Competitive ELISA methods were used to measure the level of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) from urine in 1008 Korean adults. Subjects were selected by random sampling in all areas of Korea, except Cheju-do. The recovery rate of AFM1 using this method was 105% (73-124%). The geometric mean of urinary AFM1 in all subjects was 3.43 pg/mL (3.67 ng/g creatinine). The level of AFM1 in males was statistically higher, compared with female subjects. However, the levels of AFM1 did not differ according to age. Subjects in Chungbuk-do showed the highest urinary AFM1 concentration, whereas subjects in Kyeongnam-do showed the lowest concentration. Assuming an excretion rate of 5%, this AFM1 excretion corresponds to approximately 0.1 microgram/day in Korean adults.

This study aimed to investigate whether isometric lower limb exercise can activate contralateral trunk muscles and whether the magnitude of muscle activation is related to lower limb movement in sitting. This study included 25 healthy young subjects (20 males and 5 females). The magnitude of trunk muscle activation was measured using surface electromyography (EMG) during hip flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction, and a significant difference was observed in the activation levels of trunk muscles among the tests (p<.01). The EMG activity of the multifidus (MF) and erector spinae (ES) muscles on the contralateral side were significantly greater during hip extension. However, the activation levels of the contralateral internal oblique (IO) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles were greatest during hip flexion. The MF : ES EMG ratio was significantly greater during hip isometric during hip isometric flexion and abduction compared to hip extension and adduction. There was no significantly difference in the IO : RA ratio during the isometric contractions toward different directions. These findings indicate that isometric lower limb exercise can elicit trunk muscle contraction on the contralateral side and may therefore be helped for developing contralateral trunk muscle strength in individuals undergoing rehabilitation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of consumption and consumer satisfaction of dietary fiber supplements. The survey was conducted using a self-recorded questionnaire developed to meet the purpose of this study. The characteristics of the subjects who have taken dietary fiber supplements in the past are as follows: distributions of socioeconomic variables showed that the highest-ranked group(the group that reported the highest consumption of dietary fiber supplements) was professionals with a college degree or higher degree. In addition, the highest-ranked group were the most healthy, nonsmokers and reported drinking habits of ‘1～2 times/week’. Regarding the health status of those surveyed, digestive disease and constipation were the most common complaints. The majority responded with ‘health concerns’ to the question that asked the reason for their purchase of the dietary fiber supplements. Three major places respondents could find dietary fiber supplements were ‘through the internet’, ‘the market’, ‘the pharmacy’ in descending order. The compositions of dietary fiber products varied. ‘konjac’, ‘cellulose’, ‘psyllium husks’ were the most popular components consumed by the subjects. The average duration of product consumption was less than one month. In terms of satisfaction levels(satisfaction was ranked from 1 to 5), ‘taste’ and ‘type’ scored the highest in satisfaction levels while ‘price’ ranked the lowest. When subjects were asked about self-awareness regarding the physiological efficacy of dietary fiber supplements, the responses were positive in ‘bowel movement’ and ‘weight loss’. Further research is required to improve the quality of dietary fiber supplements in order to assist consumers in selecting the appropriate products.

이 연구는 성인들의 성격 유형이 스트레스 저항능력과 상관관계가 있는지를 개인이 지닌 뇌신경 생리학적 지표인 뇌파정보를 이용해서 비교해 보았다. 대상자는 2006년 9월에서 2010년 12월까지 한국정신과학연구소에 뇌파측정을 의뢰한 성인(20-64세)들을 기준으로 선정하였고, 성인남자 1,315명, 여자 3,185명 총 4,500명을 대상으로 하였다. 분석 결과 성격유형과 항 스트레스, 각성도, 정서적 성향에서 유의미한 관계가 있었다. 즉, 부정(소극), 우울(내향) 성향일수록 스트레스 저항능력이나 정서적 성향, 각성의 정도가 낮았다. 이 결과는 긍정적(적극적), 명랑(외향)적인 성격이 병에 대한 저항력이나, 스트레스를 이겨 낼 수 있는 능력, 나아가서 정서적인 안정감이 높다고 할 수 있겠다. 이 연구 결과 몇 개의 범주에서 성격과 의의 있는 상관관계를 보여 주었으며 미치는 영향이나 유전적인 역할이 어떻게 영향을 주는지의 작용기전을 규명하는 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

We evaluated insecticidal and acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity of 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against male and female adults of Blattella germanica. Of 11 Apiaceae plant essential oils tested, dill (Anethum graveolens), carvi (Carum carvi), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) essential oils demonstrated > 90 % fumigant toxicity against male adults of German cockroach at 5 mg/filter paper. In contact toxicity test, dill (Anethum graveolens), carvi (Carum carvi), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), and ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) essential oils produced strong insecticidal activity against male and female adults of German cockroach. Among test compounds, carvone, 1,8-cineole, trans-dihydrocarvone, cuminaldehyde, trans-anethole, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene demonstrated strong fumigant toxicity against male and female adults of B. germanica. In a contact toxicity test, carveol, cuminaldehyde, (S)-(+)-carvone, trans-anethole, thymol, and p-cymene showed the strong contact toxicity against B. germanica male and female adults. IC50 values of α-pinene, carvacrol, and dihydrocarvone against female acetylcholine esterase were 0.28, 0.17, and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in 4 active oils indicated that carvone, cuminaldehyde, and thymol were major contributors to the fumigant or contact toxicity of the artificial blend.

Importance of the work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) has been increasing in the hospital industry such as health care industry and financial industry. This study investigated in order to identify the factors like general, occupational and ergonomically characteristics of the subjects related to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) of physical therapists (PTs). Ergonomic tools of rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) were used for evaluation workload of the tasks. Prevalence of MSDs were 13 PTs (26.0%) for neck, 31 PTs (62.0%) for shoulder, 9 PTs (18.0%) for arm/elbow, 27 PTs (54.0%) for hand/wrist, 28 PTs (56.0%) for back, 14 PTs (28.0%) for leg/foot. The analysis of the rate of the pain intensity showed that 53.5% subjects experience moderate pain and 14.0% subjects experience severe pain. Factors which were general characteristics, for example, height, ergonomically characteristics such as 'Posture Score A' were related musculoskeletal subjective symptoms in logistic analysis (p<.05). Among physical therapists, action level of RULA were action level 2 (6.0%), action level 3 (52.0%), action level 4 (42.0%). Physical therapists were estimated one of the highest risk factor in this study. This study suggested that the need of preventive education and program for PTs (physical therapists). Comprehensive and systematic management plans should be established to include both ergonomic and sociopsychological aspects.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of patellar height on quadriceps muscles' electromyography (EMG) activity during a squat exercise in adults with patella baja. For the study, we recruited 15 volunteers who had patella baja on the right side. We measured the EMG activity of the right rectus femoris, vastus medialis oblique, and vastus lateralis muscles during squat exercises under two conditions, specifically with and without an infra-patellar strap. The infra-patellar strap was applied below the tested patella to elevate the patella to a normal height. A paired t-test was used to compare the effects of patella height on EMG activity of the quadriceps muscles. The EMG activity of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis oblique (VMO), and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles were significantly decreased during the squat exercise with the infra-patellar strap compared to the same exercise without the infra-patellar strap (p<.05), while the VMO/VL ratio was not different significantly between two conditions (p>.05). The findings of this study suggest that an infra-patellar strap may benefit people with patellar baja, as changes in patellar height could improve the efficiency of the quadriceps muscles.

The purpose of this study was an determine whether elastic band on treadmill training might effect the chest expansion and pulmonary function of the 20's men. 40 subjects with experimental group(male: 20) and control group(male: 20) was participated in experiment. During four weeks, each group participated thirty minutes for three times per week. Subjects were assessed using pre-value and postvalue measurement chest length(chest length for resting, chest expansion) and pulmonary function(forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow, vital capacity, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume) by the CardioTouch 3000S(BIONET, USA). These findings suggest that experimental group can be used to improve chest expansion, pulmonary function than control group. In comparison of both groups, post-test was more improved in experimental group. In conclusion, experimental group helped improving function of pulmonary volume and respiratory muscle, and thus it indicates that the functions will be more improved through the continued respiratory exercise program.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the static pelvic inclination and declination in the static standing position on weight bearing rate and gait elements. Fourteen healthy adults in their twenties were participated. Two groups of healthy adults were allocated in this study: above and below the average of pelvic tilt. The correlation between the pelvic inclination, weight bearing rate and gait elements were measured. There was a statistical correlation between the pelvic tilt and step. Also, there was a statistical difference when we compared anterior declination with swing period and posterior declination with step. There was an asymmetric correlation between pelvic tilt and step. However, there was no statistical difference between the groups above and below the average of pelvic tilt. This result indicates that dipper pelvic inclination doesn't affect the asymmetry of step.

The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, is the most serious storage pests worldwide of grocery shops, flour mills, and warehouses. The phototactic response of the rice weevil, S. oryzae, to light emitting diodes (LEDs) at five different wavelengths and various light intensities was tested within an LED-equipped Y-maze chamber, and compared with its response to a luring lamp, which is used in commercial traps. Various wavelengths in this study were UV (365 nm), blue (450 nm), green (520 nm), red (660 nm), and infrared (IR) (730 nm). Based on attraction rate (%), blue (84.3%) was the most attractive to S. oryzae, followed by green (74.3%), red (64.3%), UV (63.3%), and IR (48.7%). Moreover, blue and green wavelengths were 1.5 and 1.3 times more attractive than luring lamp (56.7%), whereas the UV wavelength was slightly less attractive to the weevils than luring lamp. These results suggested that blue and green wavelengths could be more useful than those currently used for monitoring and mass trapping of S. oryzae.

목적: 우리나라 성인에서 흡연과 사회경제적 상태에 따른 백내장의 대응위험도를 평가하여 백내장의 유병인자를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 국민건강영양조사(2009년) 안검진 데이터를 이용하여 만 40세 이상의 성인 4,976명을 대상으로 흡연과 사회경제적 상태에 따른 백내장의 유병률과 대응위험도(odds ratios)를 평가하였다. 백내장 유병률의 차이는 t-검정 및 χ2 검정을 실시하였고, 백내장 유병과 사회경제적 요인간의 관계는 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 성별, 연령 및 체질량지수(BMI), 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증을 보정한 대응위험도(OR)와 95% 신뢰구간(CIs)의 산출하였다. 결과: 백내장 유병률은 40대는 10.8%이었고, 60대는 73.8%로 급격히 증가하였으며, 80세 이상에서는 97.5%로 연령의 증가와 함께 높아졌다. 백내장의 대응위험도는 성별, 연령, 체질량지수, 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지 혈증을 보정하였을 때 교육수준이 초졸 이하인 군에서는 1.28(p=0.008 CI, 1.07-1.53), 100만원 이하의 저소득군에서는 1.31(p=0.004 CI, 1.09-1.57), 흡연군에서는 1.38(p=0.013 CI, 1.07-1.78)로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결론: 우리나라 성인에서 교육수준과 소득수준이 낮고 흡연을 하는 집단에서 백내장 유병률과 대응위험도가 높았다.

This study, adult men and women who live in Seoul with 100 people a dietary habit and eating traditional foods, traditional foods and recipes of the characteristics, educational experience and educational demand for traditional foods were investigated. Korean traditional food usually eaten in the usual (37.2%) and holidays(30.2 percent) to eat. Korean traditional food to eat because we did not have time reduction(38.4%), cooking methods is difficult(30.2%), mainly to select the menu when eating out, traditional food in Korea(58.1 percent). Korea traditional food with a traditional culture of Korea has developed dishes (45.3%), the food here is that we use most often(22.2%), Korea's unique attributes of traditional food deserves world-class(74.4%), nutritionally balanced, healthy foods (72.1%) and showed that recognition. Korean traditional food needs of education(62.8%) and the traditional excellence of the food(33.7%) and Korea traditional food culture and to develop succession (27.9%), traditional food for healthy eating awareness training was needed.

The aim of this study was to determine the immediate effects of single treatment of strain-counter strain (SCS) on pressure pain threshold (PPT) and muscle activity during scapular plane abduction with 3% body weight load. Fifteen asymptomatic male adults with upper trapezius latent trigger point (LTrP) (PPT<2.9 ) participated in this study. Pressure algometer was used to measure PPT and surface electromyography was used to record upper, middle arid lower trapezius, serratus anterior, infraspinatus and middle deltoid muscle activity and relative ratio during scapular plane abduction between pre- and post-intervention. There was a significant increase in upper trapezius PPT after a 90-second SCS (p<.05). The activity of the upper trapezius and middle deltoid was significantly decreased (p=.014, p=.001), coupled with a decreased muscle activity ratio between the upper and lower trapezius (p<.05). These results indicate that the SCS may effectively deactivate upper trapezius activity, thereby alleviating muscle balance and reducing pain sensitivity.

Foot posture is important in the development of the musculoskeletal structure in the lower limbs because it can change the mechanical alignment. Although foot orthotics are widely used for the correction of malalignments in the lower extremities, the biomechanical effects of wedges have not yet been cleared. The aim of this study was to investigate whether medial wedges affect the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the knee and hip joints in healthy adults that are performing one leg standing. Seventeen healthy volunteers performed the one leg standing under two foot conditions: A level surface, and a medial wedge. The subjects' EMG data for the gluteus maximus (Gmax), gluteus medius (Gmed), tensor fasciae latae (TFL), biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) were recorded, along with the surface EMG, and all were analyzed. The EMG activity of the Gmed and TFL had significantly decreased under the medial wedge condition during one leg standing. Further study is needed in order to investigate whether medial wedges influence the EMG activity and kinematic data of the knee and hip joints as well as the ankle joints in adults with flexible flatfoot, while they are performing one leg standing.

Trunk injection of nematicides was applied to prevent pine wilt disease (PWD). Although the trunk injection of nematicides was effective to PWD prevention, it was not effective to a vector, Monochamus alternatus. Thus, This study was investigated for the insecticidal activity and the effect of oviposition deterrence by injecting to pine trees with systemic insecticides such as Acetamiprid SC 10%, Imidacloprid DC (20%), and Thiamethoxam DC (15%). As a results, mortality of M. alternatus adults was 100% at 56 days after trunk injection. Percentage of M. alternatus adults moved to a young black pine tree by trunk injection of Imidacloprid DC (20%) and Thiamethoxam DC (15%) in screen cage (4.0×2.0×2.5m) was 76.7% and 70.0%, respectively. But the mortality of M. alternatus adults showed 100%. Percentage of M. alternatus adults moved to the treated and untreated young black pine trees by trunk injection of Acetamiprid SC (10%) in screen cage (4.0×2.0×2.5m) were 25.9% and 49.5% at 1st day and 3rd day after treatment, respectively. Percentage of M. alternatus adults oviposited to treated pine logs at 3month after trunk injection of liquid mixture of Acetamiprid SC (10%) and Emamectin benzoate EC (2.15%) in screen cage (72×72×100㎝) was 25%. But, untreated pine logs was 100%

Movement of adult Monochamus alternatus was investigated on young black pine, Pinus thunbergii, trees for about one month in a screen cage. Number of pine trees to which M. alternatus females and males moved during the experimental period was 6.4±1.4 and 7.2±1.5 out of 15 trees, respectively. Adult females and males moved to 0.2±0.1 and 0.3±0.1 tree per day, respectively. A 74.6 and 80.7% of adult females and males moved at night (17:00-08:00) to other trees. After moving, most beetles (72.6% of females and 76.0% of males) stayed on the tree to which they moved for one to two days. Some beetles stayed for up to seven days.

We examined the relationship between breakfast eating, nutrient intake, and health outcomes using dietary intake, anthropometric, and biochemical measurements in Korean adults. Data from the 2007 National Health and Nutrition Survey were obtained, and 2,514 adults aged 20 to 64 years were analyzed. The prevalence of skipping breakfast, using a 24-hour diet recall, was 54.5% in the 20-29 age group, 31.2% in the 30-49 age group, and 19.2% in the 50-64 age group. In the 20-29 age group, waist circumstance and serum cholesterol were significantly higher in breakfast skippers than in breakfast eaters. In the 30-49 age group, breakfast skippers had higher triglyceride levels than breakfast eaters. Energy intake of breakfast skippers in every age group was significantly lower than that of breakfast eaters. Furthermore, in the 20-29 and 30-49 age groups, the percent of energy from carbohydrates in breakfast skippers was significantly lower than that of breakfast eaters, whereas the percent of energy from lipids in breakfast skippers was significantly higher than that of breakfast eaters. Additionally, in the 20-29 and 30-49 age groups, breakfast eaters showed higher carbohydrate and iron intake per 1,000 kcal than breakfast skippers and lower lipid intake per 1,000 kcal than that of breakfast skippers. Breakfast skippers showed intakes of less nutrients than EAR was higher than breakfast eaters except vitamin B2 and calcium intake in males of the 20-29 age group. In conclusion, nutrition education, and policy should be implemented to teach the importance of breakfast, appropriate dietary intake, and proper food choice for each age group.

This study was to investigate the effects of upper and lower limb composing patterns of PNF(proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) on the static balance ability by 20 subjects for 6 weeks. This study was measured left one leg standing and right one leg standing with closed eyes on Good Balance system. These results led us to the conclusion that the mean speed of X, Y direction, COP(center of Pressure) velocity moment showed a statistical decrease when applying post-exercise. The above results from this study indicated that upper and lower limb composing patterns of PNF exercise has improved the static balance ability. As a result, this study showed that upper and lower limb composing patterns exercise improve the ability of balance in young adults. Based on this study, it may be applied to old people.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of closed and open kinetic chain exercise for increasing knee joint function on the knee position sense in the normal adults. Thirty normal adults(male 15, female 15; mean age: 22.13±2.58 years) were participated in this study into two groups, each with 15 people. The group I was trained that closed kinetic chain exercise on the knee joint and the group II was trained that open kinetic chain exercise on the knee joint. Exercise programs performed for 4 weeks, 3 times a week were using Shuttle 2000-1 closed kinetic chain exercise and Knee Extensor open kinetic chain exercise(HUR, Filand). The results of this study were as follows: 1) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in 0-20。were found between before and after training in closed kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). 2) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in 21-40。were found between before and after training in closed kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). 3) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in 41-60。were found between before and after training in closed kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). 4) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in 0- 20。were found between before and after training in open kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). 5) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in 21-40。were found between before and after training in open kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). 6) There were statistically significant decreasing of measuring error degree in 41- 60。were found between before and after training in open kinetic chain exercise(p<.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that closed and open kinetic chain exercise has increased in the knee joint proprioception between before and after training. Especially, closed kinetic chain exercise could be more useful intervention than open kinetic chain exercise for increasing proprioceptive sense.