The quality of customer service has been one of the most representative determinants of retailers’ sustainable competitiveness. Since Parasuraman et al. (1988) introduced the service quality instrument, called SERVQUAL, many studies have used SERVQUAL to measure service quality in various domains. However, since SERVQUAL was originally developed to measure general service quality, it didn’t fully consider the underlying characteristics of a specific industry such as retailing. Recently, as retail industry is becoming more competitive, there is a general agreement that the most important retailing strategy for creating competitive advantage is the delivery of high service quality. From the retail manager’s perspective, the level of service quality is highly correlated with the level of customer loyalty and the customer’s favorable word-of-mouth behavior. In this sense, most retail managers would be very interested in the question of how to increase their customer loyalty rate and, therefore, to elaborate this question in more detail, service quality study in a retail setting would be very important. Current measures of service quality, including SERVQUAL, do not adequately capture customers’ perceptions of service quality for retail stores such as department stores or general discount stores. The main objective of this study is to investigate the usefulness and applicability of the different methods, including SERVQUAL, in measuring the service quality of retail environment and their relationships to customer loyalty and word-of-mouth behavior. By exploring the suitability of each different measurement method for retail service quality, this study enhances the understanding of the major dimensions of retail service quality and the analysis of the effect of service quality on customer loyalty and word-of-mouth behavior.

The present study investigated the effects of processing parameters such as time (10, 20, 30, 40 min), pressure (25, 50, 75, 100 MPa), and the salinity of brine (0~10%(w/v)) on jacopever (Sebastes schlegeli Hilgendorf) in order to establish optimization of the three factors using a high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) machine. To do so, it analyzed the quality characteristics of volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), trimethylamine (TMA), total bacterial counts, dynamic viscoelasticities, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) properties. First, when the time increased to 40 mins, by 10 min intervals, the total bacterial counts in HHP groups under 25℃, 100 MPa, and 4%(w/v) brine were significantly decreased except for the first 10 min in comparison to the control group. In regards to DSC properties, the onset temperature (TO) of the first endothermal curve was significantly reduced. Second, when the pressure level increased up to 100 MPa by 25 MPa increments, the total bacterial counts in the HHP samples significantly decreased for 20 min at 50 MPa or higher. As the pressure increased, G′, G″ and the slope of tan δ decreased (except for 50 MPa). Third, in regards to the salinities of brine, when the HHP processing was treated at 100 MPa, 25℃ for 20 min, the total bacterial counts of all the HHP groups significantly decreased in comparison to those of the control group. A significant difference was found in the enthalpy of the second endothermic curve in the 6~10%(w/v) (except 7%(w/v)) HHP groups. Therefore, the salinity of the immersion water under the HHP condition was appropriate when it was lower than 6%(w/v). The present study demonstrated that the optimum parameter condition according to/under the condition of the microbial inhibition and economic effects using an HHP would be the reaction time for 20 min, reaction pressure at 100 MPa, and the salinity of 4%(w/v) brine.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Capsosiphon fulvescens powder on the functional and sensory characteristics of dumpling shell. Various dumpling shell samples were prepared with wheat flour along with the addition of different amounts of Capsosiphon fulvescens powder, and then instrumental characteristics and sensory evaluations were investigated. According to amylograph data, the composite Capsosiphon fulvescens powder-wheat flour samples had increased gelatinization temperatures with increasing Capsosiphon fulvescens powder content; whereas initial viscosity at 95oC, viscosity at 95oC after 15minutes, and maximum viscosity were reduced. In terms of Hunter's color values, L, a and b values decreased with increasing Capsosiphon fulvescens powder content. Besides cooked weight, cooked volume and turbidity of dumpling shell increased as the addition level of Capsosiphon fulvescens powder increase. In terms of textural characteristics, addition of Capsosiphon fulvescens powder increased springiness, chewiness, brittleness, pringiness and adhesiveness. Based on sensory evaluations, the overall preference of dumpling shell with 3% added Capsosiphon fulvescens powder, was more effective than control.

This study was carried out to evaluate the basic characteristics of red wine processed from ‘Cheongsan (Vitis amurensis)’ grape cultivar. In order to compare the quality of ‘Cheongsan’ red wine, ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Muscat Bailey A, MBA’ red wines were also utilized for this study. The pH of the red wines produced from ‘Cheongsan’, ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘MBA’ were 3.1, 3.6 and 4.0, respectively. Tannin, polyphenol, and anthocyanin contents of the ‘Cheongsan’ red wine were 2,939 mg/L, 1,516.2 mg/ L, and 1,882.4 mg/L, respectively. These values were about twice those of ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘MBA’ red wines. The antioxidant level of ‘Cheongsan’ red wine was found to be 5,413.9 mg/L, which was also two times higher than 'Campbell Early' and 'MBA' red wines. Although the acidity of ‘Cheongsan’ red wine is relatively high, ‘Cheongsan’ red wine contains a lot of tannin, matures over an extended period of time and has excellent antioxidant properties. These results indicated that 'Chengsan' grape could be an excellent source for production of high quality red wine.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of makpyeon prepared with dry milled rice powder. The makpyeon samples prepared with dry milled rice powder and various amount makgeolli (0% (CON), 25% (M25), 50% (M50), 75% (M75), 100% (M100)), and analyzed for moisture content, pH, Hunter’s color value, TPA and sensory evaluation. The moisture content did not showed significant difference among makpyeon samples. The L-value, a-value resulted in that CON showed the highest and decreased with the amount of makgeolli. The b-value of makpyeon samples showed that CON was the lowest and increased with the amount of makgeolli. TPA resulted in that M100 showed the highest hardness and the lowest adhesiveness, cohesiveness. Chewiness and gumminess of makpyeon samples were higher than those of CON. Based on quantitative descriptive analysis, the score of brightness, moistness, particle size and gloss of showed higher in CON that in makpyeon samples, firmness increased with the amount of makgeolli. Flavor attributes of liquor odor, sour odor, fermentation odor of makpyeon was stronger in makpyeon samples that in CON with the amount of makgeolli. Acceptance test resulted in makpyeon made with CON, 100% of makgeolli (M100) showed the significantly highest score in taste and overall acceptance.

In this study Muffins adding each 0, 1, 3, 5 7% of Acai Berry powder, which has very high anti-oxidant constituent, have been made, and its quality characteristics have been surveyed. From the volume and specific volume measurement, it has been decreased for MA1, 1% of Acai Berry powder added muffin, but the tendency thereafter has shown increasing (p<0.001). From texture characteristics gumminess and chewiness of MA0, reference group, was the highest by 885.86 g/ cm and 6645.71 g, and has shown decreasing tendency as per the adding rate of Acai Berry powder increased (0.001). The electronics scavenging activity of MA7, 7% added muffin, was the highest by 68.91%, and the ascending order was MA1 < Reference Group < MA3 < MA5 < MA7. From the preference test of Acai Berry powder added muffin, MA3, 3% added muffin, was the most preferable one from color, taste as well as total preference. As the added volume of Acai Berry powder is 5% or more, the typical taste and flavor of Acai Berry gives influence to the taste and flavor of muffin, so the preference level has been decreased. Thus the added volume of Acai Berry powder 5% or more is not recommendable.

This study investigated properties of bread utilizing extracts of ginseng powder. Ginseng powder bread was baked. Addition of 1~3% of ginseng powder extract to wheat flour was carried out. Rheological properties, dough pH, dough volume, bread volume, water absorption capacity, baking loss, bread color, bread texture, and sensory evaluation were tested to examine properties of bread baked with extracts of ginseng powder. The results are as follows. The dough pH decreased gradually with increasing ginseng powder extract concentration. The bread volume, baking loss, and bread weight increased with increasing use of ginseng powder extract, and springiness and cohesiveness increased as red ginseng powder additive concentration increased. Lightness of the L decreased while a and b increased. In the sensory evaluation, ginseng powder with 1% ginseng powder extract was evaluated as the best for taste, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability.

The effect of transplanting and harvesting dates on growth, yield, and quality of sweetpotato varieties was studied. Three sweetpotato varieties, Yulmi, Singeonmi, and Dahomi, were transplanted on 23 Apr., 21 May, 5 June, 15 June, 25 June, 5 July, 15 July, and 25 July. Fresh vine weight and marketable storage root yield of the three varieties were the highest in transplanting plots on 23 April and 21 May, respectively, and those tended to decrease when transplanting dates were late after May. GDD (Growing Degree Days) and cumulative radiation seemed to be related to marketable storage root yield. Number of marketable storage root per plant, average weight of marketable storage root, and marketable storage root yield were significantly different according to transplanting dates. Marketable storage root yield showed significantly positive correlations with fresh vine weight, number of marketable storage roots, and average weight of marketable storage roots. Hardness and dry matter content of storage root showed significantly positive correlations with starch content and decreased with late transplanting dates in Yulmi and Singeonmi varieties. Pasting temperature showed significantly positive correlations with soluble solid content, dry matter content, and amylose content, but it showed significantly negative correlations with breakdown. Setback was significantly different among varieties, but it was not significantly different in transplanting dates.

Korean organic Hanwoo was compared to imported beefs from the America and Australia on the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities. Crude lipid content was significantly higher in Hanwoo. Marbling of Hanwoo has been recognized as well among the comparison groups. Cooking loss of Hanwoo was significantly lower than imported beefs, and its water holding capacity was significantly higher. After cooking, share force was significantly lower in Hanwoo than imported beefs. Contents of total composition amino acid were lower in Hanwoo than imported beefs, but ratio of essential amino acid was higher in Hanwoo. In Hanwoo, contents of saturated fatty acid(SFA) were lower, and poly unsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) content was significantly higher than imported beefs. Especially, oleic acid content was ranged 53.95~ 56.05% in all tested beef samples, and its content was the highest in Hanwoo. Hanwoo was higher than imported beefs in MUFA/SFA ratio, but it was lower in PUFA/SFA ratio. Lipid peroxide content was significantly lower in Hanwoo than imported beefs during their storage for 21 days at 4°C. Contents of total phenolic and flavonoid were not significantly different among the comparison groups. Activities of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging in Hanwoo was significantly higher than American beef, but not significantly different from Australian beef. Therefore, the quality and antioxidant activity of Hanwoo beef are thought to be more dependent on the MUFA than phenolic compounds.

Taro is an alkaline food containing a lot of protein, vitamin C, and minerals. Matang is a food prepared by frying a starch-containing material in oil and glazing with honey or starch syrup and it is widely enjoyed as simple snack or dessert in Asian countries including Korea. In this study, to increase the usability of taro having high nutritional values, taro matang was prepared by varying the types of starch while the physical and sensory properties were investigated. The taro matang was prepared by mixing corn starch, sweet potato starch, potato starch, and sticky rice starch with taro. The chromaticity of taro matang samples were measured, and the results showed that the corn starch taro matang was the brightest (L=40.48±1.17) and the potato starch matang was the darkest (L=33.81±1.33). The pH of the taro matang samples were within the range of 6.16-6.26 with no significant difference. The physical properties of the prepared taro matang samples were measured. The hardness and fracturability of the sweet potato starch taro matang were the highest at 3,414.79 and 1,570.03, respectively. The springiness and chewiness of the corn starch taro matang were the highest at 0.95 and 1,773.24, respectively. With regard to sensory properties and preference, the taro matang samples having lower hardness and brighter chromaticity were preferred. The preference for the flavor, crispness, softness, taste, and overall preference of the potato starch taro matang were the highest. Therefore, taro matang prepared as snack or dessert by mixing with potato starch may satisfy consumers’ demand.

In this study, the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of low-salt Myungran jeotkal (Alaskan pollock roe) were evaluated after fermentation at 4℃ and 20℃ with or without the addition of deep sea water, salt from deep sea water, and vegetable-origin lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus fermentum JS, LBF). When fermented at 20℃, the addition of LBF to Myungran jeotkal resulted in a slow increase in lactic acid content, followed by an abrupt increase after five days of fermentation. However, when fermented at 4℃, the lactic acid content did not change significantly. Further, when Myungran jeotkal fermented at 4℃, the pH decreased as lactic acid production increased. The salinity of Myungran jeotkal fermented at 4℃ and 20℃ was 7% and was not affected by fermentation period. When fermented at 20℃, volatile basic nitrogen and amino nitrogen contents increased with increasing duration of fermentation. Further, volatile acid content decreased, however, the content of amino nitrogen increased after 11 days of fermentation with LBF and no salt effects were observed. When fermented at 20℃ for 13 days, preference (sensory evaluation) was the highest in all experimental groups after 9 days of fermentation, and then decreased as the fermentation period increased. The free amino acid content was highest (1,648.8 mg/100 g) in Myungran jeotkal when sun-dried salt and LBF were added, 2.3 times higher than in the control.

본 연구는 월동배추를 주로 이용하는 한국인의 전통적인 김장방법으로 인한 김장철 배추가격 급등락의 문제해결에 기 여하고자 상대적으로 사용도가 낮은 봄배추를 이용한 김치 의 저장기간 연장과 품질유지를 목적으로 수행되었다. 실험 결과, 경도는 수확시기가 가장 늦은 7월초 김치가 6월 중순 김치보다 유의적으로 높았으나(p<0.01) 숙성이 진행됨에 따 라 저장 8주차에는 수확시기에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보이 지 않았다. 김치 숙성과 상관성이 높은 pH와 산도 측정결과 전반적으로 저장 초기에 비해 pH는 감소하였고, 산도는 증 가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 관능평가 결과, 외관은 김치의 제 조시기와 숙성기를 종합하여 6월말 제조 김치의 외관이 가 장 우수하였고(p<0.05), 저장 4주차와 8주차에는 7월초 김치 가 가장 우수한 것으로 평가되었으나 유의적인 차이는 없었 다. 조직감 및 전반적인 기호도 항목에 있어서도 처리구별 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 따라서 수확시기에 차이를 둔 봄배추로 김치 제조 시 생배추 상태 또는 제조직후의 차이에 비해 절임과 숙성과정, 양념의 첨가 등을 통해 그 유의 적 차이가 감소됨에 따라 수확시기가 봄배추로 제조된 김치 품질에 미치는 영향은 크지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 다만, 수확시기가 가장 늦은 배추로 제조된 김치의 경우 생배추 상 태에서 경도가 유의적으로 높았으며 숙성기간 및 저장기간 이 연장되었으므로 이를 수확시기나 작황사정과 연결하여 차 후 심화된 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal composite recipe of rice muffins with 3 concentrations of Spergularia marina L. Griseb, sugar and grape seed oil, using central composite design. In addition, the mixing condition of rice muffins was optimized by subjecting it to sensory evaluation and mechanical and physicochemical analysis using response surface methodology (RSM). In regard to its antioxidant effects, Spergularia marina L. Griseb had a total phenol and flavonoid contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 17.03 mg/g, 5.13 mg/g and 17.21%, respectively. The results of mechanical and physicochemical analysis showed significant values for lightness, redness, yellowness, hardness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess, cohesiveness, height, volume, weight, specific volume, loss rate, pH, moisture, sweetness and saltiness (p<0.05), and the results of sensory evaluation showed significant values for color, flavor, taste, softness, appearance and overall quality (p<0.05). As results, optimal sensory ratio was found to be 6.69 g of Spergularia marina L. Griseb, 41.89 g of sugar and 30.48 g of grape seed oil.

유과의 기능성 강화와 저장성 향상에 효과가 있는 소재를 개발하기 위하여 클로렐라 분말을 첨가한 유과를 제조하여 품질 특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 유과반죽의 밀도는 클로렐라 분말 첨가군이 대조군보다 높게 나타났으며, pH는 대조군에 비해 첨가군이 낮게 나타났다. 유과의 퍼짐성과 수 분함량은 클로렐라 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가되었으며, 부피 또한 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 색도에서 클로렐라 분말 첨가량이 증가될수록 L값과 a값은 낮게 나타났으며, b값은 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 유과의 조직감은 대조군에 비해 클 로렐라 분말 함량이 증가할수록 높아졌다. 유과의 관능평가 결과, 유과의 색과 맛은 클로렐라 분말 2% 첨가군이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 전반적인 기호도는 클로렐라 분말 1%, 클 로렐라 분말 2%, 클로렐라 분말 3%, 대조군으로 나타나, 클로렐라 분말 1% 첨가 유과의 기호도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 저장 기간에 따른 클로렐라 분말 유과의 산가는 대조군보다 클로렐라 분말 첨가군에서 훨씬 낮았으며, 특히 2%첨가 유 과에서 가장 낮게 나타나 클로렐라에 의한 지질의 산화 억제 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 과산화물가는 저장 30일까지는 급격히 증가하다가 감소하였으며, 클로렐라 분말 2% 첨가군 에서 가장 낮은 과산화물가를 나타냈으며, 클로렐라 분말에 의한 과산화 지질의 산패억제 효과가 우수함을 알 수 있었 다. TBA가는 클로렐라 분말 2% 첨가 유과가 가장 낮은 증 가폭을 나타내어 클로렐라 분말이 malonaldehyde의 생성을 효과적으로 억제함을 알 수 있었고, 지방의 산화안정성에 효 과적인 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

The aim of this study is to assess the replacement effect of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) used in red-pepper paste seasoning with vinegar. Red-pepper paste seasoning with aronia and vinegar was prepared by mixing red pepper paste, aronia juice or vinegar, sugar and honey, and then aronia juice (J) was added to 0% (C), 50% (A1) and 100% (A2) by replacing the vinegar. As a result, the brightness of the prepared gochujang was decreased with increasing the level of the aronia juice. Total sugar and salinity of C, A1, and A2 showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in compared with that of aronia juice, 24.42 mg/mL and 1.11%, respectively. Also, pH level showed significantly increase with increasing the content of the juice (p<0.05). However, total acidity was decreased with increasing the level of the juice (p<0.05) and A2 (6.55%) especially was lower than the juice, 8.06%. Meanwhile, the total polyphenols were increased with increasing the content of the juice at gochujang samples (p<0.05) and the polyphenols content of the aronia juice was the highest at all samples (p<0.05). The total anthocyanins were also increased with increasing the level of the juice (p<0.05). Antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rate was the highest at the aronia juice (p<0.05). Consequently, the result of antioxidant activity of red-pepper paste seasoning with aronia suggested that aronia can be used as a substitute of vinegar in red-pepper paste seasoning with vinegar.

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of cookies supplemented with 1-4% (w/w) persimmon leaf powder (PLP). pH and density of cookie dough increased significantly but moisture content decreased significantly with increasing levels of PLP (p<0.05). The spread ratio and loss rate of cookies decreased significantly with increasing levels of PLP (p<0.05). Lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) decreased significantly with higher amount of PLP (p<0.05). The use of PLP significantly increased the hardness of cookies while 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were significantly elevated (p<0.05). The consumer acceptance test indicated that the addition of PLP up to 2% had a favorable effect on the consumer preferences in most attributes. Based on the overall observations, cookies with 2% PLP can take advantage of the functional properties of PLP without sacrificing consumer acceptability.

The feasibility of incorporating licorice powder (LP) as a value-added food ingredient into convenient food products was investigated using yanggaeng as a model system. LP was incorporated into yanggaeng at amounts of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% (w/w) based on total weight of cooked white beans and LP. pH level decreased while moisture content and soluble solid content increased significantly with increasing levels of LP (P<0.05). In terms of color, lightness decreased while redness and yellowness increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing levels of LP. Hardness also decreased significantly with higher amount of LP in the formulation (P<0.05). 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities were significantly elevated by LP addition, and they increased significantly as LP concentration increased in the formulation (P<0.05). Finally, consumer acceptance test indicated that the highest levels of LP incorporation (8%) had an adverse effect on general consumer preferences. In contrast, yanggaeng with moderate levels of LP (2%) is recommended based on its overall scores to take advantage of the antioxidant properties of LP without sacrificing consumer acceptability.