace)×Duroc] with an initial body weight 28.01±4.09 kg were used in this experiment. Pigs were randomly allocated to one of two treatments in a randomized complete block design and 7 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. Experimental treatments were 1) 1 site: growingto- finishing at 1.24 m2/head, 2) 2 site: growing facility for 6 week at 0.81 m2/head followed by move to the finishing facility at 1.24 m2/head. Feeding trial was composed by two growing phase (0-3 week, 4-6 week) and two finishing phase (7-9 week, 10-12 week). As a result, different pig flows influenced on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs and 1 site treatment showed higher average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and G:F ratio on growing phase (0-6 week, p<0.01). The 2 site treatment showed higher serum cortisol level at week 6 (p=0.03). In carcass evaluation, 1 site treatment had shorter days to slaughter 110 kg body weight (p=0.01). Consequently, 1 site system had better performance and economical profits for swine farms.

Vitamin K (phylloquinone) is an essential cofactor in the synthesis of active blood-clotting factors II, VII, IX and X. Deficiency of vitamin K leads to inadequate activity of these factors, resulting in bleeding. In this study, we investigated vitamin K1 content of agricultural products that are widely and specifically grown in Korea including 9 leaves and vegetables, 16 fruits, and 11 cereals and specialty crops. Vitamin K1 analysis of the agro-samples was by a validated, modified, reversed phase-HPLC method with fluorescence detection after post-column derivatization. The vitamin K1 content ranged from 1.83 to 682.73 μg/100 g in leaves and vegetables, 0.17 to 28.22 μg/100 g in fruits, and ND to 279 μg/100 g in cereals and specialty crops. Among the 36 samples, high content of vitamin K1 were found in Gugija (Lycium chinense Miller) leaves (average 682.73 μg/100 g) and Hansan ramie leaves (average 423.12 μg/100 g); however, mushroom, amaranth and Chinese artichoke showed no detectable levels. The results of ourstudy provide reliable vitamin K1 content of Korean grown agricultural products that expand nutritional information and food composition database.

혼합 간세포-담관암종은 조직학적 특성이 다양한 원발성 간암의 드문 형태이다. 혼합 간세포-담관암종의 근치적 치료 법은 수술적 절제가 유일하나, 진행성 혼합 간세포-담관암종의 치료에 대해서는 잘 정립되어 있지 않다. 저자들은 진행성 혼합 간세포-담관암종에서 선행항암화학요법을 시행 후 근치적 수술이 가능하였고, 수술 15개월 후까지 재발을 보이지 않은 증례를 보고하는 바이다.

저자들은 십이지장의 팽대부에서 발견된 종양에 대해 조직검사를 시행, 신경내분비종으로 판단하여 내시경적 유두부 절제술을 시행하였으며 신경절세포 부신경절종으로 진단된 증례를 경험하였으며, 신경절세포 부신경절종이 내시경적 유두부절제술로 성공적으로 치료되었기에 문헌고찰과 더불어 보고하는 바이다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a theory describing the experiences of psychosocial adjustment (process) among the recipients of pancreas transplantation in Korea. Methods: Data were collected by individual in-depth interviews with nine recipients of pancreas transplantation during 2010-2011. The data were transcribed and analyzed using grounded theory method to identify psychosocial adjustment process. Results: As a result of constant comparative analysis, "Pursuing ordinary life to free fromrestraints of diabetes" emerged as the core category. Five stages emerged: 1) Temporal liberation and satisfaction; 2) Disappointing with regrets and anger; 3) Facing up to the reality to be thankful; 4) Executing self-initiated management; and 5) Peaceful acceptance of reality as it is. "Excessive expectation" and "social support" are other categories that influenced the process. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that health professionals need to provide tailored and balanced information to recipients of pancreas transplantation both before and after the transplantation to relieve psychosocial distress after the transplantation.

This study was carried out to investigate the bat (Chiroptera) fauna in Jeju Island. Bat distribution has been monitored for last eleven years (since July 2006 to April 2016). We visited and survey the bat distribution in fifteen natural lava tubes, three sea caves, nineteen artificial cave encampments constructed during 20th century, five natural forest regions nearby Hallasan (eco-corridors) and one sea-shore area. Bat specimens were also confirmed at two local museums in Jeju Island. From the present study, we found 9 species of 6 genera belong to 3 families, which was quitely different from the records had previously described in Jeju Island since 1928. Five species (Rhinolophus ferrumequium, Myotis bombinus, Myotis rufoniger, Myotis macrodactylus and Miniopterus schreibersi) were commonly found to live in lava tubes and cave enforcements. But only Rhinolophus ferrumequium was found in a sea cave and five species including Murina leucogaster and Pipistrellus abramus were found in eco-corridors. Myotis aurascens were only observed in the cave enforcements. We have also confirmed the existence of specimens, including Tadarida insignis, stored at the local museums. From the results of this study, we actually could not found the remaining seven species (Hypsugo savii, Miniopterus fuscus, Myotis mystacinus, Myotis ikonnikovi, Myotis branditii, Myotis petax and Pipistrellus endoi). From the investigation of bat species, Myotis rufoniger which is known as one of endangered species were detected in four different locations including two lava tubes, one forest region, and one cave enforcement. This is the first time of finding for Myotis rufoniger in the artificial architecture. In addition, one of rare finding species Myotis bombinus in Korean Peninsula, which were found in several lava tubes and cave enforcements, in some cases they were observed in the large population over one-hundred individuals. The Tube-nosed bat (Murina leucogaster) was discovered for the first time through this study in 2009, which was found in the mountainous forest regions nearby Hallasan in summer season. Interestingly, Myotis aurascens were also discovered firstly in spring season of 2015. Myotis aurascens were discovered three locations of cave enforcements but the localities were restricted only in the western region of Jeju Island. Using the bat specimens fo Myotis aurascens collected from three different locations, we tried to examine the morphometric and phylogenetic relationship among the records in the East Asia. The bat population of Jeju Island had smaller levels of HBL and Hfcu, but greater levels of TL, EL, FAL, and Tra than those of the Korean Peninsula population. Jeju bats had wide range in the lengths of FAL and Hfcu comparing to those of European bats. From the bimonthly monitoring to each finding site, we have actually failed to observe those again, estimating that they use those CEs as the daily-roosting place in activating seasons. The sequences of CYTB and COI genes showed identical sequences among Jeju Myotis aurascens bats tested, indicating that they are maternally related. The results from molecular phylogeny showed that the sequences of these bats located on the same branch with those for Myotis aurascens in the phylogenetic trees. Besides, the nucleotide sequences of the Jeju Myotis aurascens bats showed the closest relation with those of Korean Peninsula. Consequently, these findings indicate that the bats of Myotis aurascens, verified the natural distribution in Jeju Island, have originated from a single maternal origin and differences in morphological and genetic backgrounds form those of Korean Peninsula and the other countries, and had probably immigrated via Korean Peninsula from the northwest. The results of this study showed that it should be carried out to reconstruct the bat fauna and to reveal the natural habitation status of each species in this island in the future. In addition, these findings will contribute as basic information for understanding the migration history and biogeographic relationship of bats in East Asia, and for planning the conservation and management programs of the wildlife in Jeju Island.

선근종은 간담도계와 위장관계의 양성 병변으로 주로 담낭에서 발생하며 바터 팽대부에서 발생하는 경우는 매우 드물다. 본 증례는 64세 남자 환자의 검진 초음파에서 우연히 발견된 담췌관 확장 소견으로 CT 및 MRI 검사를 시행하여 바터 팽대부의 암종을 의심하였고, 내시경 조직검사와 초음파 유도하 세침흡인술에서 악성 세포가 발견되지 않았으나 팽대부 주위암을 완전히 배제할 수 없어 유문 보존 췌십이지 장절제술을 시행하여 병리학적 검사 결과에서 선근종으로 최종 진단된 예이다. 바터 팽대부의 선근종은 팽대부 주위암과 감별이 어려워 임상 의사의 주의가 요구되며 악성 종양의 가능성을 배제할 수 없는 경우 수술적 절제를 통해 최종 진단이 가능하겠지만 내시경적 유두절제술 등의 적극적인 검사를 통해 불필요한 수술을 피하려는 노력도 필요하겠다.

우리나라에 발생하는 해안 식생의 식생 구조에 대하여 식 물사회학적 연구를 수행하였다. 총 102개 조사구에 대한 식생자료의 분석은 ZM 학파의 방법을 활용하였다. 국내 해안 에 발생하는 식물 군집 구분은 총 11개의 군락으로 순비기 나무-돌가시나무 군락, 갯메꽃 군락, 통보리사초-갯그령 군 락, 갯잔디 군락, 해홍나물 군락, 방석나물 군락, 나문재-가는 갯는쟁이군락, 칠면초 군락, 천일사초 군락, 갈대 군락, 산조 풀 군락이 구분되었다. 각 군락 들은 발생지역과 환경에서 다양성을 보였다. 식생 자료에 대한 주성분분석 (PCA) 결과 식물사회학적 군락 분류 결과를 지지하였다.