With the comparison of native Orius strigicollis (Poppius) to European O. laevigatus (Fieber), we investigated biological characteristics such as developmental period, fecundity, life span, predation ability, and augmentation after release. Experiments were carried out at five temperature condition, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃, and 35℃. In the case of O. strigicollis, egg period was 3.1~14.9 days (hatchability: 46.7~88.2%), and developmental period of nymphs was 9.4~42.8 days (survival rate: 2.4~96.5%). Fecundity at each temperature was 28.1, 107.9, 123.6, 127.3, and 18.1, respectively. Life span of adults was 63.4, 40.1, 22.1, 18.3, and 11.0 days, respectively. In the case of O. laevigatus, egg period was 3.1~13.5 days (hatchability: 65.0~89.9%), and developmental period of nymphs was 9.3~42.0 (survival rate: 4.3~80.6%) days. Fecundity at each temperature was 101.8, 218.6, 224.5, 219.5, and 15.7. Life span of adults was 70.6, 66.4, 32.6, 34.5, and 7.3 days, respectively. In long-day condition (16L:8D), fecundity of O. strigicollis and O. laevigatus was 105.8 (18℃)~142.4 (25℃) and 109.5 (18℃)~191.5 (25℃), respectively. In short-day condition (10L:14D), fecundity of them was 1.0 (18℃)~31.8 (25℃) and 63.0 (18℃)~198.8 (25℃), respectively. Daily prey consumption of second instar Frankliniella occidentalis was 14.3 and 10.9, respectively. In greenhouse, density of O. strigicollis begins to increase from mid May and peaked about early July (1.8 individual/flower), while that of O. laevigatus begins to increase from mid March and peaked about early June (6.6 individual/flower).

국내 토양에서 분리된 Bacillus thuringiensis 중에서 나비목 해충에 대해 살충활성 가능성을 가지며 이중피라미드형 내독소 단백질을 가진 균주들을 대상으로 실내에서 살충효과를 검정한 결과, 실험에 이용한 Bt 54균주 중, 7개 균주가 벼혹명나방, 벼애나방 두 종 해충 모두에 90% 이상의 살충율을 보였다. 높은 살충율을 보인 균주들을 대상으로 실내에서 방제실험을 실시하여 무처리구와의 피해정도를 비교한 결과, 균주에 따라 차이를 보이지만 피해엽률에 있어 50%이상의 차이를 보이며, 살충효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 반면, 살충활성은 거의 나타나지 않았지만, 처리한 식물체에서 섭식저해 현상을 보이는 유충을 계속적으로 사육하면서 용화율, 우화율 및 번데기 길이를 조사함으로, Bt가 대상 해충의 생물학적, 생태학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 살충율의 차이에 따라 균주별 차이가 존재했으나, 처리 후 조사기간 동안 생존한 개체라 할지라도 용화, 우화율이 정상개체에 비해 30~40%이상 낮게 나타났다. 또한 번데기 길이에서도 정상개체와 처리 후 생존개체가 차이를 보였다. 따라서 직접적인 살충효과가 낮게 나타난 균주라 하더라도, 용화율, 우화율에 영향을 미쳐 다음세대의 개체군 크기를 감소시킬 수 있는 부수적인 해충방제능력을 기대해 볼 수 있을 것으로 본다.

아가, 청자, 대원의 세 가지 콩 품종이 톱다리개미허리노린재의 발육과 생식이 미치는 영향을 실내에서 비교하였고, 또한 이 세 가지 품종 간에 야외 발생소장을 비교하였다. 실내 실험에서 약충의 발육기간은 아가, 청자, 대원콩에서 각각 평균 14.5, 14.0, 14.6일이였고, 약충의 사망률은 각각 40.0, 51.3, 55.7%였다. 발육기간에서는 통계적 차이가 없었지만, 사망률에서는 아가콩에서 유의하게 다른 두 품종보다 낮았다. 성충의 생식능력으로 7일 동안 암컷이 산란한 알의 총 개수의 평균은 각각 67.8, 68.0, 67.7개였으며 통계적 차이는 없었다. 야외조사는 안동시 풍산면 소재 친환경 인증 포장에서 아가, 청자, 대원을 각각 3반복의 라틴방각법으로 배치하여 재배하였다. 7월 13일부터 10일 간격으로 8회 동안 알, 약충, 성충의 수를 각 처리구에서 임의로 30주를 조사하였다. 조사기간 전체 동안 발생 수는 알의 개수가 아가, 청자, 대원콩에서 각각 평균 18.3, 23.0, 23.7개, 약충은 각각 평균 8.0, 11.3, 17.3마리, 성충은 각각 평균 7.3, 21.3, 15.7마리가 조사되었다. 톱다리개미허리노린재의 알과 약충에서는 통계적인 차이가 없었지만, 성충은 아가에서 가장 적게 발생하였다. 이상의 결과로 새로운 품종인 아가콩은 다른 두 품종에 비해 톱다리개미허리노린재의 유충 생존율을 높였지만 성충의 발생은 다른 두 품종에 비해 적음을 알 수 있었다.

In order to investigate phenotype and genotype of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, Forty-eight S. Enteritidis isolates from diarrhea patients were analysed using antimicrobial resistance typing, Phage typing, and Pulsed field gel electrophoresis in Seoul from 2004 to 2005. All of S. Enteritidis were resistant to streptomycin(SM, 37.5%), ampicillin(AM, 43.8%), t icarcillin(TIC, 43.8%), chloramphenicol(CM, 29.2%), t etracycline(TE, 10 .4%) and nalidixic acid(NA, 18.8%) among 16 antimicrobial drugs. Of 48 S. Enteritidis, 8 isolates(16.7%) were resistant to 1 drug, 3 isolates( 6.3%) to 2 drugs, 1 isolate (2.1%) to 3 drugs and 17 isolates(35.7%) to 4 drugs. The basic pattern of 4 drugs resistance was SM, TIC, TE, and CM but 1 drug resistant isolates represent all nalidixic acid resistance. Among 30 antibiotic r esistant S . Enteritidis, 2 1 isolates(70 %) were phage type 2 1, 8 i solates(26.7%) were phage t ype 2 3 and 1 isolate( 3.3%) was RDNC, respectively. Of the phage types observed, all of phage type 23(8 isolates) were nalidixic acid resistant and phage type 21 were AM-TIC-SM-CM multi-resistance(13 isolates; 43.3%), AM-TIC-SM-TE(4 isolates; 13.3%), AM-TIC-SM(1 isolate; 3.3%), AM-TIC-CM(1 isolate; 3.3%), and AM-TIC(2 isolates; 6.7%) resistance and 1 isolate of RDNC was NA-TE resistance. PFGE divided the isolates into two major clusters, A(n=14) and B(n=14). There were four different resistance profiles with resistance to AM, TIC, SM, TE, NA within PFGE A. Also resistance to AM, TIC, SM, CM was common within PFGE B. The PFGE A strains typed as PT21(n=5), PT23(n=8), and RDNC(n=1), While all the PFGE B strains typed as PT21(n=14). In consequence, there was the highly significant concurrence between resistance typing, phage typing and PFGE.

To screen highly active Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), 46 B. thuringiensis was isolated from 115 samples obtained from several crop soils. Especially, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki CAB133 and CAB162 isolates showed 100% mortality against S. litura. LD50 values of CAB133, CAB162 and HD-1 strains of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki were 0.089, 3.144 and 0.513 ㎍/㎖ against 2nd larva of μ S. litura, respectively. The weight of 3rd larva of S. litura which were fed crystal inclusion protein (1.267 ㎍/㎖) with B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki CAB133 was about 30 times lass than control group. CAB133 and CAB 162 strains of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki which were taken a highly toxity against S. litura were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and estimated the molecular weight of the Cry proteins. Their serological identification by H serotypes were showed B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (3abc) type.

In this study, the physicochemical and microbiological properties of market-available skate (Raja kenojei) kimchi were evaluated in comparison to long-term fermented Baechu kimchi. The comparative results for the skate (Raja kenojei) and Baechu kimchi products are as follows: salt concentrations = 3.40% and 3.95%, respectively; pH and acidity values = 4.01 and 3.90, and 0.65% and 0.82%, respectively; redox potential Eh values = 119.82 mV and 123.08 mV respectively; reducing sugars levels = 15.51 mg% and 13.23mg%, respectively; ascorbic acid levels = 24.21mg% and 22.18mg%, respectively; color L-values = 46.86 and 44.54, a-values = 15.46 and 12.28, and b-values = 29.94 and 28.36, respectively; hardness properties = 11.36 kgf and 10.23 kgf, respectively; hot water soluble pectin (HWSP) contents and sodium hexametaphosphate soluble pectin (NaSP) contents = 15.23% and 17.35%, and 32.51% and 29.64%, respectively; hydrochloric acid soluble pectin (HClSP) contents = 55.1% and 53.2%, respectively; total viable cell counts = 4.78×108 and 1.35×108, respectively; lactic acid bacteria counts = 5.18×105 and 1.32×105, respectively; and yeast levels = 8.52×105 and 5.23×105, respectively.

Methic illin - resistant StaphyJococcus aureus(MRSA) is not only a common cause of nosocomial infections worldwide but also leading to seri ous illnesses with high rates of mortali ty , This study was performed to determine resistance patterns and molecul ar biological ca racteri slics on MRSA isolated from clinical specimen, The purpose is to provide valua ble in formation related to t he purs uit 0 (' in('ec tion trace and infe<:tion control The test of susceptibility to 17 kinds antibiotics showed that these bacterias were susceptible to glycope ptides s uch as vancomycin, teicoplanin by 100%, rifarnpin by 65, 8%, They we re a lso 100% resistance to peni cillin , cefotaxim, gentamycin and aminoglycoside drugs , and showed 68, 56% multidrug res is ta nce to a bove 13 a ntibi oti cs incl uding peni cillin, 1n the analysis of MRSA using PCR, mecA was detected in every MRSA at 35 s t ra i ns a nd l'emA in 94 1%, ln a test , to de tect toxic genes, six genes, such as sea, seb(8, 6% res pectively)‘ sec(51, 4%) ‘ seg, se i(65 , 7% res pectively) and seh(2 , 9%) were found Finally , in resisrance chract eristics, toxic genes we re isola ted c1 ifferently acco rcling to specimen but there was no c1ifference res istance pattern ancl toxic genes The c1ata from t his s t ucly contribule to a more prec ise knowledge about the resistance pa ttern of MRSA in a clinical sett ing in k orea ancl regarcl exa mi na ti on of resis ta nce pattern accorcling to molecular biological methocl are expectecl to provide bas ic informa ti on on MRSA di ssemination and infection contro

This study was carried out to clarify the biologies and morphological characteristics of Rhynchaenus sanguinipes. Also some chemicals were tested to screen the effective insecticide for the control of the species. Up to date, Zelkova serrata has been known as host plant of Rhynchaenus sanguinipes, which shows serious damage in this country. In the present study, Ulmus pumila was first found as host plant in this study. Body lengths of larvae, pupa and adult were 4.53±0.30 ㎜, 3.30±0.42 ㎜ and 2.96±0.12 ㎜, respectively. The overwintered adult of the species emerged on early April to late April, and adult of next generation emerged on early May to late May. Pupal periods were 10, 7.2, 5.1 and 4 days on 16, 20, 24 and 28℃, respectively. The lower developmental threshold temperature was 5.8℃. Four braconid parasitoids were found as natural enemies, which emerged mainly on late April to early June. Insecticidal activities with treatments of fenitrothion 50% EC, indoxacarb 30% WG, ethofenprox 20% EC and thiacloprid 10% SC was investigated against adult of R. sanguinpes, and they showed ＞90% mortality.

In order to investigate the MDR gene by plasmid profile, multiplex-PCR and PFGE analysis, it was examined 20 Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from patients stool from 1999 to 2002. The plasmid profile analysis was shown one to five kinds of plasmid in 600bp~150Kb sized. Especially, PT104 isolates obtained has 3 plasmid identically. According to the result of multiplex-PCR, all PT104 isolates amplified only tet(G) and pse1, but aadA2 was not specialized. PFGE analysis of the fragments restricted by XbaⅠ evidently discriminated plasmid DNA among phage types.

In order to obtain novel genes related to the human craniofacial development, molecular cloning and sequencing, and in situ hybridization using craniofacial tissue sections were performed and followed by protein structure simulation. Totally 231 clones were obtained from the subtracted craniofacial tissue cDNA library of human embryo. Random cloning using the non-redundant clones from the craniofacial tissue of human embryo was done and obtained 398 clones from the premade human chondrocyte cDNA library. Their partial sequence data showed that 214 clones of subtracted cDNA library of craniofacial tissue were still non-redundant in Genebank search. And 20 clones among 498 clones of premade chondrocyte cDNA library were known to be undefined genes. Through in situ hybridization screening in the craniofacial tissue sections of 10 weeks old human embryo 36 clones were found to be positive in specific tissues. Depending on the cell types of sirnilar developmental origin, the positive reactions could be divided into five groups. Among the 20 clones of undefined genes from human chondrocyte cDNA library, 7 clones showed characteristic positive reaction in human cartilage tissue by in situ hybridization. From the simulated protein structure, motif analysis and in situ hybridization studies for the 7 undefined clones, Ch89, Ch96, Ch129, Ch285 clones may function in the outer space of the cell constituting a part of matrix protein complex, and Ch276 as a transmembrane protein which might partic ipate in matrix calcification around chondrocytes. Ch153 is a kind of antirnicrobial protein also acting as an inflammation mediator, and Ch334 clone is a zinc finger protein, of which expression increases in human adult tissues We presume these novel genes from human chondrocytes may provide a new path of chondrocyte development and functions of human craniofacial tissues

본 연구에서는 산성전리수의 일반적인 생물학적 특성을 간략히 살펴보았다. 직선형 DNA를 산성전리수에서 4˚C와 25˚C에서 약 10분간 반응시킨 결과 각각 40%와 50%의 DNA가 분해되었다. 그러나 산성전리수를 사용한 고온에서의 DNA 증폭반응 실험에서 DNA 분해없이 정상적으로 DNA증폭반응이 일어났다. 산성전리수가 단백질의 안정도에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 증류수에서는 총 7일 동안의 반응시간동안 단백질의 분해가

진딧물의 포식자인 진디혹파리(Aphidoleres aphidimyra)의 온도와 먹이에 따른 발육기간, 산란력, 부화율, 우화율, 포식능력, 번데기의 저온저장, 살충제에 대한 감수성 등의 생물학적 특징을 조사하였다. 복숭아혹진딧물을 먹이로 공급하였을 경우, 알에서 성충까지의 평균 발육기간은 15에서 40일, 3에서 12일이 소요되었다. 또한 목화진딧물을 먹이로 공급하는 경우에는 이보다 짧아 각각 37일과 11일이 소요되었다. 번데기를 저장하는 경우에는 5에서는 1주일, 1에서는 2주일 동안 보관하여도 90%이상의 우화율을 나타내었으나, 그 이상 저장하는 경우베는 우화율이 점차 떨어지는 경향을 나타내었다. 성충은 우화 2-3일 후에 교미를 하고 알을 낳기 시작하여 평균 10일동안 약 200여개의 알을 낳는다. 대부분의 성충은 오후 6시에서 8시 사이에 우화하고 주로 야간에 활동하였다.

Tetrastichus sp.는 미국흰불나방의 번데기 기생벌로서, 1개의 숙주에 여러마리의 자손을 번식하는 집단 기생벌이며, 일년에 여러 세대 발생한다. 작잠, 신생아용 분유, 난황, 로얄젤리 등을 주요성분으로 기생벌의 인공먹이를 조성하였으며, polypropylene필름으로 번데기형태를 만들어 인공숙주로 사용하였다. 인공숙주에서 발육한 기생벌은 자연숙주에서 자란 기생벌보다는 크기가 작았으나, 계대 사육으로 번식 가능한 자손을 생산하였다. 인공숙주에서 발육한 in vitro 2세대의 생물학적 특성은 in vitro 1세대보다 훨씬 개선 었다. 평균 자손 수, 산란기간, 수명 등은 in vitro 에서 45.7,7.8, 13.8일 이었고 암컷 편중의 성비 76.9%를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 Tetrastichus sp.가 in vitro 대량사육에 적합한 기생벌임을 보여준다.

식물의 광합성에 관여하는 광계 I의 protein subunit들의 연구는 최근까지도 극히 미약한 실정이며, 각각의 subunit들의 특성 또한 일부만이 밝혀져 있다. 본 연구진은 배추의 cDNA library로부터 식물에만 존재하는 subunit 중의 하나인, PSI-H subunit을 암호화하는 유전자인 bpsaH를 분리하였다. 이 유전자는 총 633 bp의 염기로 구성되어 있으며, 염기서열로부터 추정되는 분자량은 약 15,400이었고 등전점은 9.

To develop the low-temperature and long-term fermented kimchi, kimchi was prepared according to the recipe of a specific ratio of major and minor ingredients and adjusted its salinity to 3.7%. Prepared kimchi fermented at 15±1℃ for 24 hours and transferred and fermented in a refrigerator only used to make low-temperature and long-term fermented kimchi at -1±1℃ for 30 weeks. During 30 weeks of fermentation the changes in physicochemical and microbiological properties of low-temperature and long-term fermented kimchi were studied. The initial pH of 6.47 decrease gradually and dropped to pH 4.0 after 14 weeks of fermentation, and then it maintained at same level. Acidity increased to 0.49% on 2 weeks of fermentation and kept at 0.47 ~0.50% during 2 to 30 weeks fermentation. Salinity was slightly increased at early stage and started to decrease on 4 weeks of fermentation, and then it did not change. The change of reducing sugar content was closely related to the trend of pH change with a very high correlation coefficient(r =0.912). Lactic acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid and acetic acid were major organic acids contained in low-temperature and long-term fermented kimchi. Vitamin C content decreased at initial stage of fermentation and then slightly increased up to the maximum of 22.3 mg% on 8weeks of fermentation. In color measurement, L value continued to increase during the fermentation and reached at the highest of 55.45 on 22 weeks of fermentation, and a and b values of 3.62 and 4.54 also increased to 31.26 and 37.32 on 30 weeks of fermentation, respectively. Total microbial count increased slowly from beginning and was the highest on 4 weeks of fermentation, and then began to decrease slowly. Count of Lactobacillus spp. was highest after 6weeks, but count of Lactobacillus spp. was highest on 2 weeks of fermentation, and then both showed a slow decrease. Yeast count wasn't increased until 4 weeks of fermentation and then increased rapidly to get the highest on 10 weeks of fermentation.