The objectives of this study were to characterize the factors affecting exposure to the VOCs and NO2 in the vicinity of Gwangyang industrial complex. The VOCs and NO2 levels were measured for residents of an exposure group (industrial area within 5 km) and a control group (15 km farther), respectively using the VOCs and NO2 filter badge as a passive sampler from August to September 2006. The means of indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure levels of benzene were 1.10 ppb, 0.94 ppb, 1.85 ppb and 2.35 ppb respectively in the exposure group. The means regarding toluene for the exposure group were 9.29 ppb indoor, 8.09 ppb outdoor, 14.5 ppb workplace, 14.2 ppb personal exposure. The means regarding ethylbenzene were 4.96 ppb(indoor), 4.45 ppb(outdoor), 6.84 ppb (workplace), 6.10 ppb(personal exposure), and the means regarding xylene were 0.10 ppb(indoor, outdoor), 0.18 ppb(workplace) 0.17 ppb(personal exposure). The means for the indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure level of NO2 were 18.40 ppb, 18.51 ppb, 18.59 ppb, 18.80 ppb respectively in the exposure group. Correlations between personal exposures and workplace concentrations of individual VOCs and NO2 exposures, and each of the microenvironment was statistically significant.

We studied the changes in the concentration of total volatile organic compounds generated in newly-built schools (five kindergarten schools, two primary schools, three middle schools, one high school) by the bake-out. Samples were collected in classrooms. By using the bake-out technique the removal efficiency of total volatile organic compounds was 89.1%(maximum) and 27.5%(minimum). By using this bake-out technique the removal efficiency was 42.5% greater than the ventilation method. Therefore, we determined that it is appropriate to apply both the bake-out and ventilation methods in the case of newly-built schools

This study was carried out to measure temperature, humidity, and bacterial concentration and species from the indoor air of a greenhouse used for shiitake cultivation. The highest level of humidity in the greenhouse was recorded at over 91.5% and the lowest humidity was recorded at 50% during 12 months. Temperature was between 5.1-30.5oC except for January. These results indicate that bacteria can survive in the indoor air of the greenhouse. Total bacterial concentration exceeded the Korean indoor air quality standard value (8.0 × 102 cfu/m3) in winter. A total of 13 genera and 17 species were isolated and identified from the indoor air of the greenhouse. Especially, 3 species (Kocuria rosea, Staphylococcus xylosus and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens) have been reported to affect on human health. This is first report of airborne bacteria in a greenhouse used for shiitake cultivation.

Indoor pollutants seem to have a negative affect on people from vulnerable households who are considered to be weak by the department of environmental health, such as the elderly, infants, children, patients, and pregnant women. In this study, the concentrations of pollutants were measured, especially those pollutants that endanger vulnerable households such as PM10, HCHO, TVOCs, TBC and fungi. The measurements were taken from September to October of 2013 in the Chungnam area. The results were as follows: PM10 33.2 μg/m3, HCHO 20.35 μg/m3, VOCs 132.30 μg/m3, TBC 562.71 CFU/m3 and fungi 362.04 CFU/m3. In the case of TBC and fungi, there were excessive concentrations at 30.9% and 49.3% compared to the standards set by WHO. In the case of fungi, buildings built before the 1980s showed a concentration of 446.23 CFU/m3, those built in the 1980s and 1990s had a concentration of 320.21 CFU/m3 and those built in the 2000s had a concentration of 313.43 CFU/ m3 indicating that fungi concentration was higher when the building was older. The correlation analysis between indoor air pollutants and factors affecting indoor concentrations indicate that HCHO (r = 0.423), TVOCs (r = 0.329), and humidity (r = 0.359) showed a significant difference (p < 0.01). The current study focused on vulnerable households that were unable to protect themselves from indoor pollutants and where poor living circumstances prevailed such as households that do not receive much sunlight; thus, more attention and focus needs to be given to these particular households

The research on the actual condition of indoor asbestos concentration in Korea has not been thoroughly accomplished up to now. In this research the ratio of asbestos-containing buildings and indoor asbestos concentration was studied. This investigation was conducted in 2012 and 2013 and buildings were categorized based on region, building type by use, existing space(ground or basement), and construction year, respectively. Also the indoor asbestos concentration change was monitored to evaluation the efficiencies of two types of asbestos-concentration abatement devices.As a result, the ratio of asbestos-containing buildings in Seoul was largely decreased. The ratio of asbestos-containing buildings was higher in hospitals and schools regionally and in ground buildings than in basement. The average indoor asbestos concentrations were 0.0011, 0.0008 piece/cc in 2012 and 2013 investigation, respectively. Those values were much lower than standards(0.01 piece/cc), therefore the threat of indoor asbestos concentration might be negligible. In asbestos-concentration abatement experiments, the circulation velocity of ventilator were changed 2-6.7 m/sec. With 6.7 m/sec of velocity of ventilator, the concentration of indoor asbestos was fluctuated and maximum value was 2.4 piece/cc. With 4.5 and 2 m/sec of velocities of ventilator, the maximum concentration of indoor asbestos was fluctuated and maximum value was 0.9 piece/cc. This indicated that the concentration of indoor asbestos was decreased partly due to the free drop of asbestos. From these results, the proper velocity of ventilator seems to be between 4.7 and 6.5m/sec under this circumstance and further research is required. These research results may be used to guideline of asbestos management policy.

In order to evaluate the quality of indoor air due to the remodeling and newly-built in S City, 60 schools wereinvestigated in formaldehyde (HCHO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs). One school exceeded thenational standard of formaldehyde 100µg/m³ at 1st measurement. Thirty-eight schools showed higher level ofTVOCs over 400µg/m³ at 1st measurement. Twelve schools showed higher level of TVOCs over 400µg/m³ at2nd measurement. This result derived from TVOCs which originated from the building materials and finishingmaterials. To prevent the pollution of indoor air quality at schools caused by formaldehyde and TVOCs, therecommendation of environmentally-friendly building materials, the diminishment of emission by bakeout process,the efficient combination of natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation, and antibacterial effect of chemicalcontrol measures as photo-catalysts should be given positive investigation.

Recently SARS and bird flu has been infected widely in the world; we have to care about germs and virus in indoor air environment. Especially that transmission by means of transportation is a major infection route. In this study, a private car simulated with CFD for prediction of indoor airborne microbe transport. Simulation performed with real situation in car, four occupants with a infected driver and four stage air ventilation controled by HVAC system. Result show that CFD can be visualized microbe transport other occupants and who is more exposed to airborne microbe. also it make a prediction of microbe transport in car.

본 연구의 목적은 업무공간의 실내정원 경관구성 현황 및 이용자들의 선호도를 조사하여 이용자들의 만족도를 높일 수 있는 실내정원 도입방안을 제시하고자 수행하였다.연구방법은 서울에 위치한 사무실 건물 내 실내정원 10개소를 조사하였다. 조사기간은 2012년 12월 10일부터 2013년 10월 30일까지 실내정원 현황을 조사하였으며 2013년 5월 20일부터 2013년 10월 28일까지 설문조사를 하였다. 응답된 설문지 336부는 SAS Ver. 6.12(SAS Institute Inc., 1996) 프로그램을 이용하여 통계처리하였다. 사무실 건물에 조성된 실내정원 유형은 감상형 3개소, 휴식형 4개소, 감상과 휴식을 겸한 복합형 3개소였으며 실내정원에 도입된 실내식물의 종류는 총 38과 66속 82종이었으며 자생식물은 14과 17속 18종이었다. 주요 도입 첨경물 및 시설물은 조명등, 분수, 바위, 물확, 석탑, 조각품 등의 순이었으며 휴식형의 실내정원에 의자와 탁자 등이 주 시설물로 도입되어 있었다. 설문조사 결과, 실내정원 이용현황은 주 1회 이용자가 가장 많았고 월요일, 점심식사후, 30분정도를 이용하는 응답자가 가장 많았으며 시각적 아름다움 및 쾌적한 환경조성, 기분전환 및 스트레스 해소를 위해 업무공간에 실내정원 도입 필요성이 높게 요구되었다. 경관유형 선호도의 경우 동양식 풍경의 정원형으로 편안한 이미지를 느낄 수 있는 휴식형에 대한 요구도가 높았으며 실내정원의 위치 및 형태는 사무실 인접 휴식공간에 고정식으로 조성하는 것을 선호하는 것으로 분석되었다. 식물에 대한 선호도의 경우 외래식물보다 자생식물에 대한 선호도가 훨씬 높았으며, 허브식물, 관엽식물, 야생화 순으로 선호하였다. 사무실 건물에 조성된 실내정원의 기능 및 효과의 경우 도입필요성에 대한 선호도와 비슷하여 쾌적하고 아름다운 환경조성, 기분전환 및 스트레스 해소, 회사의 이미지 전달, 자연에 대한 그리움 및 소중함, 일의 능률에 대한 기여도, 실내공기정화 순으로 효과를 느끼는 것으로 조사되었다.

Recent years, shiitake cultivation using sawdust medium is increasing in Korea. The cultivation is performed in mainly greenhouses. One of major concerns in shiitake cultivation is the contamination of molds which cause damages and spoil the cultivation medium and/or inhibit the growth of shiitake mycelia in the medium. Although the harmful effects of molds are boradly recognized, there is no mush data on the source of molds contamination. This study was undertaken to check what fungi exist in indoor air of vinyl greenhouse used for shiitake cultivation. During last seven months period, we sampled air in two different vinyl greenhouses located in Cheongyang-gun, and Jangheung-gun, respectively. temperature and humidity average of a vinyl greenhouse located in Cheongyang-gun was 23.2℃ and 52.3% during spring season, and 26.3℃ and 79.1% during summer season. While, temperature and humidity average of vinyl a greenhouse located in Jangheung-gun was 21.4℃ and 61.7% during spring season and 32.8℃ and 70.9% during summer season. Seven mold species were isolated during spring season and six species during summer season from indoor air of the vinyl greenhouse located in Cheongyang-gun from season. In Janheung-gun greenhouse, seven species were isolated during spring season and four species during summer season. During the two investigated seasons, Trichoderma harzianum was dominant species in the two vinyl greenhouse air.

In this study, CO₂ adsorbent was produced for minimizing energy loss due to ventilation within the building. For improved selectivity about low concentration of CO₂ in multiple-use facilities, the ball type adsorbent was modified from a commercial zeolite, alumina, alkali metals and activated carbon with mixing LiOH, binder, and H₂O. We measured specific surface area, pore characteristic, and crystal structure of the modified adsorbent. Effects of alkalization on the absorptive properties of the adsorbents were investigated. Continuous column tests (2,000 ppm) and batch chamber tests (4m3, 5,000ppm) showed that the modified adsorbent indicated about the selectivity of CO₂ more than 9.7% (0.613 mmol/g) compared with ordinary adsorbents and CO₂ removal efficiency of 88.8% within l hour, respectively. It was estimated that the modified adsorbent was applicable to indoor environments.

Developing proper reduction strategies of indoor radon which have been an important issue in Korea requires proper information on source characteristics a phosphate gypsum board which is a common building material used for inter-wall thermal protection in Korea could be a major source of indoor radon level. This study evaluated the correlation between indoor radon concentration and the attribution of gypsum board content in building materials. In this study we valuated indoor/outdoor radon from 58 facilities selected based on the information availability of gypsum content in the building material across 8 different cities in Korea. Our results showed that indoor radon concentrations were 2 to 3 times higher than outdoor but those results were not significantly attributed from gypsum contents in the building material. Indeed, phosphate content in gypsum board did not significantly play a role in indoor radon level variations. It is concluded that physical environmental condition such as temperature, relative humidity, radon exhalation rate out of each building materials, as well as pathway from external sources (e.g., soil) needs to be identified to develop indoor radon reduction strategies.

The children of daycare center are sensitive to indoor environmental pollution. This study was a preliminary investigation for improving the environmental and healthy quality of daycare centers. The sampling of sites in daycare centers was undertaken three times such as day-morning (10:00-12:00), afternoon (16:00-20:00), following dawn (04:00-08:00)-at 21 daycare centers located in Seoul, Korea from April, 2012 to July, 2012. The mean concentrations of TVOC were 255.2, 217.0, and 439.4 μg/m3 at morning, afternoon, and following dawn, respectively. The daycare center indoor/outdoor ratios on the most targeted volatile organic compounds were above 1.0 except that for carbon tetrachloride, which was almost 1.0. Significant correlations (p<0.01) were observed between indoor and outdoor carbon tetrachloride, which implies that indoor carbon tetrachloride could be largely accounted for by outdoor sources. The other targeted indoor volatile organic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, xylenes, chloroform showed no significant correlations with that of outdoor.

Recently, airborne fungi as indoor air pollutant have attention due to its health related problems such as asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis, atopy, pneumonia, building syndrome and etc.. However, it is considered that current laws and policies in Korea are not efficient to deal with these problems. Our research investigated influential factors and species distribution on the basis of previous research related to airborne fungi issue conduced in Korea by applying meta analysis technique. We selected 15 articles containing variables affecting fungi population such as outdoor air characteristics, temperature, location, and ventilation to evaluate significant factors. It was confirmed that airborne fungi level has partial correlation to those factors despite of limited sample size. It is required that the consistent and systematic research effort should be extended to characterize health effect caused by these fungi as well as to control them efficiently.

This paper presents that hybrid cooler of vapor compression type and natural refrigerant circulation type is energy saving cooler using R-410a for indoor mobile telecommunication station. Its performance and operation characterists are done experimently about receiver tank, piping and heat exchanger designs for natural circulation of refrigeration and use of R-410a for fixed height location difference of indoor and outdoor cooler.

This study was performed to investigate the distribution of indoor air pollutants in medical facility in Gyeonggi-do area from February to November, 2012, and to conduct the health risk assessment from obtained data. PM10, CO₂, formaldehyde, CO, and total bacteria count(TBC) did not exceed the maintained standards, but mean concentration of TVOC was 402.3 ㎍/㎥ and thirteen of them exceeded the recommended standard. In the concentration distribution of pollutants for the monthly samples, CO₂, formaldehyde, TVOC, TBC were the highest level in August. From the factor analysis of indoor air pollution provided three factors; the first factor was seasonal factor (indoor temperature and humidity, TBC and formaldehyde), the second factor was ventilation factor (CO₂, PM10 and CO), and the third factor was building(or interior) factor (TVOCs). In the health risk assessment results, the excess carcinogenesis of formaldehyde for resonable maximum exposure worker was 1.21×10-⁴ which means exceeding the cancer criteria(1.0×10-⁴). We confirmed the probability of health effect caused by TVOC. The lifetime excess cancer risk of carcinogens(benzene, formaldehyde) and hazard quotient of non-carcinogens(toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene), and risk of regulation substances(PM10, CO₂) were safety level for inpatients and out patients.

We estimated decreasing rate of indoor air pollutants with are airborne bacteria, airborne fungi, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, PM10, and PM2.5 in 10 children’s hospitals and 6 childbirth houses located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do from November to December in 2012. Sectional period was respectively divided for operating and non-operating the air cleaners. There was a trend that concentration of surveyed pollutants in children’s hospitals and childbirth houses during operating period decreased among indoor air. We used Monte-Calro simulation to remove uncertainty and identify efficiency of eliminated pollutants such as surveyed pollutants by the air cleaners. Average efficiency of removal were 61.39 ± 21.42% for airborne bacteria, 71.77 ± 19.65% for airborne fungi, 73.37 ± 24.62% for formaldehyde, 71.20 ± 25.96% for total volatile organic compounds, 65.16 ± 23.80% for PM10, and 71.06 ± 23.97% for PM2.5.

This field study was performed to investigate indoor concentrations of 22 odorous compounds, which are regulated by the domestic act, emitted from poultry buildings through on-site visit per month from July, 2011 to June, 2012. Of 22 odorous compounds, the highest concentration was found in ammonia with ppm unit, followed by hydrogen sulfide, methyl ethyl ketone, propionic acid and butylic acid with ppb unit of approximate hundred level. The other odorous compounds were detected below ppb unit of approximate ten level. A remarkable finding is that there is no poultry building which showed the airborne levels of five aldehyde- based odorous compounds (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde and i-valeraldehyde). Generally there was no consistent concentration distribution of odorous compounds between poultry building applied with forced ventilation and poultry building applied with natural ventilation. It was found, however, that there was considerable concentration difference among odorous compounds. In temporal distribution of odorous compounds, their concentrations in summer season (June to August) when ventilation rate in poultry building decreased relatively were generally higher than those in winter season (December to February) when ventilation rate in poultry building is relatively high. The seasons of spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) showed middle levels of odorous compounds between summer and winter. The limit of this study is that unexpected conditions such as clearance of poultry building, poultry shipment and disorder of air pump were not controlled intentionally on the on-site investigation days.

The objective of this study is to support an environmental policy related to the improved control of indoor airborne fungi in Korea. We reviewed 15 articles published in Korea to analyse the trend of airborne fungi level in indoor environment of various public facilities. The maximum mean concentrations of total airborne fungi in hospital and kindergarten were 1447 CFU/m3 and 1259 CFU/m3, respectively. We concluded that policy determination are urgently required to guide a proper management on airborne fungi in Korea.

본 연구는 다양한 인공 배양토를 조합한 배지를 사용하여 이 에 따른 실내식물의 생육반응을 알아보고 실내 벽면녹화에 최적 의 배지를 개발하기 위하여 수행하였다. 벽면녹화의 경우 식물의 수직식재, 식재공간의 협소 등의 특수성을 고려하면 배지가 가볍 고 보수력과 보비력이 높은 것이 요구된다. 따라서 본 실험에 사 용된 배지의 물리성과 화학성의 측정 결과로부터 벽면녹화에 적 합한 배지는 고형율이 가장 낮고 최대용수량이 가장 높으며 CEC가 비교적 높은 배지3으로 판단되었다. 무늬산호수의 경우 엽수를 제외하면 초장, 엽수, 엽장, 엽폭, 측지수 등의 생육은 배 지 간 통계적으로 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 전반적 인 생육상황과 배지의 물리, 화학적인 특성을 고려할 때 배지3을 사용하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단되었다. 오색마삭줄의 경우 무늬 산호수와 마찬가지로 초장, 엽수, 엽장, 엽폭, 측지수 등의 전반 적인 생육상황과 배지의 물리, 화학적인 특성을 고려할 때 배지3 이 바람직하다고 판단되었다. 금사철의 경우는 무늬산호수와 오색 마삭줄과는 달리 초장, 엽수, 엽장, 엽폭, 측지수 등에서 전반적 으로 생육이 양호한 배지8이 가장 적당한 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험의 결과로부터 배지에 따라 식물의 생육반응이 다른 것은 각 식물의 생육 습성에 기인하는 것으로 생각되며 식물별 적합한 토 양이 다르다는 것을 나타내고 있다. 따라서 다양한 벽면녹화용 식물에 대해서 적합한 토양을 조사할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

This study investigated the effect of smoking on Indoor Air Quality in smoking allowed buildings. Total 26 buildings(Restaurants 3, Billiards 4, Karaokes 6, Golfs 7, Pubs 6) were surveyed for nicotine, PM₁₀, CO₂, CO, NO₂, HCHO, TVOCs, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene and xylene at quiet and busy time, respectively. The concentrations of nicotine, PM₁₀, CO₂ and benzene were significantly higher(p<0.05) at busy time compared to the quiet time. Some buildings exceeded Indoor Air Quality Standards for PM₁₀, CO₂, HCHO and TVOCs. Our results show that smoking-ban legistration should be introduced to improve Indoor Air Quality.