Yackwa was prepared by substituting syrup with xylitol (0, 10, 20, and 30%) and the quality characteristics were evaluated. Volume and specific volume were higher in Yackwa prepared with xylitol than the control. Crude fat content ofxylitol-containing Yackwa were significantly higher than that of control (p<0.05), but moisture content was not different among treatments. Incorporation ofxylitol in Yackwa lowered the redness and yellowness values (p<0.05). Instrumental hardness results showed that the addition of xylitol decreased the hardness ofYackwa. Sensory evaluation revealed no significant difference in overall desirability between controland xylitol-containing groups. Therefore, Yackwa made with up to 30% xylitol in place of syrup is as acceptable as control Yackwa without depressing sensory quality.

소형의 담액 수경재배기를 이용하여 기본 배양액에 셀레늄(Se) 1mg L-1과 계면활성제 PVA-95(polyvinyl alcohol-95) 1, 2, 4mg L-1과 CLS(calcium lignosulfonate) 5, 25, 50, 100mg L-1을 처리하여 청경채와 상추 식물체의 Se과 양이온 함량, 생육, 그리고 비타민 C 함량을 조사하였다. 생육은 처리간에 차이는 있지만 종류와 농도 별로 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 총 비타민 C 함량은 두 작물 모두 모든 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 유의성은 없었다. K 함량은 싱추의 경우는 일정한 경향이 없었지만, 청경채의 경우 Se 1+PVA-95 4mg L-1 처리구가 가장 높았고, Se 1+CLS 처리에서는 대조구에 비해 5mg L-1 농도에서는 증가하였지만 처리 농도가 증가할수록 감소하였다. Ca 함량은 두 작물 모두 Se 1+PVA-95와 CLS 처리에서 대조구에 비해 증가하였다. Mg 함량은 상추에서는 계면 활성제 처리에 의한 Mg 함량의 변화가 없었으며, 청경채에는 Se 1+CLS 25mg L-1 처리구가 대조구에 비해 증가하였고 기타 처리는 차이가 없었다. 식물체내 Se 함량은 상추에서는 계면 활성제 PVA-95 처리와 CLS 처리가 대조구에 비해 Se 함량이 모두 높았고, PVA-95 처리에서는 농도의 증가에 따라 Se 함량이 낮아졌으며, CLS 처리에서는 50mg L-1 까지는 높아졌지만 100mg L-1에서는 낮아졌다. 청경채의 엽내 Se 함량은 계면활성제 PVA-95 처리가 큰 효과가 없었으나 CLS 25mg L-1 처리에서 현저히 증가되었다.

목적: 본 연구는 노안의 직업과 굴절상태에 따른 누진다초점 안경 착용 실태를 분석하고자 실시되었다. 방법: 2008년 1월부터 2008년 12월까지 부천과 서울지역의 안경원을 방문한 40~70대 노안 가운데 노인성 안질환과 전신질환이 없고 누진다초점 안경을 착용하는 332명을 대상으로 선정하여 원거리 굴절이상도를 확인한 후 굴절이상이 있는 경우 원용굴절이상을 완전교정하고 평소 주시거리에서 근용가입도를 측정하였다. 결과: 연령과 가입도의 크기가 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며(p=0.001), 직업과 가입도의 크기도 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 조사되었다(p=0.001). 직업별 누진다초점 안경 착용률은 주부가 46.1%, 사무직이 24.1%, 공무원이 13.0%로 주부가 가장 많이 착용하는 것으로 조사되었고, 굴절상태에 따른 누진다초점 안경 착용률은 정시가 18.4%, 직난시가 7.8%, 도난시가 35.8%, 사난시가 17.8%, 단순굴절이상안이 20.2%로 난시안에서는 도난시가 누진다초점 안경을 가장 많이 착용하는 것으로 조사되었다. 결론: 누진다초점 안경을 착용하는 노안 가운데 주부와 사무직(공무원 포함)이 상당한 비율을 차지하고 있었고, 굴절상태에서는 정시와 도난시안의 착용률이 높았다.

In this study, the potential possibility of oxygenates on butyl ether(below BE) was investigated as an combustion activator for a direct injection diesel engine. It tested to estimate change of engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics for the diesel fuel and oxygenates additives blended fuel which has four kinds of blended ratio. The smoke of blended fuel(diesel fuel 80vol-%+BE 20vol-%) was reduced in comparison with diesel fuel, that is, it was reduced approximately 26%. And, power, torque and brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC) didn't have no large differences. But, NOx of BE blended fuel was increased compared with diesel fuel.

The compaction response of nano powders with an addition of Ti powders prepared by magnetic pulsed compaction and subsequent sintering processes was investigated. All kinds of different bulk exhibited an average shrinkage of about 12% for different MPCed pressure and sintering temperature, which were approximately 50% lower than those fabricated by general process (20%) and a maximum density of around 92.7% was obtained for 0.8GPa MPCed pressure and sintering temperature. The addition of Ti powder induced an increase in the formability and hardness of the sintered . But the lower densities were obtained on sintering with addition of over 10 (wt%) Ti powder due to generation of crack during sintering. Subsequently it was verified that the optimum compaction pressure in MPC and sintering temperature were 0.8GPa and , respectively

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of addition of and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro culture (IVC) medium on porcine embryo production. The development rate to the 2 cell () and blastocyst stages () with different BSA concentrations in IVM medium were similar among treatment groups. Blastocyst hatching rate was significantly higher in the control group (0.0mg/ml) than in the group of 1.0mg/ml supplement (20.0% vs. 0.0%; p<0.05). The development rate to the 2 cell () and blastocyst stages () with different concentrations in IVM medium was similar among treatment groups. The development rate to the blastocyst was significantly higher in the group of 1.0mg/ml(15.3%) than in the group of 0.5mg/ml supplement (7.6%, p<0.05). The development rate to the 2 cell and blastocyst stages following the first addition of in IVM medium was significantly higher in the control group (77.0% and 18.9%) and was (77.2% and 16.9%) greater than that observed in other treatment groups (p<0.05). The development rate to the 2 cell stage () and blastocyst stages () with different BSA concentrations in IVC medium was similar among treatment groups. However, blastocyst hatching rate was significantly higher in the group of 3.0mg/ml supplement (30.0%) than in the control group (0.0%; p<0.05). The development rate to the 2 cell stage (), blastocyst () and hatching stages () were not different. The development rate to the 2 cell stage (), blastocyst () and hatching stages () at the different culture periods were similar among treatment groups. This study suggested that if the addition level and periods of addition are adjusted, it is possible to replace BSA in the in vitro porcine embryo production.

For the fabrication of core-shell structure bimetallic lead-free solder balls, both the critical temperature (Tcr) for the phase separation of two immiscible liquid phases and the temperature coefficient of the interfacial tension between the two separated liquid phases are required. In order to obtain this information, the temperature dependence of the surface tension of 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn(-REM) alloys was measured using the constrained drop method. The slope of the temperature dependence of the surface tension changed clearly at a critical temperature for the separation of two immiscible liquid phases. The critical temperature of the 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn alloy was estimated to be 1097K. An addition of 0.05% Ce decreased the critical temperature to 1085K, whereas that of 0.05% La increased it to 1117K. It was found that the surface tension and its temperature coefficient of the 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn alloy were slightly increased by the addition of 0.05% Ce and 0.05% La. In addition, additions of Ce and La increased the temperature coefficient of the interfacial tension.

Purpose : To provide eye care practitioners with guidelines in selection of lenses based on visual needs of wearer. we measured optical characteristics and analysing distance, intem1ediate. and near zones of each PAL design. Methods : 34 lenses which are selling in the market currently, were ordered through a shop as if for a patient with a prescription of piano distance and a + 2.000 add for right respectively. The total number of tl1e lenses was 34 and they were obtained from the manufacturer directly to get a equatable of lenses. Each lens optics was measured with VM 2000(Visionix Ltd. Israel) three times. Limiting the viewing zone width by 0.500C or + 0.250S. distance. intem1ediate. near viewing zone were analysed respectively by lmm vertical steps. Results : Setting the criterion at addition + 2.000. the maximum unwantcd astigmatism was - 1.95 to -3.560( -2.32±0.37). clistance viewing zone area was 9.17 Lo 91.25 mm2(30.57±17.20 mm2 ) . intermediate vie\ving zone area was 10.52 to 41.21 mm2(19.56±6.88 mm2 ), the highest occurrence of the + 1.750 was apart 10.35 m to 18.16 mm(l3.53±2.02 mm) from fitting cross. and neru· viewing zone area with over + 1.750 was 26.58 to 111.25 mm2(62.31± 18.07 mm2 ). There were significant differences with measurement variables. And the usage ratings were measured on t11e criterion of the distance zone. intermediate zone. and near zone width and their horizontal width. Conclusions : The optical characteristics across the progressive addition lenses tested in this study were showed a variance of wide ranges. The ratings of visual needs of wearer on the distance zone, intermediate corridor and near zone can be used in selection of appropriate lenses to match individual specific needs.

The effect of Al(OH)3 on physical, thermal, and retardant property of rubber was studied. It was analyzed by statistical experimental design method with one way array to confirm the effect of factors. Physical characteristics, thermal pyrolysis temperature, and combustion time were considered as the properties. The amount of Al(OH)3 addition was chosen as significant parameter. As the result of ANOVA analysis, thermal pyrolysis temperature increased and combustion time decreased with increasing of Al(OH)3.

목 적 : 본 연구는 2007년 1월 1일부터 2008년 7월 1일까지 경기도 안산시 소재의 안 경원에 방문한 40세에서 80세까지 성인남녀 240명을 대상으로 근용가입도를 연구하였다. 방 법 : 적녹이색 검사법을 이용하여 연령별 및 성별에 따른 노안의 근용 가입도를 검사 하였다. 결 과 : 1. 연령과 성별에 따른 노안 가입도는 남성의 경우 평균 가입도가 40~44세는 +0.75D, 45~49세는 +1.12D, 50~54세는 +1.63D, 55~59세는 +2.25D, 60~64세 +2.35D, 65~69세 +2.92D, 70세 이상은 +3.38D이었으며, 여성의 경우 평균 가입도가 40~44 세는 +0.88D, 45~49세는 +1.25D, 50~54세는 +1.75D, 55~59세는 +2.25D, 60~64 세 +2.50D, 65~69세 +2.75D, 70세 이상은 +3.25D로 각 연령군별에서 남성보다 높게 조사되었다. 2. 연령에 따른 굴절이상 분포는 정시 14%, 근시 40%의 분포를 보였으며, 원시의 경우 30%로 정시보다 높은 분포로 조사되었다. 혼합난시는 조사 대상자 중 총 16%의 분포로 조사되었다. 3. 연령별 난시축 분포는 직난시가 총 71.0%로 도난시 4.0%와 사난시 25.0% 보다 높게 분포하였다. 결 론 : 양안을 기준으로 각 연령별 평균 가입도는 40~44세 군이 +0.75D 또는 +1.00D, 45~49세 군은 +1.25D 또는 +1.50D, 50~54세 군은 +1.75D, 55~59세 군은 +2.00D, 60~64세 군은 +2.50D, 65~69세 군은 +2.50D 또는 +2.75D, 70세 이상 +3.25D 또는 +3.75D의 평균 가입도를 나타냈다.

The effects of an addition of ZrO2 on the microstructure and electrical properties of MgO films as a protective layer for AC plasma display panels were investigated. MgO + a 200 ppm ZrO2 protective layer prepared by e-beam evaporation exhibited a secondary electron emission coefficient (γ) that was improved by 21% compared to that of a pure MgO protective layer. The relative density and Vickers hardness increased with a further addition of ZrO2. These results suggest that the discharge properties and optical properties of MgO protective layers are closely related to the relative density and Vickers hardness. The good optical and electrical properties of γ, at 0.080, a grain size of 19 μm and an optical transmittance of 91.93 % were obtained for the MgO + 200 ppm ZrO2 protective layer sintered at 1700˚C for 5 hrs.

We investigated phase separation by adding different concentrations of MTBE, to the mixtures of naphtha, ethanol and water. The phase separation temperatures of the Naphtha-Ethanol-Water solutions have dropped when the concentration of MTBE increases more. When adding IPA and IBA to the solutions of Gasoline-Ethanol and Gasoline base-Ethanol individually, IBA shows lower temperatures of phase separation than IPA, and it shows synergistic effect when mixtures of IPA and IBA is applied.

본 실험은 NDF 및 ADF 함량이 높은 버섯폐배지(버섯잔사)에 대한 볏짚 대체 가능성을 채식 행동 관점에서 검토할 목적으로 실시하였으며, 시험사료인 농후사료+볏짚(Control: 5.32kg+자유채식), 농후사료+버섯폐배지+볏짚(T1 : 5.32kg+0.82kg+자유채식) 및 농후사료+버섯폐배지+ 볏짚 (T2 : 5.32 kg+1.64 kg+자유채식)를 급여하여 채식 행동 조사를 하였다. 공시가축은 평균체중 357.0+2.9kg인 한우 18두를 이용하

본 연구는 공급자, 중간분배자 그리고 고객으로 구성된 2 단계 공급사슬에서 시간에 따라 일정률로 퇴화하는 퇴화성 제품을 취급하는 중간분배자의 경제적 재고모형을 분석하였다. 문제 분석을 위하여 공급자는 고객으로부터의 수요를 증대시키기 위한 수단으로 일정한 묶음 단위별로 일정한 양의 덤을 제공한다는 가정 하에 재고모형을 설계하였고, 모형 분석을 통하여 이익을 최대화하는 경제적 주문량 결정 방법을 제시하였다. 또한 예제를 통하여 제시된 해법을 적용하고, 그