볏짚버섯속 유망버섯인 차신고버섯은 현재까지 1종만이 품종으로 등록되어 있는 실정으로 국내 고유품종 확보 및 버섯재배품종 다양화에 기여하고자 품종육성 연구를 수행한 결과, 차신고버섯 신품종 ‘다산’의 균사생장적온은 25~30℃이었으며 탄소원으로 glucose(maltose), 질소원으로 ammonium chloride(pepton)를 사용 시 균사생장 및 균사밀도가 우수하였고 탄소원과 질소원 무첨가 시 균사는 생장하였으나 균사의 밀도가 비교적 낮았다. 또한 버섯발생 특성은 신품종 “다산”이 초발이 소요일수, 수확 소요일수 및 수량은 각각 12~13일, 6~8일, 118.2g 으로 진향품종에 비해 다소 발이가 늦은 편이나 수량성은 양호하였다. 또한“다산”’ 품종은 갓의 색깔은 대조품종 보다 진하고 갓의 직경은 작았으며 대의 길이는 길고 갓의 직경이 작은 자실체 특성을 가지고 있었다.

Yttria stabilized zirconia (Y-CSZ) single crystals show plastic deformation at high temperatures byactivating dislocations. The effect of strain rate on the plastic behavior of this crystal was studied. As increasingstrain rate from ε=1.04×10-5sec-1 to 2.08×10-5sec-1 the yield drop was suppressed and resulted in higherYoung's modulus and yield stress. Dislocation structures of the strained crystals were analyzed using atransmission electron microscope to elucidate the plastic behavior of these crystals. In the early stage of plasticdeformation, dislocation dipoles and prismatic dislocation loops were formed in both samples. However,dislocation density was increased by increasing strain rate. Strong sessile dislocations were observed in thesample with higher strain rate, which may cause the higher work hardening.

본 연구는 신품종 ‘미소’ 느타리버섯에 대한 성양식에서의 불화합성 체계를 이해하고자 수행하였으며 이 실험결과 자실체로부터 채취한 단포자의 교배를 통해 신품종 ‘미소’ 느타리버섯이 자웅이체성이고 4극성 교배양식을 나타내는 것을 확인하였다. 꺽쇠연결이 없는 분리된 담자포자는 단핵균사로 판단되었고, 이러한 단핵균사간 화합, 불화합성 여부는 빠른 생육과 활력있는 발달형태를 통해 어느 정도 육안으로도 확인이 가능하였으며 두 단핵 균사체의 대치배양 후에 형성되는 꺽쇠연결을 현미경으로 관찰하여 명확히 확인되었다. 예외적으로 교배가 화합성인 경우 형성되는 이핵 균사체가 대치배양의 한쪽 가장자리에서만 꺽쇠연결이 발견되는 일방향 이핵화 현상이 관찰되었다. 이 실험결과로부터 4극성 교배에 있어서 A1A2B1B2의 이핵 균사체로부터 발생하는 네 가지 유전자 형태, 즉 A1B1, A1B2, A2B1, 그리고 A2B2가 화합성테스트에 의해 결정되었으며 선발된 나머지의 단핵 균사체의 교배형은 Tester 계통을 이용하였다.

Acquisition of a reference Tetranychusstrains that are completely susceptible to acaricides and retain identical genetic backgrounds to acaricide-resistant strains is an essential step in elucidating mechanisms of resistance. To establish both completely susceptible and acaricide-resistant strains for this purpose, I collected Tetranychus mite populations from various regions in South Korea including both heavily cultivated and remote regions. Suitability as a susceptible or resistant reference strain was tested by determining species identity as Tetranychus urticae along with baseline susceptibility to common acaricides. The majority of mite populations collected from cultivated areas belonged to a monophyletic group of the previously reported green-type T. urticae as determined by mtCOI- and ITS2-based phylogenetic analysis. These strains showed relatively reduced levels of susceptibility to the acaricides tested, suggestive of the development of resistance. Among them, the AbaR strain was classified as a minor group in the T. urticae complex. The UD strain, originally collected from a remote island region, was found to be susceptible to the acaricides tested and generated an independent phylogenetic branch. The UD strain was also considered a minor group in the T. urticae complex. Phenotypic analysis based on morphological characters confirmed that both the AbaR and UD strains were statistically undistinguishable from the major green-type T. urticae. Taken together, I propose that the UD strain be used as a susceptible reference strain as it provides baseline susceptibility to acaricides and a wild-type genetic background for the resistance studies.

Aujeszky’s disease (AD), also called pseudorabies, is an infectious viral disease, caused by an alpha herpes virus and has domestic and wild pigs, as well as a wide range of domestic and wild animals, as the natural host. AD affects many countries and regions in the world, causing important economic losses, mainly due to international trade restrictions. In this study, to determine the characteristics of the Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV), NYJ strain, which was isolated from the serum of an infected pig in 1987, we investigated the nucleotide sequence and expression of the glycoproteins gB, gC, and gD using the bBpGOZA system. We found that the glycoproteins gB, gC, and gD of NYJ consisted of 2751 bp, 1443 bp, and 1203 bp, respectively. Comparison of the NYJ with the other strains revealed nucleotide sequence identity ranging from 91.tito 99.0%. To better understand the genetic relationships between other strains, phylogenetic analyses were performed. The NYJ strain was formed a distinct branch with high bootstrap support. The expression of glycoprotein gD in insect cells was characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with an anti-ADV polyclonal antibody. Glycoprotein gD of approximately 45 kDa was detected. The results of this study have implications for both the taxonomy of ADV and vaccine development.

느타리 버섯류의 새로운 품종을 개발하기 위하여 백색느타리 신품종을 육성하였다. 2005년부터 2007년까지 백색느타리 유전자원을 수집하여 특성검정을 하였다. 2007년에 육종모본 수한의 백색변이체 ASI2842와 원형의 백색변이체 MGL0205를 선발, 교잡하여 84개의 교잡주를 육성하였다. 이중에서 우수한 Po2007-63 (2842-7×0205-7) 을 선발하여 특성검정, 확대재배를 실시하여 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정심의회에서 ‘고니 ’로 명명되었다. 주요특성으로 균사 생장 적온이 25~30℃이며 버섯 원기형성 및 발생 온도는 10~16℃이였다. 자실체의 갓 색깔은 백색으로 자연 상태에서 봄, 가을에 재배가 알맞은 특성을 가지고 있다. 균사체 배양기간은 25~30일이며 균 긁기 후 초발이소요일수는 3~5일로 온도가 높을수록 단축된다. 자실체 형태는 얕은 깔때기형이다. 유효경수는 병당 8±2개, 대굵기는 14±1㎜, 대길이는 67.6±8㎜로 다른 느타리 종에 비해 자실체 대가 굵고 길며, 갓두께는 4.7±0㎜로 갓이 작고 부스러짐에 강하여 품질이 우수하다. 자실체 수량은 병당(850㎖) 91±13g로 대조군 미소의 수량지수를 100으로 보았을 때 97이였다. 품질을 높게 하려면 재배온도를 11℃ 정도로 다소 낮은 생육온도에서 관리하는 것이 좋다. 가변특성으로는 감자배지와 버섯완전배지에서 균사를 배양한 결과 20-25℃에서는 버섯완전배지에서 생장이 빠르다. 그러나 30℃에서는 감자배지에서 생장이 양호하였다. 이러한 현상은 대조구인 미소에서도 동일한 경향이었다. 또한 2종류의 primer를 이용하여 새로운 품종 ‘고니’와 모균주에 대한 DNA profile을 분석한 결과 primer URP 1에서는 양친주의 주요 밴드를 가지며 대조구인 미소와는 뚜렷하게 구분되었고, primer URP 2에서는 양친주 주요 밴드는 가지나 대조구와도 유사한 밴드를 나타내었다. 신품종 백색느타리 ‘고니’는 백색이 갖는 깨끗하고 신선한 이미지로 웰빙식품이 각광을 받고 있는 시대에 맞게 다양하고 우수한 버섯을 요구하는 소비자를 만족시키는데 기여 할 것으로 기대된다.

To evaluate the hypolipidemic effects of Cheonggukjang (CGJ), which is frequently used in Korea similar to Natto in Japan and Douchi in China like a dairy product, boiled soybeans were fermented with two Bacillus strains, B. subtilis and B licheniforms, is이ated from rice straw and their antihyperlipidemic effects oftheir products were investigated. Treatment with the CGJs significantly reduced blood triglyceride (TG) and total ch이esterol (TC) levels and increased HDL cholesterollevels in Triton WR-l339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. The treatment of non-fermented soybeans alone also reduced blood TG and TC levels, but not significantly. Feeding the CGJs significantly lowered high blood TG and TC levels as well as body and epididymal mass weights in hyperlipidemic mice induced by the long-term feeding of a high-fat diet that increased blood HDL cholesterollevels. The B. subtilis-fermented CGJ products more potently reduced TG and TC levels, although the differences between the starters were not significant. These finding suggest that CGJ products may be effective as hypolipidemic foods by the synergistic interaction of soy and Bacillus strains.

내진설계의 기본적인 개념은 지진 시 요구되는 연성도 이상의 변형성능을 확보하는 것이다. 기둥의 경우 소성힌지 영역에 적절한 횡철근을 배근함으로써 이를 실현할 수 있다. 가장 경제적인 설계를 위해서는 횡구속 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 특성에 기초하여 횡철근량을 산정하는 것이다. 우리나라(도로교 설계기준)에서는 목표연성도를 단일화하여 동일한 횡철근을 제공하고 있으나 일본에서는 횡구속된 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 곡선식을 제공함으로써 경제적으로 소요 횡철근량을 산정하고 있다. 이러한 재료레벨(응력-변형도)의 특성을 사용하면 설계는 어려워지지만 보다 경제적인 설계가 가능하며 이는 성능에 기반한 내진설계의 경향과도 부합된다. 이 연구에서는 현행 도로교설계기준의 갈고리상세에 부합되는 횡철근을 배치한 부재에 대해 횡철근량을 변수로 하여 응력-변형률 실험을 수행하였다. 응력-변형률 특성을 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 인자를 도입하여 실험결과와 기존의 콘크리트 모델식을 비교 분석하였다.

The through-thickness variations of strain and microstructure during high-speed hot rolled 5052 aluminum alloy sheet were investigated. The specimens were rolled at temperature ranges from 410 to 560˚C at a rolling speed of 15 m/s without lubrication and quenched into water at an interval of 30 ms after rolling. The redundant shear strain induced by high friction between rolls and the aluminum sheet was increased largely beneath the surface at a rolling reduction above 50%. Dynamic recrystallization occurred in the surface regions of the specimen rolled under conditions of high temperatures or high rolling reductions.

Microsporidia are obligate fungal intracellular parasites of all animal taxa. Among them the genus Nosema (Nosematidae) is known as the most common entomopathogen. Of these parasites, the ribosomal organization is one of the most pronounced molecular characteristics. One type is the normalarrangement of small subunit (SSU)-internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-large subunit (LSU) in the DNA sequence order. The other is the reverse arrangement of LSU-ITS-SSU. The latter is assigned to be the ‘true’ Nosema in the Nosema/Vairimorpha clade. However, we found that the SSU sequence of a strain of Nosema species having the normal arrangement of its rRNA sequence seemed to be more closely related to the ‘true’ Nosemagroup. Consequently we have further analyzed the complete sequence of rRNA. The results imply that there might be arecombination event in its rRNA evolution and/or the strain may form a novel group near the ‘true’ Nosema group. Interestingly both SSU and LSU of the ‘true’ Nosema and others may be under different selection pressure. We have also found that the size of ITS is distinct between the ‘true’ Nosema and other microsporidian species within the Nosema/Vairimorpha clade. This feature should be a useful diagnostic tool to distinguish the ‘true’ Nosema from others in the clade.

Geographic clines in genetic polymorphisms are widely believed as an evidence of climate change. We hypothesized green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer, one of the major insect pests in highland chinese cabbage cultivation, may also have some interactions with climate change. As the first step, we tried to find the available markers from six local strains (five collected at different heights in Hoengseong and Pyeongchang area and one from laboratory). A strain from Jeju island was used as an out-group. Although there was no significant difference in sequences of partial ribosomal RNA fragment and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, and esterase isozyme pattern, we found four inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers in 22 used ISSR primers (+AGA, +CCA, +CGA, CGA+). These primers can be used as good markers to trace the M. persicae gene flow because they showed specific bands according to local strains.

Several lines of evidence suggest that osteocytes play a critical role in bone remodeling. Both healthy and apoptotic osteocytes can send signals to other bone surface cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoclast precursors, and bone lining cells through canalicular networks. Osteocytes responding to mechanical strain may also send signals to other cells. To determine the role for osteocytes an mechanical strain in bone remodeling, we examined the effects of fluid flow shear stress on osteoclast precursor cell and osteoblast proliferation and recruitment induced by osteocytes. In addition, the effects of fluid flow shear stress on osteocyte M-CSF, RANKL, and OPG mRNA expression were also examined. MLO-Y4 cells were used as an in vitro model for osteocytes, RAW 264.7 cells and MOCP-5 cells as osteoclast precursors, and 2T3 cells as osteoblasts. MLO-Y4 cells conditioned medium (Y4-CM) was collected after 24h culture. For fluid flow experiments, MLO-Y4 cells were exposed to 2h of pulsatile fluid flow (PFF) at 2, 4, 8, 16±0.6dynes/cm² using the Flexcell StreamerTM system. For proliferation assays, MOCP-5, RAW 264.7, and 2T3 cells were cultured with control media or 10-100% Y4 CM. Cells were cultured for 3d, and then cells were counted. RAW 264.7 and 2T3 cell migration was assayed using transwells with control media or 10-100% Y4-CM. M-CSF, RANKL and OPG in MLO-Y4 mRNA expression was determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Y4-CM increased osteoclast precursor proliferation and migration, but decreased 2T3 cell proliferation and migration. CM from MLO-Y4 cells exposed to PFF caused decreased RAW 267.4 cell proliferation and migration and 2T3 migration compared to control Y4-CM. However, Y4-CM from cells exposed to PFF had no effect on 2T3 osteoblastic cell proliferation. PFF decreased RNAKL mRNA and increased OPG mRNA in MLO-Y4 cells compared to control(without PFF). PFF had no effect on M-CSF mRNA expression in MLO-Y4 cells. These results suggest that osteocytes can regulate bone remodeling by communication with osteoclast precursors and osteoblasts and that osteocytes can communicate mechanical signals to other cells.

A new Bacillus subtilis isolate showed high anti-fungal activities (more than 80% control efficacy) against several plant diseases such as rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea), tomato gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), tomato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and wheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondita). We tried to confer an insecticidal activity to this B. subtilis isolate for constructing a recombinant strain which has dual functions, anti-fungal and insecticidal activity. The insecticidal cry1Ac gene of B. thuringiensis was constructed under its own promoter in a minimal E. coli-B. thuringiensis shuttle vector (pHT1K-1Ac). The plasmid, pHT1K-1Ac was introduced into B. subtilis isolate by electroporation and the transformant was confirmed by PCR with cry1Ac specific primers. B. subtilis transformant produced a parasporal inclusion in the cells as in B. thuringiensis and the size of that protein was appox. 130 kDa. The insecticidal activity of the transformant was checked against lepidopteran pest, Plutella xylostella. This result suggests that this recombinant B. subtilis strain shows the possibility of controlling harmful insect pests as well as plant fungal diseases simultaneously at one crop, and both culture broth and harvested cells of this strain can be used as individual biological control agents separately for integrated crop protection.

The through-thickness variations of strain and microstructure of high-speed hot rolled 1050 pure aluminum sheet were investigated. The specimens of 1050 aluminum were rolled at temperatures ranging from 410 to 560˚C at a rolling speed of 15 m/s without lubrication and quenched in water at an interval of 30ms after rolling. The redundant shear strain induced by high friction between rolls and the aluminum sheet was increased largely beneath the surface at a rolling reduction above 50%. Recrystallization occurred in the surface regions of the specimen rolled to reduction of 65% at 510˚C, while only recovery occurred in the other regions.

기존의 공진주 비틂 전단 시험기는 길이와 지름의 비율이 2:1의 시료를 사용하고 이는 가진 시스템의 최대 회전시 대략 1.5%의 최대 전단 변형율을 일으킨다. 이번 연구의 목적은 대변형을 일으킬수 있는 공진주 비틂 전단 시험기의 수정이다. 수정 작업으로는 가진시스템의 왕복거리 한계의 극복을 위한 새로운 기초 받침 개발과 비틂력을 증가시키기 위한 코일 감는 방법의 변형이다. 가진 시스템의 새로운 코일감는 방법이 전자석 시스템에서 비틂력에 미치는 영향이 평가 되었고 모래를 시험한 수정된 장치의 응용이 기술되었다.

A strain of Bacillus thuringiensis, named Bt 1-3, was isolated from Korean soil sample and it showed high insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella. Bt 1-3 was deterimined to belong to ssp. aizawai (H7) by an H antiserum agglutination test and produced bipyramidal-shaped crystal proteins. PCR analysis with specific cry gene primers showed that Bt 1-3 contained cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1C, cry1D and cry2Ab genes. In addition, this isolate showed high uptake rate of foreign plasmid by electroporation. Based on these characteristics of Bt 1-3, we tried to construct a spore-free Bt 1-3 mutant by knock-out sigG gene, which is known as a key transcription factor during sporulation. First, we constructed a basal vector, named pDST, consisting of erythromycin resistant gene (EmR), partial polyhedrin gene and temperature sensitive origin of replication gene (Orits). Subsequently, according to the chromosomal DNA sequence of Bt subsp. konkukian 97-27, we amplifed upstream and downstream regions of Bt 1-3 sigG, and cloned into pDST (pDST-G). So far, several EmR colonies were obtained by electroporating into the wildtype Bt 1-3 and crossover by homologous recombination is going on.