Cho, Sungwon. (2023). “Speech Adjustment in Adverb According to the Gender of the Recipient”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 31(4), 279-305. This article aims to examine the use of adverbs by Korean men and women in conversations with each other, depending on the gender of the interlocutor. It has long been argued in sociolinguistics that language use of one gender to the other can clearly adjusted, even if they belong to the same social group. Gender of the receiver, in this sense, can be considered as a factor in context which fosters certain speech-adjusting behavior. If men and women use different languages, typical gender specific speech style may be present in the speaker recognition, and as a result, intentional or unintentional accommodation may occur. However, there has been no research on how the speech of one gender is accommodated by the other gender in Korean. The frequency difference between male and female speakers were significantly smaller in single-gender dyads compared to mixed gender dyads, which leads to conclusion that speakers mimic more of receiver’s speech style when conversating with opposite gender.

본 연구는 고기능 자폐 스펙트럼 장애아동을 대상으로 App-기반 청자 대화기술 훈련프로그램의 효과를 검증하고 자 하였다. 연구대상은 26명의 자폐 스펙트럼 장애, 아스퍼거 증후군, 전반적 발달장애로 진단된 초등학생으로, 연령 과 IQ, SCQ, ASSQ 점수를 사용하여 중재 집단과 통제 집단으로 짝지어 분배하였다. 중재 집단은 9주 동안 교사와의 비대면 학습을 주 1회 실시하고, 가정에서도 부모 또는 아동이 앱(App)을 활용하여 대화훈련을 실시하였다. 통제 집단은 다른 특별한 프로그램에 참여하지 않았다. 그리고 훈련 전과 후에 평가자와 아동 간의 1:1 대화를 수행하여 대화 자료를 수집하고, 대화차례 주고받기와 주제 운용능력의 변화를 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 중재 집단에서 본 연구에서 개발한 청자 반응 대화훈련 프로그램의 긍정적 효과가 발견되었다. 구체적으로, 중재 집단은 청자 조건에서 적절한 청자 언어 반응이 유지되었고, 통제 집단은 적절한 청자 언어 반응이 감소하였다. 그리고 화자 조건의 대화 차례 주고받기에서는 개시율과 유지율이 증가하고, 주제 운용능력에서는 적절한 주제 개시율이 증가하고, 부적절한 주제 개시율은 감소하였다. 논의에서는 청자 반응 대화훈련 프로그램이 고기능 자폐 스펙트럼 장애아동의 대화 양상 변화에 미치는 효과를 중점적으로 논의하였다.

This article reports on an experimental study that investigated the effects of different conditions of listener backchannels on the fluency of L2 speakers. The participants were 15 advanced Chinese learners of Korean who performed oral tasks in three different backchannel conditions: (1) verbal + nonverbal (V+NV), (2) nonverbal-only (NV), and (3) no backchannels (NB). The verbal backchannels included “[ŋ~] (Non lexical verbal form)”, “[ne]”, “[ɑ]”, “[ɨm]” while the nonverbal backchannels involved head nodding. Fluency was assessed via three temporal measures: Rate A, Rate B and MLR. The data was statistically analyzed using SPSS 25 package. The results showed that 15 Chinese participants in the NV condition were more fluent than in the V+NV or NB conditions. However, no significant differences were found between the V+NV and NB conditions. These results suggest that nonverbal backchannels may facilitate the fluency of advanced Chinese learners of Korean during oral tasks depending on the nature of backchannel use in their L1 and sociocultural environments. The present research theoretically broadens the scope of both fluency and backchannel studies and provides valuable data and methods for empirical studies on backchannels to Korean.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of social factors on the use of honorific language by discourse completion test. Participants complete a short discourse by filling in their responses in conversations that may occur in families, schools, and workplaces where the social status and solidarity of the listener is predetermined. Honorific styles of sentence endings of their responses are analyzed by the generalized linear mixed model. The results show that social status and solidarity are statistically significant factors in the use of honorific styles, but their effects are dependent on the discourse situation. The ratio of using honorific styles gradually increases as the formality of situation increases (i.e., family < school < workplace). Interestingly, when the solidarity is low at the workplace, the ratio of using honorific styles is consistently high regardless of the social status of the listener. These results show that the use of Korean honorific styles is pragmatically changing according to the discourse situation.

가성을 사용한 창법의 경우 고음을 대체하는 수단과 함께 진성을 대체하여 조금 더 다른 스타일을 표현하기 위해 다수의 보컬들이 사용해 왔다. 그 중 가성을 고음을 대체하는 수단이 아닌 곡의 내용에 따라 의도적으로 구분하여 사용할 경우 나타나는 특징들이 있다. 디 안젤로(D’Angelo)의 경우 가사 속 청자에 따라 진성과 가성을 구분하였으며, 이를 의도적으로 사용해 곡의 특정 분위기 연출을 도모 했다. 또한 성적 가사의 내용을 포함하는 곡에 이러한 특징들이 나타난다. 이 연구는 디 안젤로(D’Angelo) 세 장의 정규 앨범 중 전체적인 문맥에 성적 표현을 포함하는 내용을 다룬 10곡을 선정하여 분석하였다. 곡 안의 청자를 주변인물, 본인, 연인 3명으로 분류하였으며 이러한 청자 유형을 기준으로 가사와 표현 기법의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 본 연구는 진성과 가성의 의도적인 사용에 대하여, 전달하고자 하는 대상과 가사의 형태에 따라 구분하였고 가성을 주로 하는 가창 자들에게 구분된 가성 사용의 특징에 대하여 한 방향으로 방법을 제시하였다.

고려청자 발생의 직접적인 관련성 때문에 당대 월요청자 비색자인 옥벽저완(yubidiwan)은 학계의 지속적인 관심의 대상이 되어왔지만 옥환저완(yuhuandiwan)을 비롯한 오대부터 북송시대 월요청자의 유 입에 대해서는 큰 관심을 받지 못했다. 본고에서는 먼저 중국 각 지역 유적지에서 발견되는 월요청자의 현 황과 유통경로를 확인해 보고자 하였다. 한반도에서는 오대·송 시기의 최상급 월요청자는 후삼국시대 신라 의 수도였던 경주와 후백제 지역, 그리고 고려의 수도였던 개경 주변 의 유적 및 왕릉, 그리고 사찰 및 생활유적 등지에서 발견되었다. 이 러한 사실은 당시의 최상류층에서 유행했던 월요청자의 소비패턴의 흐름을 통해 확인된다. 한반도에서 발견된 옥환저완, 대접, 발, 항아리, 잔, 잔탁, 주자, 타호 등의 수준은 오대·송 집권층과 요 정권에 공납되 었던 월요청자에 버금간다. 발견되는 유적의 성격과 기종별로 보면 고급기종인 항아리, 盞托, 注子, 唾壺등은 개성일대에서 주로 발견되고 있으며, 옥환저완의 경 우 주로 경주 일대와 서해에 근접한 지역의 사찰을 중심으로 발견되 고 있어 불교적인 교류를 통해 오월과 직접적인 루트를 통해 들어왔 을 가능성이 크다. 즉 한반도에서 발견된 오대·송의 월요 비색자의 유 입경로는 정권 간의 외교적 상징이자 불교문화의 매개체로써 하사품 혹은 선물로 전해졌을 것으로 여겨진다. 또한 고려에서 이미 자체적 으로 청자를 제작하고 있던 상황에서도 최고 수준의 월요청자가 고려 의 수도였던 개성일대에서 집중적으로 발견되었다는 사실은 월요청 자가 지속적으로 사랑을 받았다는 것을 확인시켜 준다.

Kang Hyeon-seok. 2012. A Comparative Sociolinguistic Study of Protestant and Buddhist Prayer Texts with a Focus on Sentence Type, Speech Act, and Hearer Honorifics. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 20(2). pp. 1-31. This paper analyzes 180 prayer texts of Protestantism and Buddhism (90 per each), and investigates differences in sentence types, speech acts, and hearer honorifics. More various sentence types were observed in Buddhist prayers than in Protestant prayers. In addition. more declaratives were used in the former, while more imperatives were found in the latter. In Buddhist prayers, speech acts of stating and promising were performed more often, whereas in Protestant prayers petitioning and thanking speech acts were found in a higher proportion. An attempt was made to explain these differences on the basis of different doctrinal and philosophical background of the two religions. Two kinds of analysis of hearer honorifics were conducted in this study: The first was based on the speech levels of different sentence ending styles; the second, a comprehensive analysis, was performed incorporating all the relevant factors in hearer honorification: sentence ending styles, politeness markers ‘-op-’ & ‘-si-’, and the auxiliary verb ‘juda’. The latter analysis proved to be more accurate and could reveal inter-religion differences that the former was not able to disclose. Different patterns of hearer honorifics used in the two religions’ prayer texts were attributed to two distinctly transmitted linguistic subcultures. Two additional phenomena of synchronic and diachronic variation observed in the prayers are also introduced and examined: 1) speech accommodation phenomena (Giles & Ogay 2007) found in the prayers of teachers teaching children in churches and Buddhist temples, 2) ongoing language change in prayer language.

The present study examined the import routes of distilled rice liquor soju and how soju developed among the royal family and the upper classes using celadon inscribed with poetry related to alcohol beverages in the 12th century, Maebyeong style vases inscribed with government office name in charge of alcohol beverages of the royal family in the 14th century during the Koryo Dynasty. Distilled rice liquor was imported from the southwestern region to Koryo by Arabian merchants through direct and indirect routes in the Yuen Dynasty during the age of King Chungsuk and King Chunghye in around the 14th century. As soju was added to existing takju and cheongju, the three major types of alcohol beverages were completed during the late Koryo Dynasty. Celadon pitcher inscribed with poetry shows the delicate sentimentalism, aristocratic prosperity, and poetic sentiment. In particular, it is valuable in that it reflects Koryo people's mind, view of nature, and attitude toward alcohol beverages, and their inner world was also described with celadon patterns. Maebyeong style vases Yangonseo, Saonseo, Deokcheongo, Euiseonggo and Saseonseo, which are real celadon antiques inscribed with government office name, were used for rice liquor preservation. In particular, Maebyeong style vase 〈Euljimyeong Saonseo, 1345〉 has the exact year of creation, so it is a historically important celadon in research not only on alcohol food culture but also on art history. This shows that alcohol beverages were important foods that there were controlled and stored in celadon by the government offices for the royal family's related alcohol ceremonies. Through celadon inscribed with poetry and government office name displaying Koryo people's unique imagination and cultural consciousness, we can read their mind and lifestyle based on historical and social alcohol food culture in the Koryo Dynasty.

The purpose of this study is to identify the best firing condition for Celadon, which is one of the famous traditional pottery to represent Korean culture, by minimizing energy consumption, cutting firing time, shortening the time of processing ceramic making, in order to, save energy as well as to protect the potters' health. Most Korean potter starts their reduction from 950℃ to change kiln atmosphere. However on this study, reduction have started from 950℃ to 1200℃ by increasing 50℃ at a time. Then the results are analyzed to be compared to previous Celadon, in colors, chroma, and brightness. As a results, it is found, that the best temperature for starting reduction is 1100℃, when chroma and brightness values to meet same with previous celadon. Therefore the best condition could be made by starting the reduction on 1100℃ to fire celadon, which would have shorten 2 hours of firing process and, at the same time, it could have saved the energy by 12%.

Yeats's "The Wind Among the Reeds" shows that the sound/voice he finds in the reeds of his mind is reshaped at the first phase as the host(ghost) of the air and at the later phases as a specific object, such as a Perfect/White Beauty. In the present valley where the passion of the Shadowy Horse runs rampantly, the poet yearns for the unappeasable host(ghost) to be animated or transformed into a meaningful expression, the soul of language, and its own self-expression. This repetitive images have three self-expressive entities: Speaker, Hearer, and Dreamer. The dreamer mourns and pleads for the ideal objectivity of his beloved Beauty, and speaks to the blessed. By speaking or expressing, he transforms himself into a creative speaker. He speaks out his heart, moods, love towards the Secret Rose. At the same time he hears himself. The signifier of the speaker reiterates itself as the signified for the hearer. The hearer, losing all travail of passion and windy voices, understands his own passivity and past greatness. This dual process of "speaking himself hear" and "hearing himself speak" turns out to be "auto-affection". The external love toward the Beauty reverses to the internal love. It is the absolute reduction of his poetic mind and purity to fit for univesality. His subjectivity, voices, consciousness, and passions, by way of the immediate repetition/reduction/auto-affection, turn ino heart-rendering poetry of affectivity and universality. It is one of the elements that make his poetry great.

The addressee honorification marker si-marked predicate in Korean must have an honorific vocative element in Spec-Voc in order for the unchecked feature of the addressee honorification marker si on Voc to be discharged in the Spec-head relation with the vocative element in Spec-Voc in the concept of Chomsky's (1995) Minimalist Program, which induces the addressee honorification at the speech level. The unchecked feature of the addressee honorification marker si-ess-upnita/sey-yo) percolates from T to Voc. At this point, VocP is above CP, which is why addressee honorification and impersonal subject honorification cannot appear in the embedded clause in Korean. Imperatives with quantificational subjects in English can exhibit, in addition to second person pronouns, third person pronouns as well. This is because a bound element exhibits either the person feature of the partitive phrase binding second or third person pronoun, or default third person value, which is against S. Park (2020).

This paper aims to validate the argument that SpeechActPhrase shell structure is needed to explain some constructions with modal expressions in English and Korean. Specifically, some epistemic modal constructions in English and –keyss-, -ullay, -la, -ca, and -ma constructions in Korean, with their speaker/hearer oriented meaning, should be distinguished from root modal constructions in their structure. This paper also shows that simple syntactic hierarchy does not fully explains the scope relations between modal constituents and other tense/aspect constituents.

의사소통 과정은 같은 공간과 시간에 존재하는 청자와 화자의 상호작용이다. 각 의사소통 과정에 참여한 사람은 청자와 화자의 역할을 바꿔 가면서 대화를 통해 기대하는 것을 충족시키고자 노력하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 청자는 화자로부터 전달된 메시지에 대한 피드백으로 화자의 후행 발화의 내용 및 길이, 방향 등에 영향을 미친다. 화자는 청자로부터 자신의 기대에 맞는 반응을 얻으면 처음에 계획했던 발화의 양을 늘리거나 또 다른 발화로 연결하면서 대화를 이어나갈 수 있게 된다. 반면에 화자의 발화 후 청자로부터 적절한 피드백이 돌아오지 않으면, 처음 계획했던 발화의 내용을 줄이거나 대화가 단절되는 등의 결과를 낳게 된다. 외국인 학습자들은 수업 시간 외에도 다양한 관계의 한국인들과 만나며 대화하는 일상생활이 존재한다. 성공적인 학교생활을 위해서도 여러 사람들과 정보를 주고받아야 할 뿐만 아니라 자신이 만나고 있는 사람들과 친분관계를 유지하면서 외국인이 아닌 한 인간으로서 ‘즐거운 대화’를 나눌 수 있어야 한다. 특히 비대면의 대화 상황에서는 청자가 반응을 보이지 않으면 화자는 청자가 이야기를 듣고 있는지 확인할 수 없기 때문에 청자의 역할이 매우 중요해진다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국인이 친숙하지 않은 관계인 사람과 협조적인 대화를 나눌 때 어떤 ‘대응 발화’를 하는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 라디오 진행자와 청취자와의 통화 내용을 분석하였다.

초급 학습자들 또한 목표언어를 배우는 가장 궁극적인 목표가 원활한 의사소통이며, 초급에서부터 담화 맥락의 이해가 이루어지지 않는다면, 중․고급에서 발생하는 많은 오류와 학습자들의 이미 굳어진 오류의 화석화 때문에 학습자들은 목표언어를 배우는데 더 어렵고 힘겨워 할 수 있다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 수업시간에 사용되는 요청화행을 전사 자료를 활용하여 그 양상을 살펴본 후 초급을 대상으로 요청 화행을 지도하기 위한 교육 방안을 살펴보고자 한다.