There are increased in using the bio-ethanol, as the carbon neutral attracts many researchers due to a reduction in carbon dioxide spotted as the global warming gas. A gasoline engine with 100% of the bioethanol was developed and used in Brazil already, but researches of using the bio-ethanol in diesel engines are lack. In this study, combustion tests with blend fuel of the gas oil and bio ethanol by 50% maximally due to a low cetane number of bio-ethanol were accomplished as a basic study of introduction of using the bioethanol in diesel engines. The result was that smoke emission was decreased with increase in proportion of the bio-ethanol, due to the increase of a amount of pre-mixed combustion with ignition delay. Although the amount of CO2 is reduced according as the bio-ethanol is used(carbon neutral), the emission of CO2 with increase in the proportion of the bio-ethanol was more increased due to lower a heat value of bio-ethanol than gas oil.

ZnO nanopowders were synthesized by the sol-gel method using hydrazine reduction, and their gas responses to 6 gases (200 ppm of C2H5OH, CH3COCH3, H2, C3H8, 100 ppm of CO, and 5 ppm of NO2) were measured at 300 ~ 400˚C. The prepared ZnO nanopowders showed high gas responses to C2H5OH and CH3COCH3 at 400˚C. The sensing materials prepared at the compositions of [ZnCl2]:[N2H4]:[NaOH] = 1:1:1 and 1:2:2 showed particularly high gas responses (S = Ra/Rg, Ra : resistance in air, Rg : resistance in gas) to 200 ppm of C2H5OH(S = 102.8~160.7) and 200 ppm of CH3COCH3(S = 72.6~166.2), while they showed low gas responses to H2, C3H8, CO, and NO2. The reason for high sensitivity to these 2 gases was discussed in relation to the reaction mechanism, oxidation state, surface area, and particle morphology of the sensing materials.

본 연구는 poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)와 가교제 poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA_MA)을 이용하여 제조된 막에 tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)를 도입하여 물-에탄올 계에 대한 투과증발 실험을 다양한 가교온도별(120~140℃), 조업온도별(25~70℃)로 수행하였다. TEOS의 함량은 PVA 대비 3, 5, 7 wt%를 사용하였으며, 원액의 조성은 무게비로 물 10, 20, 30 및 50%에 대하여 조사하였다. 물 에탄올 = 10 : 90 조성, 조업온도 50℃에서 선택도 1730과 투과도 16.3g/m2·hr를 PVA/7 wt% PSSA_MA/5 wt% TEOS 막이 보여 주었다.

차조기의 30, 50, 70, 95% 에탄올 추출물과 물추출물의 식품 관련 미생물에 대한 항균 활성과 이들 추출물의 분획물에 대한 항균 활성을 살펴보았다. 본 실험에 사용한 차조기의 무기질은 Ca와 Mg 함량이 각각 595.75 mg%와 467.0 mg%으로 가장 많았다. 에탄올 혼합 추출물과 물추출물의 추출 수율은 에탄올 농도가 낮을수록 증가하여 95%에탄올 추출물은 9.3%, 70% 추출물은 16.5%, 50% 추출물은 18.9%, 30% 추출물은 19.4%, 물추출물(0%)에서는 20.8%이었다. 추출용매의 에탄올 농도가 낮아질수록 hexane 층으로 용출되어 나오는 성분은 감소하고 ethyl acetate 층 분획성분은 점차 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 에탄올 추출물과 물 추출물의 항균력은 95%, 70%와 50% 에탄올 추출물이 Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis 및 Pseudomonas areuginosa에 대하여 clear zone을 나타내었다. 추출물을 단계별 계통 분획하여 얻은 분획물의 항균력 실험에서는 ethyl acetate층이 실험 대상 미생물 모두에 대하여 항균 활성을 나타내었으며 에탄올 혼합율이 낮을수록 즉, 30% 에탄올과 물추출물의 ethyl acetate분획물의 저해환이 가장 크게 나타났다. 물 추출물의 ethyl acetate 분획물을 첨가한 액체배양에서 500 ppm의 농도에서는 S. aureus, B. subtilis와 P. aeruginosa에 대하여 대조구의 뚜렷한 증가와 대조적으로 낮은 생균수를 보였으며, 1,000 ppm의 농도에서는 실험 균주 모두에 대하여 배양 24시간 내내 생육이 저해되는 것으로 나타났다. 물 추출과 에탄올 추출의 농도와 항균 활성, 폴리페놀 함량 및 플라보노이드 함량이 비례적인 상관관계에 있는 것으로 나타나지는 않으나 30% 에탄올 추출물과 물 추출물의 ethyl acetate분획물이 폴리페놀 함량이 높고 항균력이 가장 강한 것으로 나타났다.

Gasohol, which is combined solution of gasoline and ethanol, is difficult to apply to the field, because it usually brings phase separation by mingling of water. We investigated phase separation by adding different concentrations of "Ethanol", anhydrous and fermentative, to "Gasolines", gasoline, gasoline base and naphtha, Placing ethanol itself open to the air, the concentrations of water are increased in length of time. The phase separation temperatures of the gasolines-ethanol solutions have dropped in the following order : gasoline, gasoline base and naphtha. When adding water to the solutions of gasolines and anhydrous ethanol, the temperatures of phase separation is higher when the concentration of water increases more. Thus, it is obvious that the water is sensitive in phase separation.

Lavandula vera is indispensable member of the herb family, used for perfumes and potpourri. Androgens have profound effects on the physiology of the sebaceous gland. Sebum is secreted due to the effect of androgen, which starts to be secreted at puberty. Using the human sebocyte cell line SZ95. the author investigated the inhibitory effect of Lavandula vera on the lipid production. Light microscopic finding were examined numerous cytoplasmic lipid droplets SZ95 cells by Oil red staining and lipid droplets were increased markedly by testosterone. On the other hand, combined treatment with Lavandula vera and testosterone resulted in a lower lipid droplets than with testosterone alone in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that Lavandula vera acts antagonistically to testosterone and inhibits the lipid synthesis of SZ95 cells at the cellular level.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Fagopyrum escuentum(FE) on the melanogenesis. To determine whether ethanol extract of FE suppress melanin synthesis in cellular level, B16F10 melanoma cells were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of FE ethanol extract. In the present study, the author examined the effects of FE ethanol extract on cell proliferation, melanin contents, tyrosinase activity. Cell proliferation was slightly increased by treatment with ethanol extract of FE (25-200 μg/ml). The ethanol extract of FE effectively suppressed melanin contents at a dose of 100 μg/ml. It was observed that the color of cell pellets was totally whitened compared with the control. The ethanol extract of FE inhibited tyrosinase activity, regulate melanin biosynthesis as the key enzyme in melanogenesis. These results suggest that the ethanol extract of FE exerts its depigmenting effects through the suppression of tyrosinase activity. And it may be a potent depigmetation agent in hyperpigmentation condition.

본 연구는 poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)와 가교제 poly(strene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA-MA)을 이용하여 제조된 막을 물/에탄올 계에 대한 투과증발 실험을 25, 35 및 45℃ 수식 이미지에서 수행하였다. 가교제의 함량은 7, 9, 11 wt.%를 사용하였으며, 원액의 조성은 무게비로 물 50, 20, 10 및 공비점인 4.4%에 대하여 조사하였다. 일반적인 투과증발 결과와 마찬가지로 가교제 함량의 증가 및 조업온도 증가에 따라 투과도 및 선택도에 대한 대표적 경향을 보여 주었다. 물 : 에탄올 = 10 : 90 조성에서 그리고 45℃ 수식 이미지에서 선택도 12003와 투과도 58.92g/m2·hr 수식 이미지를 PSSA-MA 11 wt%의 막이 보여 주었다.

본 연구는 산저항성을 가진 새로운 폴리비닐알콜계 투과증발막을 이용한 불화에탄올(TFEA)과 메타크릴산(MA)의 에스테르화 반응에 관한 연구이다. TFEA와 MA의 에스테르화 에스텔화반응에 사용된 폴리비닐알콜계 막은 PVA와 EGDE의 열 가교반응을 통하여 제조되었다. 에스텔화 반응의 반응조건 - 반응온도, 산 촉매의 양, 초기 몰비(불화에탄올/메탄크릴산)- 등을 달리하여 에스텔화 반응에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험 결과, TFEMA 전환율은 반응온도 촉매의 양, 초기몰비가 증가함에 따라 향상되었다. TFEMA 전환율이 90% 이상을 위한 경제적인 반응조건은 90℃ 수식 이미지의 반응온도, 2.5 wt%의 촉매 양, 그리고 1.7의 초기 반응 몰비였다.

Ethanol washing with distillation as a cleanup process of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)-contaminated soil was investigated in this study. A multistage ethanol washing with distillation process was applied to three different types of soil, i.e., sandy soil, alluvial soil, and clay with the initial concentration of benzo(a)pyrene 10 mg/kg, benz(a)anthracene 250 mg/kg, and pyrene 100 mg/kg soil. Ethanol was selected as washing solvent because of its high PAH removal efficiency, low cost, and non-toxicity comparing to the other solvent such as isopropyl alcohol and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The satisfactory results (i.e. lower than benzo(a)pyrene 1 mg/kg, pyrene 10 mg/kg, benz(a)anthracene 25 mg/kg, which are the Canada or the Netherlands soil standard) for three types of soils were obtained by at most five-six times washing. It was suggested that organic content in soil decreased the removal efficiency by ethanol washing.