In high-efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells, Na is doped into a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 light-absorbing layer from sodalime-glass substrate through Mo back-contact layer, resulting in an increase of device performance. However, this supply of sodium is limited when the process temperature is too low or when a substrate does not supply Na. This limitation can be overcome by supplying Na through external doping. For Na doping, an NaF interlayer was deposited on Mo/glass substrate. A Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layer was deposited on the NaF interlayer by a three-stage co-evaporation process As the thickness of NaF interlayer increased, smaller grain sizes were obtained. The resistivity of the NaF-doped CIGS film was of the order of 103Ω·cm indicating that doping was not very effective. However, highest conversion efficiency of 14.2% was obtained when the NaF thickness was 25 nm, suggesting that Na doping using an NaF interlayer is one of the possible methods for external doping.

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) thin films on Polyethylene Terephtalate (PET) substrate were prepared by Roll-to-Roll sputter system with targets of 5 wt% and 10 wt% SnO2 at room temperature. The influence of the chromaticity (b*) and transmittance properties of the ITO Films were investigated. The ITO thin films were deposited as a function of the DC power, rolling speed, and Ar/O2 gas flow ratio, and then characterized by spectrophotometer. Their crystallinity and surface resistance were also analyzed by X-ray diffractometer and 4-point probe. As a result, the chromaticity (b*) and transmittance of the ITO films were broadly dependent on the thickness, which was controlled by the rolling speed. When the ITO films were prepared with the DC power of 300 W and the Ar/O2 gas flow ratio of 30/1 sccm using 10 wt% SnO2 target as a function of the rolling speeds 0.01 through 0.10 m/min, its chromaticity (b*) and transmittance were about -4.01 to 11.28 and 75.76 to 86.60%, respectively. In addition, when the ITO films were deposited with the DC power of 400W and the Ar/O2 gas flow ratio of 30/2 sccm used in 5 wt% SnO2 target, its chromaticity (b*) and transmittance were about -2.98 to 14.22 and 74.29 to 88.52%, respectively.

Metal thin film patterns on a LTCC substrate, which was connected through inner via and metal paste for electrical signals, were formed by a screen printing process that used electric paste, such as silver and copper, in a conventional method. This method brought about many problems, such as non uniform thickness in printing, large line spaces, and non-clearance. As a result of these problems, it was very difficult to perform fine and high resolution for high frequency signals. In this study, the electric signal patterns were formed with the sputtered metal thin films (Ti, Cu) on an LTCC substrate that was coated with protective oxide layers, such as TiO2 and SiO2. These electric signal patterns' morphology, surface bonding strength, and effect on electro plating were also investigated. After putting a sold ball on the sputtered metal thin films, their adhesion strength on the LTCC substrate was also evaluated. The protective oxide layers were found to play important roles in creating a strong design for electric components and integrating circuit modules in high frequency ranges.

The deposition behavior and structural and magnetic properties of electroless Co-B and Co-Fe-B deposits, as well as the amorphous ribbon substrates, were investigated. These Co-based alloy deposits exhibited characteristic polycrystalline structures and surface morphology and magnetic properties that were dependent on the type of amorphous substrates. The catalytic activity sequence of the amorphous ribbon electrodes for anodic oxidation of DMAB was estimated from the current density-potential curve in the anodic partial electrolytic bath that did not contain the metal ions. Both the deposition rate and potential in the initial region were obtained in order of the catalytic activity, depending on the alloy compositions of the substrates. The deposition rate linearly varied against the deposition time. The initial deposition potential may have also determined the structural and magnetic properties of the deposit based on the thickness of μm order. Furthermore, a basic study of the electroless deposition processes on an amorphous ribbon substrate has been carried out in connection with the structural and magnetic properties of the deposits.

This study was carried out to develop bottle culture method of Grifola frondosa . To find out the optimum medium composition of G. frondosa , physicochemical conditions of various media and those cultural properties were investigated. The T4 formulation(80:10:10 mixing ratio of oak sawdust, dried bean-curd refuse and corn husk) showed a shorter time to complete the crop cycle and a higher yields than control. Its physicochemical conditions were 5.4 of pH, 2.4% of crude oil contents, 54.1% of total carbon, 1.61% of total nitrogen, 34 of C/ N ratio, 74.3% of porosity and 0.26g/cm3 of bulk density. Development of optimum medium for bottle cultivation of G. frondosa would benefit from increased production efficiency of G. frondosa mushrooms and be commercial potential.

본 연구에서는 연료전지용 전해질 복합체용 지지체 막을 저가의 우수한 기계적 열적 안정성을 가지는 Polysulfone으로 상전이 법을 이용하여 제조하였다. 제조된 막을 이용하여 농도변화와 노출시간의 변화에 따른 열 수축율, 통기도, 모폴로지, 기계적 물성 및 다공도를 측정하였다. 모폴로지를 조절하기 위해 공기 중 노출 시간과 고분자 농도가 제어되었으며, 제조된 막은 고분자 농도 변화에 관계없이 모두 스폰지 구조를 나타내었다. 고분자의 농도가 증가함에 따라 기계적 열적 안정성은 증가하였지만, 다공도는 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 실험결과 20 wt%의 PSf 고분자 용액을 사용하여 2분의 노출시간을 두고 제조된 고분자 막에서 연료전지용 복합막으로 사용되기 위한 충분한 다공도(80%)와 기계적(tensile : 1.3 MPa), 열적(MD, TD shrinkgage < 1%) 안정성을 나타내었다.

The use of dolomite refractories has increased during the past several years in the manufacturing of clean steel during the stainless steelmaking process. However, at the same time, the use of dolomite refractories has led to what is known as the skull formation. In the present work, to understand the skull formation, the wetting characteristics of dolomite substrates by liquid Fe-19wt%Cr-10wt%Ni alloys in various oxygen partial pressures were initially investigated at 1753K using the sessile drop technique. For comparison, the wetting characteristics of alumina substrates were investigated with the same technique. It was found that the wetting index, (1+cosθ), of dolomite is approximately 40% higher compared to those of alumina. In addition, the oxygen partial pressure to generate the surface oxide, which may capture the liquid metal on the refractory surface, for dolomite is much lower than that for alumina. From this study, it was concluded that the use of dolomite is much more closely associated with the skull formation compared to the use of alumina due to the stronger wettability and the surface oxide formation at a lower oxygen partial pressure of dolomite.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were synthesized on different substrates (bare Si and SiO2/Si substrate) to investigate dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications as counter electrode materials. The synthesis of MWNTs samples used identical conditions of a Fe catalyst created by thermal chemical vapor deposition at 900˚C. It was found that the diameter of the MWNTs on the Si substrate sample is approximately 5~10nm larger than that of a SiO2/Si substrate sample. Moreover, MWNTs on a Si substrate sample were well-crystallized in terms of their Raman spectrum. In addition, the MWNTs on Si substrate sample show an enhanced redox reaction, as observed through a smaller interface resistance and faster reaction rates in the EIS spectrum. The results show that DSSCs with a MWNT counter electrode on a bare Si substrate sample demonstrate energy conversion efficiency in excess of 1.4 %.

We present the structural, optical, and electrical properties of amorphous silicon suboxide (a-SiOx) films grown on indium tin oxide glass substrates with a radio frequency magnetron technique from a polycrystalline silicon oxide target using ambient Ar. For different substrate-target distances (d = 8 cm and 10 cm), the deposition temperature effects were systematically studied. For d = 8cm, oxygen content in a-SiOx decreased with dissociation of oxygen onto the silicon oxide matrix; temperature increased due to enlargement of kinetic energy. For d = 10 cm, however, the oxygen content had a minimum between 150˚ and 200˚. Using simple optical measurements, we can predict a preferred orientation of liquid crystal molecules on a-SiOx thin film. At higher oxygen content (x > 1.6), liquid crystal molecules on an inorganic liquid crystal alignment layer of a-SiOx showed homogeneous alignment; however, in the lower case (x< 1.6), liquid crystals showed homeotropic alignment.

This study was carried out to set up proper moisture content of substrate and relative humidity during fruit-body induction and growing period in oyster mushroom. The proper moisture content for mycelium incubation of Suhanneutari1ho was 65∼ 70% and that of Chunchu neutari2ho was 70%. at that condition, it took 13 days to finish spawn running and the yield of Suhanneutari1ho and Chunchuneutari2 ho were 2.36kg/0.2㎡, 2.44kg/0.2㎡ respectively. The higher relative humidity in growing room, the less moisture content in substrate and the higher relative humidity in growing room, the more moisture content in fruit body during the growing period. In Chunchuneutari2 ho, when the volume of 5 per days was put on the bed and relative humidity was keep about 90%, the yield was 2.35kg/0.2㎡. In Suhanneutari1 ho, the water supply on the bed, when relative humidity was keep about 90%, the yield was 2.29kg/0.2㎡

The structural and electrical properties of amorphous BaSm2Ti4O12 (BSmT) films on a TiN/SiO2/Si substrate deposited using a RF magnetron sputtering method were investigated. The deposition of BSmT films was carried out at 300˚C in a mixed oxygen and argon (O2 : Ar = 1 : 4) atmosphere with a total pressure of 8.0 mTorr. In particular, a 45 nm-thick amorphous BSmT film exhibited a high capacitance density and low dissipation factor of 7.60 fF/μm2 and 1.3%, respectively, with a dielectric constant of 38 at 100 kHz. Its capacitance showed very little change, even in GHz ranges from 1.0 GHz to 6.0 GHz. The quality factor of the BSmT film was as high as 67 at 6 GHz. The leakage current density of the BSmT film was also very low, at approximately 5.11 nA/cm2 at 2 V; its conduction mechanism was explained by the the Poole-Frenkel emission. The quadratic voltage coefficient of capacitance of the BSmT film was approximately 698 ppm/V2, which is higher than the required value (<100 ppm/V2) for RF application. This could be reduced by improving the process condition. The temperature coefficient of capacitance of the film was low at nearly 296 ppm/˚C at 100 kHz. Therefore, amorphous BSmT grown on a TiN substrate is a viable candidate material for a metal-insulator-metal capacitor.

In this study, calcium titanate (CaTiO3) gel was prepared by mixing calcium nitrate and titanium isopropoxide in 2-methoxy-ethanol. CaTiO3 gel was single-layer coated on Ti-6Al-4V using a sol-gel dip-coating technique. The coating was calcined at 750˚C in air by utilizing a very slow heating rate of 2˚C/min. The crystalline phases of the coating were characterized by x-ray diffraction using a slow scan rate of 1˚/min. The morphology of the coating was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V samples coated with CaTiO3 films were tested in an artificial saliva solution by potentiodynamic polarization and were quantified by the Tafel extrapolation method. The electrochemical parameters showed a considerable increase in the corrosion resistance for the CaTiO3-coated Ti-6Al-4V samples compared to bare substrates.

Chromium nitride (CrN) films were deposited on silicon substrate by RF magnetron sputtering assisted by inductive coupled nitrogen plasma without intentional substrate heating. Films were deposited with different levels of bombarding energy by nitrogen ions (N+) to investigate the influence of substrate bias voltage (Vb) on the growth of CrN thin films. XRD spectra showed that the crystallographic structure of CrN films was strongly affected by substrate bias voltage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results showed that surface roughness and grain size of the CrN films varied significantly with bias voltage. For - 80 Vb depositions, the CrN films showed bigger grain sizes than those of other bias voltage conditions. The lowest surface roughness of 0.15 nm was obtained from the CrN films deposited at .130 Vb.

본 연구는 공정육묘시 삽목용토, 셀크기 및 시비체 계가 국화묘의 생장과 정식 후 생육에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 하추국 정운을 공시하여, 상토 는 TKS1, 훈탄, 훈탄+코코피트, 산흙(관행)과 플러그 트레이 크기를 72구, 128구, 200구로 하여 유묘의 생 육을 조사하였다. 양액농도 처리는 EC 0.9, EC 1.8, EC 2.6dS·m-1, 관행(요소 0.3%)로 하여 삽목 후 10 일부터 1, 3, 5회로 엽면살포 하였다. 상토의 종류에 있어서 묘소질은 훈탄+코코피트(1:1, v/v) 상토에서 가 장 양호하게 나타났으며, 이 후의 생육에 있어서도 가 장 좋은 결과를 나타내었다. 그러나 시판용 상토인 TKS1에서는 초기 생육은 다소 도장되는 경향이었다. 어린 묘와 수확 전 식물체의 생육은 72구 플러그 트레이에서 가장 양호하였으며, 그 이하의 크기(128과 200구) 트레이에서는 초장 및 생체중이 감소하는 경향 이었으나, 정상묘의 생산에는 문제없었다. 삽목에 의한 국화 플러그묘 생산에 있어 양액농도와 처리횟수가 많 을수록 초장 등 생장이 늘어났으나, 0.9dS·m-1는 생장 이 너무 더디었고, 2.6dS·m-1는 과번무 등 농도장해를 보여, EC 1.8dS·m-1와 5회 처리가 가장 양호한 것으 로 나타났다.

라오스의 느타리버섯 수량과 품질을 향상시키기 위하여 볏짚, 왕겨, 볏짚과 왕겨의 혼합, 맥주박을 사용하여 균사생장과 밀도를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 라오스 찹쌀벼 품종의 볏짚 및 왕겨를 각각 기존 사용하고 있는 톱밥배지의 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90%까지 각각 혼합처리 (V/V)하여 유리칼럼시험을 실시하여 균사의 생장과 밀도를 5일 간격으로 조사한 결과, 대조구 8.6cm/15일, 6.2cm/10일, 2.2cm/5일에 비하여 볏짚 및 왕겨를 각각 혼합함으로서 균사생장과 밀도가 현저히 좋았다. 볏짚 70%를 혼합하였을 때 13.5cm/15일, 8.8cm/10일, 3.2cm/5일로서 균사생장이 가장 좋았으며 균사밀도도 가장 높았다. 왕겨 40%, 50%를 혼합하였을 때 각각 10.1cm, 10cm/15일로서 균사생장과 밀도가 가장 좋았다. 볏짚과 왕겨의 비율을 2: 8, 4: 6, 5: 5, 6: 4, 8: 2로 각각 혼합처리(V/V)한 결과, 4 : 6의 혼합비율이 15일째에 각각 11.25cm로 가장 좋았고 다음이 5 : 5와 2 : 8비율이 좋았고, 6 : 4, 8 : 2 순으로 균사생장과 밀도가 대조구에 비하여 좋았다. 맥주박의 진흙 형 (S.T)과 효모 형 (Y.T)을 각각 10, 20,30%까지 혼합처리 (V/V)한 결과, 균사생장은 두가지 형 모두 약간의 촉진효과가 있었고 균사밀도는 진흙 형보다 효모 형이 균일하게 좋았다.

본 연구는 한강하류역에서 인공기질을 이용하여 부착돌말류의 계절적 천이를 규명하고, 환경요인과 부착돌말류의 관련성을 통계학적으로 규명하기 위하여, 2004년 2월부터 2005년 2월까지 1년간 매 격주간격으로 2개 정점에서 환경요인과 부착돌말류를 조사하였다. 조사 결과 수온은 전형적인 온대지방의 기후를 나타냈고, pH는 갈수기인 겨울철에 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 전기전도도, 질소, 인 등은 정점 간 차이를 보여 정점 2에서 높은 값을 나타냈으며, 규산염