목적 : 본 연구는 여가 참여, 여가 탐색 및 방해요인에 대한 다면적 측정이 가능한 노인여가참여 평가도구가 뇌졸중 환자의 여가 평가도구로써 유용하게 사용될 수 있는지 알아보기 위해 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증한 연구이다. 연구방법 : 신뢰도 검증을 위해 뇌졸중 환자 64명이 참여하였으며, 노인여가참여 평가도구를 시행하여 내적 일치도를 분석하였다. 공인 타당도는 단축형 노팅햄 여가 설문지(The shortened version of the Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire)와의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 판별 타당도 검증을 위해 건강한 대 학생 55명이 참여하였고, 두 군간 노인여가참여 평가도구의 평가 결과를 비교하였다. 결과 : 내적 일치도는 전체 문항에 대한 크론바흐 알파 값은 .749로 높은 신뢰도를 나타냈고, 공인 타당도 결과는 단축형 노팅햄 여가 설문지 총점과 노인여가참여 평가도구의 여가 참여 문항 점수 간 상관계수가 .851로 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다(p < .01). 판별 타당도 결과는 두 그룹 간 여가 활동 수, 여가 탐 색의 활동 수, 방해요인에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p < .01) 결론 : 노인여가참여 평가도구는 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 평가가 가능하다는 것을 신뢰도 및 타당도 검증을 통해 확인하였다. 여가 참여에 대한 다면적 측정이 이루어지는 노인여가참여 평가도구를 통해 뇌졸중 환자의 여가 중재 계획 및 실행에 유용하게 적용할 수 있기를 기대한다.

The study evaluated the accuracy and intra-rater reliability for OWAS (Ovako Working posture Analysing System), RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment), REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) to improve their evaluation accuracy and reliability. Participants (n = 163) with undergraduate degree were recruited in this study and trained for 6 hours about the ergonomic assessment methods. Ergonomic assessments were conducted using OWAS, RULA, and REBA for a representative work with dynamic posture found in manufacturing industries. The study compared action categories (overall level) and detailed evaluation scores for individual body part. Action categories of the participants significantly differed from the golden reference defined by ergonomic experts. The participants underrated or omitted scores for truck (37.4% of the participants) and legs (52.8%) in OWAS. Similarly, the participants underrated or omitted additional scores for all body parts except the hand and wrist in RULA (53.5%) and REBA (54.8%). On the other hand, the participants overrated scores for the hand and wrist in RULA (55.2%) and REBA (39.9%). The results found in this study can help of selecting focus points and parts during assessment and education to improve accuracy and reliability of the ergonomic assessment methods.

Background: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) for Dyspnea was developed to assess multidimensional dyspnea using two subscales (experience of dyspnea and functional limitation) and a total score. Objects: This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the FACIT-dyspnea 10-item short form questionnaire (FACIT-dyspnea-K). Methods: Subjects were 163 patients with cancer. Dyspnea-related scales (modified Medical Research Council scale [mMRC], European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 [EORTC QLQ-C30], Hospital Anxiety and Depression [HAD], and WHO Performance Scale) were used to validate the FACIT-dyspnea-K. Results: Internal consistency was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.90 and 0.95 in factors 1 and 2, respectively. Convergence validity was determined by comparing the two factors and total score of the FACIT-dyspnea-K with conceptually related assessment tools measuring the physical and emotional effects of dyspnea, with which correlations ranged from 0.364 to 0.567. Criterion validity was established by significant differences in the FACITdyspnea- K score between groups when the patients were classified by performance status as assessed by the WHO performance scale. Furthermore, the FACIT-dyspnea-K showed notable correlations with other dyspnea scales (mMRC, EORTC QLQ-C30, and HAD) for cancer patients (r = 0.28 to 0.54). The test-retest reliability of the two factors and total score of the FACITdyspnea- K appeared to be excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.96 to 0.97). Conclusion: This study supports FACIT-dyspnea-K as a valid and reliable instrument to assess the dyspnea experience of cancer patients in clinical settings.

PURPOSES : This study was purposed to investigate whether the current passing sight distance standard is appropriate. Therefore, to determine a safe passing sight distance, data collected from the observations of a two-lane road were implemented in reliability analysis to develop a realistic passing sight distance model. METHODS : First, passing sight distance data were collected for analysis from two-lane roads in Jeollabuk-do. Next, the speed profile was generated based on the collected data in order to analyze driver behavior. Finally, a model reflective of the driving behavior of motorists was developed and compared to the existing passing sight distance standard using reliability analysis. RESULTS : As compared to the existing model for safe passing sight distance, the actual speed of the overtaking vehicle indicated higher acceleration and a longer acceleration duration. The entire model, with exception of the d1 section, was modified to reflect the overtaking behavior of motorists d1. d2 was set to correspond to the time until the vehicles run side by side (t21); Time t22 was set to correspond to the time until subsequent recovery to the main lane, and d3 was set to range between 19 and 47 m following review of the actual passing sight distance data. In addition, d4 was computed to be two-thirds of the distance d2, and the oncoming car was found to drive at a constant speed that was similar to the speed associated with d2 . Analysis of the reliability of the existing Korean passing sight distance standard revealed that the current standard does not recommend a safe passing sight distance for drivers. CONCLUSIONS : As compared to the existing passing sight distance criterion, the actual speed and acceleration that driver apply to overtake a vehicle are higher, and the existing passing sight distance criterion is shorter than the actual passing sight distance. Additionally, the results of reliability analysis revealed that the proposed model developed to reflect driver overtaking behavior has more explanatory power than the existing one. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce new design standards that implement passing sight distance variables that are relevant to local drivers.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 Tablet PC 기반 인지 평가도구와 MMSE-K, MoCA-K를 비교하여 공인타당도와 Tablet PC 기반 인지 평가도구의 검사-재검사를 시행하여 신뢰도를 알아보고자하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 2018년 6월 18일부터 2018년 9월 16일까지 시행하였으며, 울산에 소재한 종합병 원에 입원하여 작업치료를 받는 67명의 아급성 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 평가는 MMSE-K, MoCA-K, Tablet PC 기반 인지 평가도구를 사용하였다. 공인타당도와 검사-재검사 신뢰도는 Pearson 상관분석을 사용하였다. 결과 : 공인타당도를 분석한 결과 Tablet PC 기반 인지 평가도구와 MMSE-K의 상관계수는 r=.85(p<0.01), MoCA-K의 상관계수는 r=.86(p<0.01)로 높은 공인타당도를 보였다. 신뢰도는 r=.97(p<0.01)로 검증 되었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 Tablet PC 기반 인지 평가도구의 공인타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하였으며, Tablet PC 기반 인지 평가도구가 임상에서 인지 평가도구로서 사용될 수 있는 근거를 제시하였다.

목적 : 본 연구는 8~19세 아동 및 청소년의 가정, 학교, 지역사회, 공동체 생활에서의 참여를 측정할 수 있는 참여 평가도구인 The Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation(CASP)을 우리나라 문화에 적합하게 한국어로 번안하고, 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하여 한글판 CASP를 개발하고자 하였다. 연구 방법 : 본 연구는 장애 22명 및 비장애 38명을 모집하였으며, 아동 및 청소년 총 60명을 대상으로 2018년 9월부터 2019년 1월까지 약 5개월간 진행되었다. 아동 및 청소년의 보호자를 대상으로 한글판 The Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation(CASP)을 자가 보고식 설문으로 진행하였다. 수집 된 자료는 Statistical Package for Social Science(SPSS) 통계분석 프로그램을 사용하여 타당도 및 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 결과 : 대상자의 일반적 특성에 대한 검증에서는 두 집단 간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 장애 유무에 따른 집단 간 점수를 비교한 결과, 한글판 CASP의 타당도 검증에서 유의미한 차이가 발생하여 높은 판 별타당도가 검증되었으며, 신뢰도 검증에서는 높은 수준의 내적일치도와 검사-재검사 신뢰도를 확인하였다. 결론 : 한글판 CASP는 장애 유무에 상관없이 아동 및 청소년을 대상으로 참여를 평가할 수 있는 참여 평가도구이다. 본 연구를 통해 높은 수준의 타당도와 신뢰도가 확인되었다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 작업치료 임상 및 연구에서 장애 학령기 아동 및 청소년의 효과적인 참여 증진을 위한 치료 계획 수립의 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 활동분석과 프로세스 맵핑을 기반으로 한 Korean version of Modified Barthel Index(K-MBI) 가이드북을 제작하여 내용 타당도와 평가자 간 신뢰도 및 일치도를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구에서는 활동분석과 프로세스 맵핑을 기반으로 한 K-MBI 가이드북을 개발하였다. 개발 된 K-MBI 가이드북에 대한 이해도 조사 및 수정을 하여 최종 가이드북을 제작하여 40명의 작업치료 전문가 집단에 내용 타당도를 검증하였다. 평가자 간 신뢰도 및 일치도 조사를 위해 기존의 K-MBI 검 사 지침에 근거하여 총 5명의 환자의 일상생활활동 동영상을 촬영하였다. 평가자 간 신뢰도와 일치도 조 사는 84명의 작업치료사가 교육 전과 후에 동일하게 동영상 속의 5명의 환자를 평가하여 확인하였다. 결과 : 내용 타당도 검증 결과는 개발된 K-MBI 가이드북 11개의 모든 항목에서 CVI 점수가 .93 이상으 로 높은 수준의 타당도를 나타내었다. 평가자 간 신뢰도에서는 ICC가 교육 전 .983, 교육 후에 .982로 교육 전과 후 모두 높은 수준의 신뢰도를 보였다. 정답률의 변화는 교육 전 48.37%에서 교육 후에 69.48%로 향상되었고, 평가자 간 일치도는 옷 입고 벗기 항목을 제외한 모든 항목에서 일치도가 향상 된 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과를 통해 활동분석 및 프로세스 맵핑을 기반으로 한 K-MBI 가이드북은 일상생활활 동 평가에서 평가자 간의 신뢰도와 일치도를 향상되게 시키는 것으로 확인되었다.

Background: Spontaneous use of the upper extremities on the affected side of patients with stroke is a meaningful indicator of recovery and may vary by the age or dominant hand of patients. No prior study has reported changes in actual amount of use test (AAUT) and motor activity log (MAL)-28 according to age and handedness in healthy adults, and AAUT inter-rater reliability for assessment of healthy adults. Objects: This study aimed to (1) research the differences in AAUT and MAL-28 according to age and handedness in healthy adults, and (2) determine the inter-rater reliability of the AAUT. Methods: Seventy healthy adults participated in this study. The MAL-28 was assessed by dividing 61 subjects into young right-handed (n1=20), young left-handed (n2=21), and older right-handed (n3=20) groups. The AAUT was assessed by dividing 63 subjects into young right-handed (n1=25), young left-handed (n2=18), and older right-handed (n3=20) groups. Student’s t-test and the Wilcoxon signedrank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The Amount of Use (AOU) scale values for each group showed no significant differences between age groups and handedness groups in the MAL-28 (p>.05). The AAUT AOU scale value showed significant differences regarding dominant handedness in the AAUT (p<.05), but no significant differences according to age (p>.05). (2) Inter-rater reliability of the AAUT was excellent, except few items (item 9, 11, and 12). Conclusion: Although both the MAL-28 and the AAUT measured how much participants used their dominant arms in healthy subjects, the AAUT only showed significantly higher dominant arm use in left hander than the right hander. In addition, the inter-rater reliability of the AAUT was excellent. Current results can be utilized as a basic information when clinicians develop rehabilitation strategies, and AAUT was shown to be a reliable evaluation tool for measurement of upper extremity use in Korean adults, based on the reliability demonstrated by this study.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 작업균형 평가를 위한 한글판 라이프밸런스 척도(Korean version of Life Balance Inventory; K-LBI)를 개발하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 라이프밸런스 척도(Life Balance Inventory; LBI)의 한국어 번역, 역 번역, 원저자 검토의 과정의 거쳐 번역본을 완성하였으며 내용타당도 검증을 위해 13명의 작업치료사에게 LBI의 한국어 번역본에 포함된 53개 항목의 적합도에 대한 응답을 5점 리커트 척도로 수집하여 Item-level Content Validity Index(I-CVI)를 산출하였다. 수렴타당도는 한국판 세계보건기구 삶의 질 간편형 척도(WHO Quality of Life-Brief; WHOQOL-BREF), 한글판 Short Form-12 Health Survey Questionnaire version 2(SF-12v2)와의 상관계수를 통해 검증하였다. 신뢰도 검증을 위해 내적일치도 및 검사-재검사 신뢰도 분석을 실시했다. 결과 : 165명의 대상자에게 조사한 설문을 통해 내용타당도를 검증한 결과, K-LBI에 포함된 53개 항목의 I-CVI의 평균은 0.79로 나타났다. 수렴타당도 분석에서 K-LBI의 총괄 점수와 한국판 WHOQOL-BREF와 한글판 SF-12v2의 정신적 건강 지수(Mental Component Score; MCS)와의 상관계수는 각각 .356(p=.01), .490(p=.01)로 확인되었다. 신뢰도 검증 결과, 노인과 성인 집단에서 도출된 Cronbach’s α값은 각각 .875, .831였다. 결론 : K-LBI는 타당도와 신뢰도를 갖춘 작업균형 평가도구로 확인되었으며, 활동 참여에 대한 만족도 저하, 혹은 참여하고 있는 활동 영역 간에 불균형으로 인해 작업적 불균형을 경험하는 대상자들에게 적용하여 평가함으로써 일상생활 양식의 개선을 통한 건강증진 목적의 평가도구로 활용가능하다.

Background: Numerous studies have used smartphone applications to measure the range of motion in different joints. In addition, studies measuring the active range of motion (AROM) of the craniocervical joint have revealed high reliability. However, the subjects in these studies were all healthy subjects. No study has yet been conducted to measure the inter-rater reliability for the AROM of the craniocervical joint in stroke patients. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-rater reliability of the AROM of the craniocervical joint using a smartphone. Methods: The participants included 21 subjects who had strokes (17 males and 4 females). Two raters evaluated six types of craniocervical AROM, including flexion, extension, lateral flexion to the hemiplegic side, lateral flexion to the non-hemiplegic side, rotation to the hemiplegic side, and rotation to the non-hemiplegic side, using a goniometer and a smartphone to investigate inter-rater reliability. The inter-rater reliability was analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: The inter-rater reliability of the smartphone was good for extension, lateral flexion to the hemiplegic side, lateral flexion to the non-hemiplegic side, and rotation to the hemiplegic side [ICC(2,k)=.86∼.88] and excellent for flexion [ICC(2,k)=.95]. The inter-rater reliability for rotation to the non-hemiplegic side was moderate [ICC(2,k)=.72]. Conclusion: These results suggest that the smartphone offers high inter-rater reliability for measurements of the craniocervical AROM in patients with stroke.

Product replacement (PPL) is used widely in marketing and plays crucial roles but the effects of the PPL attributes on a restaurant brand are not well known. Therefore, this study examined the effects of PPL attributes on brand awareness and brand credibility. In addition, the relationship among brand awareness, brand credibility, and brand loyalty was investigated. The study found that the characteristics of PPL, such as information and entertainment, affected brand awareness. On the other hand, inconvenience did not have any impact on brand awareness. In addition, information, entertainment, and inconvenience affected brand credibility. Furthermore, brand awareness and credibility influenced brand loyalty significantly. These results suggest that PPL can be a very effective way to advertise. Hence, PPL should be done with a sense of information and entertainment than simply with more frequent exposure to consumers, which that might cause inconvenience.

This study investigates the effects of the type of advertisement, brand extension, and consumer innovativeness on the credibility of fashion advertisements. The factorial design is constructed as a 2(type of fashion advertisement: general vs. cross-media) × 2(consumer innovativeness: high vs. low) × 2(the type of fashion brand extension: similar vs. dissimilar) three-way mixed design in which consumer innovativeness is the between-subjects variable. Subjects of this study included 210 men and women in their 20s and 30s who resid in Seoul and had SNS experiences. Frequency analysis, credibility analysis, three-way ANOVA, and simple interaction analysis were conducted using the SPSS 20.0 statistics package. The results are as follows: First, the type of fashion advertisement had a significant effect on advertising credibility. Cross-media advertisements had a more positive effect than general advertisements on all of the dependent variables. Also, the type of brand extension and consumer innovativeness showed significant effect on advertising credibility and the interaction effect between the type of fashion advertisement and consumer innovativeness was significant. Lastly, the effect of different types of brand extensions on advertising credibility showed a significant difference according to consumer innovativeness. Thus, a marketing strategy using cross-media advertising is proven to be effective in gaining consumer trust for a fashion brand.

목적 : 본 연구는 국내 재활의 결과 측정 및 지역사회 참여와 통합의 정도를 확인하기 위해 미국에서 개발된 Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique(CHART)를 번역과정을 거쳐 한국 번역판 CHART를 완성하였으며, 신뢰도 및 타당도를 검증하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상자로는 지역사회에 거주하는 척수손상 환자 100명과 장애가 없는 일반인 100명으로 총 200명이었다. 번역 및 역번역 검증을 통해 CHART-K를 완성하였고, 국내에 적용하기 위해 예비연구를 진행하였다. 이 후 신뢰도와 타당도를 확인하였다. 결과 : 내용타당도는 0.97로 높은 수준을 수립하였으며, 삭제된 문항은 없었다. 판별타당도 검증에서는 척수손상 환자의 총점수의 평균은 일반인 대상자보다 낮은 점수를 확인하였고 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다 (p<.01). 수렴타당도 검증에서 Korean-Community Integration Questionnaire(K-CIQ)와 상관관계 분석을 실시한 결과 .524로 통계적으로도 유의미하였다(p<.01). 내적일치도는 Cronbach’s α .628로 양호한 수준이었으며, 검사-재검사 .730~ .992로 유의미한 상관관계를 보였다(p<.01). 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 CHART를 번역하고 국내의 실정에 맞게 CHART-K를 완성하고, 신뢰도 및 타당도를 확인하였다. 따라서 척수손상 환자의 국내 재활의 결과 측정 및 지역사회 참여와 통합의 정도를 측정하고 기존 평가도구의 한계점을 보완한 도구로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

목적 : 본 연구는 한국형 지역사회 통합 설문지(Korean version of Community Integration Questionnaire; K-CIQ)를 개발하고, K-CIQ의 타당도 및 신뢰도를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 대상자는 총 300명으로 뇌졸중 환자 200명과 일반인 100명이었다. 한국형 지역사회 통합 설문지의 타당도 및 신뢰도 검증을 위해 내용타당도, 판별타당도, 수렴타당도, 구성타당도의 4가지 타당도 검증과 내적일치도, 검사-재검사 신뢰도 검증을 실시하였다. 결과 : 내용타당도 결과 문항 이해도 검증에서 15문항 모두 4점대의 점수를 보였으며, 내용 타당도 지수값이 .96으로 나타났다. 판별타당도 검증 결과 뇌졸중 환자와 일반인의 K-CIQ 총점 및 각 영역별 점수의 평균에서 집단 간의 유의한 차이를 확인하였다(p<.01). 수렴타당도 검증 결과 K-CIQ와 SF-36의 상관관계가 .197로 다소 낮았지만 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였다(p<.01)으며, 구성타당도 검증 결과 4개의 요인이 추출되었다. 신뢰도 연구 결과, 내적일치도 값은 .712로 높은 수준의 신뢰도를 보였다. 검사-재검사 신뢰도 결과 모든 영역에서 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다(p<.01). 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 뇌졸중 환자의 지역사회 통합의 정도 확인 및 재활의 결과 측정을 위한 K-CIQ의 타당도와 신뢰도를 수립하였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 K-CIQ가 국내의 다양한 재활 중재의 결과 측정 및 연구의 기초자료로 활용되고, 사회적 독립성과 지역사회 참여의 정도를 측정하기 위한 유용한 도구로 사용되기를 기대한다.

Most people seek a happy life and happiness positively affects sentiment, satisfaction with life, creativity, human relationship, business productivity, and even health and life extension. However, according to a survey in 2013, subjective happiness of adolescents (including university students) was very low compared to other age groups in Korea. Therefore this paper examined the effects of job-seeking stress, appearance recognition, financial situation, trust in government, and locus of control on university students' happiness using SEM (structural equation modeling). 207 university students in Seoul, Korea have been surveyed. At first, an initial experimental SEM model among these variables has been set up and reliability analysis has been conducted. Then multiple regression analyses on job-seeking stress and happiness as well as SEM analysis have been conducted. As a result of these analyses, the SEM model has been revised two times. The final SEM model passed the goodness-of-fit test (using RMR, GFI, NFI, CFI, and IFI indices). The final SEM model showed the followings. First, Higher job-seeking stress (especially sentimental part, rather than environment or action related parts) negatively affects happiness. Second, Trust in government also affects happiness both directly and indirectly. Third, Locus of control is affected both by trust in government and financial situation. Fourth, appearance recognition heavily affects job-seeking stress. In addition, appearance importance is higher than appearance interest, meaning that students who are not very interested in appearance usually recognize the importance of appearance. Finally, happiness is affected neither financial situation nor appearance recognition. Therefore, even either they are in a poor financial situation or not happy with their appearance, they can be happy if they have firm locus of control.

A one-shot system (device) refers to a system that is stored for a long period of time and is then disposed of after a single mission because it is accompanied by a chemical reaction or physical destruction when it operates, such as shells, munitions in a defense weapon system and automobile airbags. Because these systems are primarily related with safety and life, it is required to maintain a high level of storage reliability. Storage reliability is the probability that the system will operate at a particular point in time after storage. Since the stored one-shot system can be confirmed only through inspection, periodic inspection and maintenance should be performed to maintain a high level of storage reliability. Since the one-shot system is characterized by a large loss in the event of a failure, it is necessary to determine an appropriate inspection period to maintain the storage reliability above the reliability goal. In this study, we propose an optimal inspection policy that minimizes the total cost while exceeding the reliability goal that the storage reliability is set in advance for the one-shot system in which periodic inspections are performed. We assume that the failure time is the Weibull distribution. And the cost model is presented considering the existing storage reliability model by Martinez and Kim et al. The cost components to be included in the cost model are the cost of inspection c1, the cost of loss per unit time between failure and detection c2, the cost of minimum repair of the detected breakdown of units c3, and the overhaul cost c4 of  ≤ . And in this paper, we will determine the optimal inspection policy to find the inspection period and number of tests that minimize the expected cost per unit time from the finite lifetime to the overhaul. Compare them through numerical examples.

Considering that the effectiveness of ads varies according to the credibility of consumers, it is necessary to establish data regarding consumer credibility in relation to online reviews. To conduct a successful study on the marketing strategies of online reviews, it is also necessary to analyze the relationship between credibility and the various factors that influence the purchase intentions of consumers. Therefore, this study attempted to examine the relationship between consumer trust of on-line reviews, brand preference, ads credibility, and purchase intentions in relation to cosmetics. The study was conducted through a normative descriptive survey method using stimuli and a self-administered questionnaire. Analysis of the structural equation model was conducted for the data analysis. The results revealed that consumer reliance on online reviews of cosmetics influences brand preference, credibility of brand ads and purchase intentions. The results also revealed that consumers’ on-line reviews, brand preference, and trust of brand ads are important factors for increasing the purchase intentions. The mediation effect of brand preference and brands’ ads credibility were found in the process where on-line reviews exercise an influence on the purchase intentions. It was also found that brand preference has a stronger influence on purchase intention than credibility of brand ads. It was discovered that the credibility of on-line reviews directly influences purchase intentions more than indirectly influences. Considering the results of this study, programs that encourage customers to post on-line reviews, and strategies to promote brand preference by targeting groups that exhibit high trust in online reviews would be recommended.

As the functions and structure of the system are complicated and elaborated, various types of structures are emerging to increase reliability in order to cope with a system requiring higher reliability. Among these, standby systems with standby components for each major component are mainly used in aircraft or power plants requiring high reliability. In this study, we consider a standby system with a multi-functional standby component in which one standby component simultaneously performs the functions of several major components. The structure of a parallel system with multifunctional standby components can also be seen in real aircraft hydraulic pump systems and is very efficient in terms of weight, space, and cost as compared to a basic standby system. All components of the system have complete operation, complete failure, only two states, and the system has multiple states depending on the state of the component. At this time, the multi-functional standby component is assumed to be in a non-operating standby state (Cold Standby) when the main component fails. In addition, the failure rate of each part follows the Weibull distribution which can be expressed as increasing type, constant type, and decreasing type according to the shape parameter. If the Weibull distribution is used, it can be applied to various environments in a realistic manner compared to the exponential distribution that can be reflected only when the failure rate is constant. In this paper, Markov chain analysis method is applied to evaluate the reliability of multi-functional multi-state standby system. In order to verify the validity of the reliability, a graph was generated by applying arbitrary shape parameters and scale parameter values through Excel. In order to analyze the effect of multi-functional multi-state standby system using Weibull distribution, we compared the reliability based on the most basic parallel system and the standby system.