목적 : 본 연구는 제 5기 국민건강영양조사를 이용하여, 우리나라 연령관련황반변성 (Age-related macular degeneration, AMD)의 분포 및 보건 인구학적 특성과 건강행태 및 상 태에 따른 위험 요인을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 연구대상은 국민건강영양조사 제 5기 과정 중 2011, 2012년도 조사대상자의 건강 검진 과 안과 검진을 받은 사람 6,218명을 대상으로 하였다. 관련요인으로서 보건 인구학적 특성은 성별, 연령, 거주지, 가족력, 교육수준으로 분석하고, 건강행태 및 건강상태는 흡연, 음주, 햇빛 노출 시간, BMI, 굴절 이상, 백내장, 혈관성 질환, 고혈압, 당뇨병으로 나누어 AMD와 위험요인 들의 유의성을 분석하였다. AMD와 연관성이 있을 것으로 예상되는 위험요인 분포는 카이제곱 검정 결과로 분석하고, 이러한 요인들과 AMD 연관성은 연령과 성별을 보정한 다중로지스틱 회귀분석으로 위험비를 구하였다. 모든 통계처리는 SAS 9.3으로 분석하였고, 유의수준은 p < 0.05로 하였다. 결과 : 우리나라 AMD의 유병률은 9.6%로 나타났고 보건 인구학적 특성에 따른 AMD의 위험 비는 성별, 연령, 거주지, 교육수준이 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다(p<.005). 건강행 태에 따른 AMD의 위험비는 흡연여부 및 햇빛 노출 시간이 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타 났으며(p<.005), 건강상태에 따른 AMD의 위험비는 근시, 원시, 백내장이 유의한 연관성을 보 였다(p<.005). 한편 거주지, 안과적 가족력, 음주, BMI, 혈관성 질환, 고혈압, 당뇨병은 성별과 연령이 통제됨으로써 AMD에 유의한 연관성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : AMD는 성별, 연령, 교육 수준, 흡연, 굴절 이상(근시, 원시), 백내장, 흡연여부, 햇빛

목적 : 최근의 국민건강영양조사 내용을 기반으로 우리나라 연령관련황반변성(Age-related macular degeneration, AMD)의 위험 요인 인자를 분석하고자 한다. 방법 : 국민건강영양조사 제5기 과정 중 2011, 2012년도 조사대상자의 건강 검진과 안과 검진 을 받은 사람을 대상으로 AMD의 위험 요인을 분석하였다. AMD와 연관성이 있는 위험요인은 카이제곱 검정 결과로 분석하고, 이러한 요인과 AMD 상관성은 로지스틱 회귀분석으로, 오즈비 는 이진수로지스틱 회귀분석으로 구하고 유의수준은 0.05 이하로 하였다. 모든 통계처리는 SPSS ver.18로 분석하였다. 결과 : 고혈압, 백내장, 고지혈증, 고콜레스테롤혈증, 중성지방, 난시, 가족력, 당뇨, 햇빛 노출 시간, 흡연은 황반변성과 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다( p<.001). 백내장이 있는 사람에게서 AMD이 나타날 확률은 백내장이 없는 사람보다 5.360배 높았고, 당뇨병은 1.752배 높았으며, 안과질환 가족력이 있는 사람은 안과질환 가족력이 없는 사람보다 1.546배 높았다. 하루에 햇빛에 5시간 이상 노출된 사람은 그 이하의 시간에 노출된 사람에 비해 AMD가 나타날 확률 이 1.397배 높았고, 거주하는 곳이 읍, 면인 경우 도시에 거주하는 경우보다 1.691배, 고지혈 증, 고콜레스테롤 혈증, 중성지방이 비정상인 사람은 각각 1.475배, 1.276배, 1.031배 높았고, 굴절이상(난시)이 있는 사람은 2.275배 더 높았다. 로지스틱 회귀분석에서 흡연은 승산비가 1.592, 연령은 승산비 1.061로 1 단위 증가하면 승산비가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : AMD는 고혈압, 고지혈증, 연령, 흡연, 백내장, 생활습관, 가족력과 연관이 있고 특히 연령과 흡연이 증가할수록 발병 확률이 높아지는 것을 확인하였다.

Visfatin is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is thought to play a central role in systemic inflammation and the pathogenesis of obesity related diseases. Only a few studies investigated the effect of visfatin on human cancers. Furthermore, there have been no studies on the association between the expression of visfatin in OSCC tissue and its effect on OSCC patients. Hence, the present study analyzed the expression of visfatin in OSCC from Korean patients. Immunohistochemistry for visfatin was performed using 12 normal oral mucosas (NOM), 16 oral leukoplakias (with/without dysplasia), and 58 OSCC patients samples. Immunoreactivity was semi-quantitatively scored and the correlation between the expression of visfatin and clinicopathological parameters of OSCC patients was analyzed. The immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the expression level of visfatin increased in OSCC alone (p<0.05). Moreover, the immunoexpression score of visfatin was significantly correlated with TNM stage of OSCC patients. Our findings suggested that visfatin can play a certain role in the pathogenesis of OSCC. In addition, visfatin was associated with the tumor progression of OSCC patients and may act as independent biomarker of OSCC.

Many researchers have been reported recent trends for rising incidence particularly related to cancer of the tongue in young people. The purpose of this study is to exam the changes of OSCC(oral squamous cell carcinoma) incidence distribution. After Institutional Review Board approval, 1,345cases of OSCC were reviewed from 1993 to 2012 at the department of Oral Pathology at the University of Seoul National Dental Hospital with respect to gender, age, locations. As the results, the most prevalence ages were between 45-69 years old(mean:59.68). There is a noticeable incidence on the eighth decade of life. There are no changes of incidence distribution on se (male:female=69:31) at each year. The most common incidence area was tongue at 1993 but the mandible was the most popular site after 2001. Comparing the incidence rates of the predilection sites over and under 44 years old patients, among patients under 44 years old showed the tongue is the common site steadily. On the other hand, there is a significant increase on the mandible in the over 44 years old patients. In conclusion, this study showed similar results on overall sex distribution and median ages. The trends of locations over 20 years have been increased on the old adult’s mandible. Also, tongue is the common site for the young adults constantly. There are needs for further studies to elucidate the behind etiology. In addition, the true impact of young age on OSCC clinical behavior will remain difficult to determine unless intranational and multi-institutional databases will be combined.

The purpose of this paper is to compare between Korean and Arabic in terms of phonology and seek effective ways of teaching Arabic for Korean students. Arabic as a Semitic language has 28 consonants and 3 basic vowels (each of which is short and long, and 2 diphthongs). Meanwhile, Korean has 19 consonants and 22 vowels. Due to the phonological differences between Korean and Arabic, it is somewhat difficult for Korean students to learn the correct Arabic consonant phonemes. In this paper, firstly, the consonants are grouped into two: one group common to both languages, and another unique to Arabic consonants. They are explained by phonological and phonetic methods to teach the correct pronunciation of Arabic consonants. Secondly, the Arabic vowels are explained through the examination of allophones in comparison with Korean. Thirdly, the syllables are explained by the structure, sorts, and characteristics. Lastly, it is suggested that professional training in phonology and phonetics fields be provided to instructors so that they can teach correct Arabic pronunciation.

The present study explores the relationship between teacher-efficacy and selected teacher variables, such as teachers’ demographic variables, self-efficacy, English proficiency, and teacher training experiences, of Korean English teachers. The study employed four questionnaires including Sherer et al.’s (1982) General Self-Efficacy Scale, Tschannen-Moran and Woolfolk-Hoy’s (2001) Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale, Chacon’s (2002) Self-Reported English Proficiency Scale, and background information. The participants of the study were 120 Korean English teachers. The main findings of the study indicate that the participants’ standardized English proficiency scores exerted no significant influence on their teacher-efficacy. Yet, the teachers’ self-assessed English proficiency levels accounted for a significant amount of additional variance of their teacher-efficacy after controlling the variance explained by their self-efficacy, suggesting the significant impact of teachers’ positive assessment of their own English proficiency on their teacher-efficacy, regardless of their actual English proficiency. The study results also suggest that teachers’ professional training experiences generally contribute to their teacher-efficacy. Discussions and suggestions for future research are provided.

The purpose of the study is to compare the nature of teacher talk between the native and non-native speaking professors with its focus on language functions and interaction modifications in English-mediated writing instruction. The study analyzed the classroom languages of two professors who were teaching college-level composition courses using the same textbook and syllabus. The classes taught by the two professors were videotaped, transcribed, and analyzed based on the AS-unit. The results showed both professors used all of the five functions in the order of information, suasion, opinion, future plans, and checking. The NS professor, on the other hand, used the information function more often, while the NNS professor relied more on the suasion function. The data also displayed that the NS professor gave more feedback responses, whereas the NNS professor asked more clarification requests and repeated their own utterances. The findings implied that the types and distribution of the teacher talk may be influenced by the subject-matter and the instructional foci of each professor.

Fruits are good sources of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytochemicals, which are known to reduce serum lipids, oxidative damage, and blood pressure as well as improve blood glucose control. The purpose of this study was to estimate nutrient quality indices of fruits by carrying out a critical analysis of pre-existing methods according to their nutritional compositions. Four methods were used to assess the nutrient indices of 26 fruits, which are frequently consumed by Koreans based on the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009). Naturally nutrient rich score (NNR), nutrient rich food (NRF), nutrient adequacy score (NAS), and nutrient density score (NDS) were used to calculate nutrient quality indices. The Korean Nutrition Society Food Composition database of fruits based on 100 g edible portions was used. The algorithm of each method included the mean percentage of daily values (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, 2010) for particular nutrients based on consumption of 1,900 kcal/day. The relative score indicated that strawberries, kumquat, and lemon had high nutrient quality indices. In addition, mango, lemon, persimmon, strawberry, apricot, and tangerine fruits are rich in antioxidant nutrients such as β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium. However, scores of nutrient quality indices did not imply that higher scores of particular fruits are superior. We suggest moderate seasonable consumption a variety of fruits. Our results can be used as a reference for consumers when they choose fruits.

This study was conducted as a comparative analysis, using the SPSS 17.0 program for a survey conducted from March to July 2013, on the level of perception and preference factors of Koreans and Americans residing in Virginia, USA(89 male and female adults of 20 years of age or above). For the information on the degree of obesity, a survey was used and the subjects provided with their heights and weights. The researcher used this data to calculated their BMI and distinguished the degrees of obesity. For the BMI, the obesity diagnosis of Korean Society for the Study of Obesity was used for Koreans, and the WHO's obesity diagnosis on adults were employed for Americans. First, regarding the Korean participants, the level of obesity appeared in the order of normal (79.6%), overweight (14.3%), and underweight (6.1%). Also, the level of perceptions of their health conditions appeared in the order of average (51.7%) and good (34.7%). No one perceived their health to be in poor condition. Meanwhile, for the American participants, the order was as follows: overweight at about 45%, normal weight at about 35%, obesity at about 12.5%, and underweight at about 7.5%. In terms of the level of perception of health during ordinary times, about 55% of the American participants answered that they are in good health. Therefore, the Americans were found to perceive their health to be in relatively better condition than the Koreans residing in the USA. Also, concerning the level of interest in health while eating food at ordinary times, the American participants were discovered to be more interested (about 62.5%) than the Korean participants. The research on their preference for salty taste was conducted as a survey, and the subjects were asked to choose an item according to their subjective feeling. Regarding the preference for salty taste, both Koreans and Americans residing in the USA responded as moderate. However, a higher proportion of Americans than Koreans responded to favor salty taste. Concerning the reason for their preference for salty taste, Koreans responded with various reasons whereas Americans mostly responded that it is because they eat salty food frequently. For any changes in dietary behavior related to eating salty food, both Korean and American respondents thought that the amount of their daily intake of salt is appropriate and that they consider taste as most important in selecting a snack. Based on the above data, the results of this research indicate a need for actual improvement in the diet with regard to salty food along with diverse policies for promoting life with a low salt diet in future.

A mucocele is a pseudocyst containing spilt mucin from extravasation of the oral minor salivary gland. For this study, 115 cases of mucoceles diagnosed at the Department of Oral Pathology, Seoul National University Dental Hospital were reviewed with respect to gender, age, lesion’s site, size, color, histopathologic features, and recurrence. There was no significant difference between male and female. Nearly 80% cases occurred in young people under the age of 30 (29.7% in the third decade with the highest prevalence). The lower lip (75.7%) was the most common site, followed by ventral surface of the tongue, mouth floor, and buccal mucosa. The lesions measured from 2 to 20 mm in diameter and appeared in various colors. Histopathologically, mucoceles showed pseudocystic cavities containing mucin surrounded by granulation tissues with foam cells. Among the 115cases, 14 showed recurrence on the adjacent sites. Those cases treated with and without removal of the feeding glands on excision of mucoceles showed recurrence rates of 9.2% and 18.0%, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended that mucoceles be treated with surgical excision of the feeding salivary glands. There were no clinicopathological results significantly different from the established facts regarding the mucoceles of Korean patients

목적: 최근 5년간 한국인의 백내장 발병률 변화율을 분석하고, 이를 통해 백내장의 위험성 및 관리의 중요성을 알리고자 한다. 방법: 보건복지가족부 질병관리 본부에서 시행한 2012년 국민건강영양조사를 기초로 40-49세, 50-59세, 60-69세, 70세 이상의 연령과 동과 읍의 지역으로 나누어 최근 5년간 백내장 발병 률의 자료를 분석하였다. 발병률 유의성은 SPSS(Ver12.0) 통계 프로그램의 t-test 통해 검정하 였으며, 유의수준은 p〈0.05로 처리하였다. 결과: 최근 5년간 19,953명을 대상으로 평균 백내장 발병률은 40-49세는 11.1%의 발병률을, 50-59세는 35.7%, 60-69세는 71.8%, 그리고 70세 이상은 94.2%의 백내장 발병률을 나타내 었으며, 나이가 증가함에 따라 발병률이 증가하였고, 이는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 연령대별로 보았을 때 40-49세는 2008년 11.0%에서 2012년에는 12.7%로 증가하였으며, 50-59세는 35.7%에서 48.2%로, 60-69세는 65.4%에서 76.8%로, 70세 이상은 92.8%에서 95.4%로 전 연령층에서 모두 2008년과 2012년을 비교하였을 때 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 동의 백내장 발병률은 39.5%, 읍은 51.1%로 읍이 11.6% 높은 경향을 나타내었으며, 통 계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 2008년도 동 지역은 36.8%에서 2012년 46.6%를, 읍 지역은 2008년 47.7%에서 2012년 56.0%의 백내장 발병률을 나타내었다. 결론: 2008년부터 2012년 최근 5년간 백내장의 발병률이 매년 조금씩 증가하고 있으며, 특히 발생 연령이 점차 낮아지는 경향으로 나타났다. 또한 지역별 백내장 발병률은 동 지역 보다는 읍 지역에서 더 많은 발병률은 나타내었지만 동 지역 백내장 발생 빈도가 더 큰 폭으로 증가 하는 경향을 나타내었다.

본 연구는 식품첨가물의 안전관리확보를 위해 국내 식품 중 사용빈도가 높은 소르빈산류 및 안식향산류를 대상으로 모니터링을 한 후 일일추정섭취량을 평가하였다. 일일추정섭취량은 식품 중 보존료의 농도와 국민건강·영양 조사 자료를 이용하여 국민평균, 성별·연령별 상위섭취자(95th) 그룹으로 분류하여 산출하였고, 이를 JECFA에서 제시한 ADI와 비교하여 국민의 섭취 수준을 확인하였다. 그 결과 분석된 보존료의 국민평균 일일추정섭취량은 소르빈산류 221.60 μg/kg·bw/day, 안식향산류 27.30 μg/kg· bw/day로 산출되었으며, ADI 대비 각각 0.89, 0.55%로 섭취수준은 안전한 것으로 확인되었다. 상위섭취자(95th)의 소르빈산류 일일추정섭취량은 1140.27 μg/kg·bw/day로 ADI 대비 4.56%, 안식향산류 일일추정섭취량은 194.95 μg/ kg·bw/day로 ADI 대비 3.90% 수준으로 소르빈산류 및 안식향산류의 상위섭취자 섭취수준도 안전한 것으로 평가 되었다. 성별에 따른 차이는 안식향산류의 경우 남자가 여자보다 조금 높았으나 소르빈산류는 성별에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 연령별 섭취수준은 소르빈산류 0.52~2.01%, 안식향산류 0.15~1.23% 로 평가되었다. 따라서 모든 그룹에서 소르빈산류 및 안식향산류의 섭취수준은 ADI를 초과하지 않아 안전한 것으로 평가되었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the awareness, eating experience, and preference of kimchi, and the sensory evaluation of kimchi from Chinese and Korean students residing in Korea. General information (including age, sex, duration of staying, living status) was collected. A questionnaire was used to collect the information on awareness, eating experience, and preference of kimchi and dishes made with kimchi. Sensory evaluations were carried out on a 10 point scale. All subjects (37 Koreans, 43 Chinese) were aware of kimchi, with 98% of the Chinese subjects recognizing kimchi as a Korean traditional food and 65% having eaten kimchi at least once a day. The types of kimchi preferred by Chinese subjects were generally sweet and not over-bearing in seasoning, hotness, or ripeness. The more frequently eaten foods made with kimchi were jjigae, bokkeumbap, bibimbap and kimbap. However, the more preferred dishes made with kimchi were bossam, jeongol, bokkeum, jeon, and ramyeon. The Chinese subjects were especially sensitive to spicy odors (4.6±2.2/10), salted seafood odors (4.6±2.3/10), offodors (4.4±2.3/10) and aftertaste (5.9±2.1/10) compared to Korean subjects. Taken all together, the perception as well as sensory characteristic of kimchi needs to be improved for the globalization of kimchi.

This study aims to evaluate the relationship with the concentration and odor intensity using the odor sensory method for 5 types of aldehyde compounds and styrene. For the measurement, 13 panelists were selected by several criteria through a panel test. The estimation showed that the correlation of the concentration with odor intensity for the 12 compounds including of the sulfur compounds, ammonia, and trimethylamine can be reasonably expressed by the equation I = Aㆍlog C + B (I : odor Intensity, C : material concentration, A : material constant, B : constant). The equations show the sensivities of intensity change for the change of concentration. According to the increase of concentration the odor intensities for acetaldehyde and iso-valeraldehyde increase larger than for the other aldehydes. Regulation standards of 12 species of odor substance concentraton and odor intensity by using the correlation equation was reviewed for adequacy. It was evaluated that the regulation standards on site boundary in operation are too low for NH₃, DMDS, and iso-valeraldehyde and too high for TMA. The result of this study is suggested to be used as a base data for research on measures to improve the regulation standards for complex odor concentration on site boundary in operation.

Oral squamous papilloma (OSP) is a common benign lesion of the oral mucosa that is induced by the human papillomavirus. To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of OSP, we selected 135 patients diagnosed at the Seoul National University Dental Hospital. OSPs occurring in Koreans had a slight female predilection, with the male to female ratio being 1:1.6. The age ranged from 4 to 80 years old (average age: 47 years). The most frequent location was the soft palate (43.7%), followed by the tongue and gingiva. 11.1% of all patients presented with pain. There have been no reported cases of recurrence. On microscopic examination, two‐thirds of the lesions were parakeratinized, with almost all cases (99%) containing the koilocytes. In conclusion, there were no significant differences between the clinicopathological features of OSP in Korean and findings from previous studies

Saliva from the oral cavity was collected from 129 patients with periodontitis and 54 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were isolated from these samples. The S. aureus isolates were tested for their resistance patterns against 15 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. The percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to ampicillin was the highest (92.6%). In addition, the percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to penicillin, oxacillin, cefotetan, cefepime and erythromycin was 90.7%, 11.1%, 11.1%, 9.3% and 5.6%, respectively. However, S. aureus isolates were susceptible to gentamycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin. 96.3% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to antibiotics. Among them, the percentage of two antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 74.1%, the percentage of one antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 5.6%, the percentage of three antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 3.7% and the percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to more than 4 antibiotics was 13%. The most common multiple antimicrobial resistance pattern was AM-P. Furthermore, the percentage of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates was 11.1% and they were resistant to more than 3 antibiotics.

목적: 20~71세 성인을 연령에 따라 5군으로 분류하여 연령에 따른 한국인의 고위수차 변화도를 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 방 법: 본 연구의취지에 동의한 사람가운데 전신질환이나 안질환이 없으며, 굴절이상 수술을 포함하여 안과 관련 수술병력이 없는 성인 290안을 대상으로 Pentacam을 사용하여 동공직경 5mm 범위에서의 총고위수차(HOA), 총구면수차(TSA), 총코마수차(TCA), 총트레포일수차(TTA)를 측정하였다. 결과: 전체 대상군의 전면 HOA의 Root-mean square(RMS)에 대한 평균값은 0.094±0.021㎛, 후면 HOA의 RMS에 대한 평균값은 0.022±0.004㎛ 이고, 전체 HOA의 RMS에 대한 평균값은 0.080±0.022㎛로 나타났다. 연령에 따른 HOA의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 전면수차는 연령과 유의한 상관관계(r=0.335, p < 0.0001)를 보였지만, 후면과는 유의한 상관관계(r=0.096, p=0.102)가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 전체 대상군의 전면 TSA의 RMS에 대한 평균값은 0.279±0.057㎛, 후면 TSA의 RMS에 대한 평균값은 0.057±0.017㎛ 이고, 전체 TSA의 RMS에 대한 평균값은 0.223±0.056㎛ 로 나타났다. 연령에 따른TSA의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 전면수차는 연령과 유의한 양의 상관관계(r=0.240, p < 0.0001)를 보였지만, 후면과는 유의한 음의 상관관계(r=-0.358, p < 0.0001)를 보였다. 전체 대상군의 전면 TCA의 RMS에 대한 평균값은 0.089±0.046㎛, 후면 TCA의 RMS에 대한 평균값은 0.024±0.012㎛ 이고, 전체 TCA의 RMS에 대한 평균값은 0.081±0.045㎛로 나타났다. 연령에 따른 TCA의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 전면수차는 연령과 유의한 양의 상관관계(r=0.118, p=0.04)를 보였고, 후면 또한 유의한 양의 상관관계(r=0.311, p < 0.0001)가 나타났다. 전체 대상군의 전면 TTA의 RMS에 대한 평균값은 0.042±0.035㎛, 후면 TTA의RMS에 대한 평균값은0.012±0.008㎛ 이고, 전체TTA의RMS에 대한평균값은0.041±0.032㎛로 나타났다. 연령에 따른 TTA의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 전면수차는 연령과 유의한 양의 상관관계(r=0.250, p < 0.0001)를 보였고, 후면 또한 유의한 양의 상관관계(r=0.149, p=0.011)가 나타났다. 결론: 한국인의 각막 고위수차 분석을 통하여 한국인 눈의 광학적 부분의 더 나은 이해를 제시하였으며, 현대인의 시력의 질을 향상시키기 위한 추가적인 연구에 활용될 수 있는 기초 자료로 활용 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.