MMBR system has been suggested as a promising system to resolve harvesting problems induced from low settling efficiency of microalgae. And recently, a lot of research on reducing fouling at the MMBR system has investigated focused on EPS in many cases. EPS of microalgae mainly consists of polysaccharides and protein components, and is produced through photosynthesis and nitrogen-carbon metabolic pathways. Especially, P-EPS is one of major compounds which occur membrane fouling phenomenon, as its hydrophobic protein components cause floc formation and cake layer accumulation. And it is already known that almost every microalgae can metabolize P-EPS or Chl-a when nitrogen sources as a substrate is insufficient or exhausted situation. With the above backgrounds, uptake rates of P-EPS or Chl-a by Scenedesmus quadricauda according to the type of carbon source and nitrogen concentration were evaluated in order to verify correlation between carbon source vs P-EPS production, and indeed Scenedesmus quadricauda uses P-EPS or Chl-a when the amounts of nitrogen sourc es in the feed is not satisfied. As a result, it was shown that P-EPS and Chl-a production were increased proportional to nitrogen concentration under organic carbon condition. And especially, the amo unts of P-EPS and Chl-a in the cell were diminished with the nitrogen source becomes insufficient or exhausted. Because P-EPS accelerates fouling at the MMBR system, P-EPS degradation by Scenedesmus quadricauda in order to get nitrogen source may contribute to reducing fouling. About a affects of N-consumed Chl-a to the MMBR fouling, more survey is needed. On the contrary, considering the purpose of MMBR system of this study, i.e. harvesting useful high value microalgae efficiently feeding adequate industrial process wastewater, it seems like difficult to maintain satisfied metabolic activity and to harvest with high yield rate using nitrogen-poor MMBR feed.

Biological phosphorus removal is accomplished by exposing PAO(phosphorus accumulating organisms) to anaerobic-aerobic conversion conditions. In the anaerobic condition, PAO synthesize PHB(polyhydroxybutyrate) and simultaneously hydrolysis of poly-p resulting phosphorus(Pi) release. In aerobic condition, PAO uptake phosphorus(Pi) more than they have released. In this study, cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp., which is known to be able to synthesize PHB like PAO, was exposed to anaerobic-aerobic conversion. If Synechococcus sp. can remove excess phosphorus by the same mechanism as PAO, synergistic effects can occur through photosynthesis. Moreover, Synechococcus sp. is known to be capable of synthesizing PHB using inorganic carbon as well as organic carbon, so even if the available capacity of organic carbon decreases, it was expected to show stable phosphorus removal efficiency. In 6 hours of anaerobic condition, phosphorus release occurred in both inorganic and organic carbon conditions but SPRR(specific phosphorus release rate) of both conditions was 10 mg-P/g-MLSS/day, which was significantly lower than that of PAO. When converting to aerobic conditions, SPUR(specific phosphorus uptake rate) was about 9 mg-P/g-MLSS/day in both conditions, showing a higher uptake rate than the control condition showing SPUR of 6.4 mg-P/g-MLSS/day. But there was no difference in terms of the total amount of removal. According to this study, at least, it seems to be inappropriate to apply Synechococcus sp. to luxury uptake process for phosphorus removal.

β-mannanase from Trichoderma reesei was purified by DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography. The molecular weight was determined to be 54 kDa by tricine SDS-PAGE. Trigonella foenum-graecum galactomannan was hydrolyzed by the purified β-mannanase, and then the hydrolysates were separated by Bio-Gel P2 chromatography. The main hydrolysates were composed of D.P. (degree of polymerization) 2, 3, and 4, 6 galactomanno-oligosaccharides. To investigate the effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum galactomanno- oligosaccharides on in vitro growth of L. plantarum, were cultivated individually on a modified-MRS medium containing carbon sources such as low- and high-molecular-weight galactomanno-oligosaccharide. Lactobacillus plantarum grew 1.8-fold after treatment with high- and low-molecular-weight galactomanno-oligosaccharides, compared to 1.3-fold for those with standard MRS medium. Bacteriocin was purified by Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography and determined to be 122 kDa by tricine SDS-PAGE. The bacteriocin activated doubly more effectively after treatment with galactosmanno-oligosaccharides compared to those with standard MRS medium. Bacteriocin showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibitory compound lost activity when heated to temperatures greater than 30oC and when inhibited to pH changes that lowered the pH below 4 or raised it above 5. Furthermore, its effects were inhibited by treatment with proteolytic enzymes.

This study investigates the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on growth of S. dimorphus. NaHCO3 concentration was varied from 0 to 2 g-C/L. As a result, the increase in concentration of NaHCO3 up to 1.5 g-C/L increased dry weight of algae. The highest specific growth rate of S. dimorphus was 0.36 day-1 which was obtained at concentration of 0.5 g-C/L NaHCO3. pH showed a large variation range at the concentrations lower than 0.5 g-C/L NaHCO3 whereas inorganic carbon, nitrate and phosphorus removal rates were almost same at the concentrations higher than 0.5 g-C/L NaHCO3 (0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2 g-C/L NaHCO3). Their average inorganic carbon, nitrate and phosphorus removal rate were 70 mg-C/L/d, 11.3 mg-N/L/d, and 1.6 mg-P/L/d, respectively. Thus, NaHCO3 didn’t effect on inorganic carbon, nitrate and phosphorus removal rate of S. dimorphus.

꾀꼬리 버섯(Cantharellus cibarius)은 프랑스 요리의 재료로 사용되면서 식용버섯으로 널리 알려졌으며 유럽에서 가장 많이 이용되는 야생버섯으로 단백질 구성성분인 아미노산이 19종류나 함유되어 있고 에르고스테롤과 식이섬유가 풍부하여 약리작용을 한다는 보고도 있다. 꾀꼬리버섯의 유전자원을 수집하여 인공재배기술을 개발하기 위한 전 단계로 꾀꼬리버섯 균사생장에 영향을 미치는 pH별, 온도별, 배지별 균사생장에 대한 조사가 전보에서 진 행되었다. 본 연구에서는 꾀꼬리버섯의 액체배양에 의한 생체량을 산출하여 최적 영양원의 종류와 농도를 규명하고자 탄소원(carbon sources) 10종, glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-arabinose, D-xylose, D-maltose, mannitol, sucrose, starch, dextrin과 질소원(nitrogen sources) 12종을, KNO3, (NH4)SO4, NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4, NH4NO3, NaNO3, NH4Cl, DL-alanine, L-asparagine, L-glutamic acid, urea, peptone, 선정하여 균사생장의 최적조건을 조사하였다. KACC균주 배양의 최적 탄소원은 starch와 dextrin이었으며, KACC 51958계통은 각 0.79, 0.86g의 생체건량이, KACC 51976은 각 0.60, 0.68g의 생체건량이 생성되었다.

To get more comprehensive understandings about the microbial diversity near the seawater of Ulleung Island, East sea of Korea, the bacterial identification base on 16S rDNA and their carbon source utilization patterns were analysed through the six surface water samples collected at June 23 to 25, 2007. The results are as follows; the population densities of aerobic heterotrophic and oligotrophic bacteria were from 1.9±0.6×104~6.3±0.7 ×104 cfu ml−1 and from 1.7±0.4×103~2.5±0.4×103 cfu ml−1 during sampling periods, respectively. Among 121 isolated stains, the dominant taxa are Pseudoalteromonas spp. (30 colonies) and Alteromonas spp. (17 colonies). Thirty-senven species-level strains base on 16S rDNA sequencing data are identified, which comprised Gammaproteobacteria (14 strains), Alphaproteobacteria (6 strains), Flavobacteria (6 strains), Actinobacteridae (4 strains), Firmicutes (4 strains), Deinococci (2 strains), Betaproteobacteria (1 strains). The carbon utilization patterns by assay of Biolog-microplate, α-D-glucose are used by 88.9% of the 27 strains of Gram-negative bacteria and more than 80% of them also consumed L-arabinose, D-trehalose, L-alanine, and pyruvic acid methyl ester. On the other hand, all the 10 strains of Gram-positive bacteria used α-D-glucose, and more than 80% of them also exploited maltose, palatinose, D-trehalose, turanose, D-xylose, and pyruvic acid.

서울시 지하수중 중금속 등으로 오염되어 음용 이외의 생활용수로 사용하고 있는 8개 정점과 음용수로 사 용하고 있는 2개 정점을 대상으로, 세균 군집 대사 다양성의 변화를 유일 탄소원 이용능의 변화 양상으로 분석하였다. Biolog GN plate에서 발색 반응이 안정화된 배양 시간은 155시간 이후로 나타났다. 음용수로 사용하는 정점이 생활용수로 사용하는 정점의 발색 반응값 보다 높게 나타났다. 지하수 세균 군집은 polymer, carbohydrate, ester 및 amino acid를 공통적으로 많이 이용하였으나, brominated chemicals과 phosphorylated chemicals를 이용하는 세균 군집은 적게 나타났다. 다변량 통계학적 분석을 통한 세균 군집의 대사 다양성 분석 결과, 모두 5개 그룹인 음용수 정점, 휘발성 오염 정점, 크롬 오염 정점, 질산성 질소 오염 정점과 비소 오염 정점으로 구분이 가능하였다. 오염물질에 따른 세균 군집의 탄소원 이용능의 차이로 볼 때, 오염원에 따라 세균 군집의 대사 다양성이 변화하고 있음을 확인하였다.

Production of Bacterial Cellulose (BC) by Gluconacetobacter sp. A5 was studied in shaken culture using different cost-effective carbon sources and its structural and mechanical properties were evaluated. Glycerol showed the highest level (7.26 g/l) of BC production, which was about three times higher than the yield in glucose medium. BC production depended not only on the decrease in pH, but also on the ability of Gluconacetobacter sp. A5 to synthesize glucose from different carbon sources and then polymerize it into BC. All BC produced from different carbon sources exhibited a three-dimensional reticulated structure consisting of ultrafine cellulose fibriles. Carbon sources did not significantly change the microfibrile structure of the resulting BC. BC produced from glucose medium had the lowest water-holding capacity, while BC from molasses medium had the highest. XRD data revealed that all BC were cellulose type І, the same as typical native cellulose. The crystalline strength of BC produced in glucose medium was the highest, and that in molasses medium was the lowest. Our results suggest that glycerol could be a potential low-cost substrate for BC production, leading to the reduction in the production cost, and also to produce BC with different mechanical properties by selecting appropriate carbon source.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of inoculum and carbon sources on anaerobic digestion characteristics. The treatments were combinations of inoculum (digestate of cattle manure and rumen fluid) with carbon sources (starch, cellulose, and xylan). Anaerobic digestion was performed in triplicate at 37°C for 18 days at 100 rpm. Sampling was performed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days to measure pH, ammonia-N, volatile solids reduction, the cumulative methane content, and the cumulative methane production. There was a significant difference in methane content depending on the carbon source and there was a significant difference in pH, ammonia-N, methane production, and methane content depending on the inoculum (P < 0.05). The results of methane production were higher in the digestate of cattle manure treatment than in the rumen fluid treatment (P < 0.05). In this study, different digestive patterns depending on the type of carbon source could be used as basic research data to set the hydraulic residence time of anaerobic digestion facilities. In addition, the use of ruminal fluid as an inoculum may help accelerate the hydrolysis and acid production steps.

Biological nitrogen removal is generally accomplished by aerobic nitrification coupled with anoxic denitrification. Many commercial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) use external carbon source, such as methanol, to support heterotrophic denitrification process. Using organic wastes as an alternative to commercial carbon sources could thus be beneficial by saving the expense as well as reducing the environmental footprint. Here we report a full-scale (treating 2300 m3 wastewater/d) WWTP that previously utilized a butanediol-based organic waste as the sole external carbon source, which diversified the carbon sources by using a second organic waste generated from food waste recycling. Process parameters were extensively monitored for seven months at all biological unit processes, the aerobic and anoxic tanks, as well as the recirculation flow. Bacterial community structures were analyzed at anoxic tank using next-generation sequencing. The WWTP showed a stable nitrogen-removing performance over the seven months period. The estimated COD/N utilization ratio for food waste-recycling wastewater (FRW) was near 30. The bacterial populations significantly shifted during the operation. Lactobacillaceae and Prevotellaceae were the major bacterial families in the FRW, whereas the denitrification tank was populated by many families including Saprospiraceae, Nannocystaceae, Chitinophagaceae, Eubacteriaceae, and Rhodocyclaceae. Detailed discussion of the results will be presented at the conference.

Background : Agastache rugosa (A.rugosa), belongs to the Labiatae family, is a perennial plant distributed in Korea, Japan, Taiwan and China. It is commonly called korean mint and commercially consumed as a medicinal plant in many countries since the crop contains monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids including rosmarinic acid, tilianin and acacetin. Achievement of hairy root cultures (HRCs) through infection of A rhizogenes is a valuable alternative approach, resulting from genetic and biochemical stability, rapid growth rates and synthesis of natural products. Methods and Results : The hairy root, obtained from the explant of A.rugosa, was cultured in the basal half-strength MS (Murashige & Skoog) medium. The dry weights (DW) of hairy roots was measured after 4-days freeze dryer. The highest levels of DW were obtained at hairy roots cultured in the basal medium supplemented with glucose, galactose and sucrose. The lowest weight was recorded after HRCs in the control, meant that the medium did not contain any carbon sources. Sucrose, glucose and galactose are the most suitable for the growth of korean mint hairy roots. the rosmarinic acid contents in the hairy roots varied responding to various carbohydrates. The basal media added with sucrose resulted in the highest value of rosmarinic acid, followed by the basal media with galactose and glucose. The control showed the lowest amount of rosmarinic acid. Conclusion : In this study, carbon source are of importance for growth and accumulation of rosmarinic acid accumulation in korean mint hairy roots. Especially, the accumulation of rosmrinic acid and hairy root growth was the most appropriate carbohydrate. The current study suggests HRCs of korean mint could provide an valuable alternative approaches for the enhanced production of rosmarinic acid.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different carbon sources on the anaerobic fermentation characteristics in the startup phase using the biochemical methane potential test. The treatments for this experiment were combinations of carbon sources (starch, cellulose, and xylan). Anaerobic fermentation was done at 37oC for 18 days with agitation and pH, ammonia nitrogen, volatile solids reduction, gas production, methane content, and methane production were investigated at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days after incubation in triplicate. In the experiment, the pH was changed depending on the characteristics of the carbon source. The ammonia nitrogen concentration was the highest in the starch-treated group at 7, 12, and 15 days after incubation (P < 0.05). Cumulative volatile solids reduction was the highest in the cellulose-treated group at 18 day after incubation (P < 0.05) and cumulative gas production was higher in the cellulose-treated group than for other two treatments at 18 day after incubation (P < 0.05). Methane content was the lowest in the xylan-treated group at 18 days after incubation (P < 0.05). Cumulative methane production was higher in the xylan-and cellulose-treated group than in the starch-treated group at 18 days after incubation (P < 0.05). In this study, the carbon sources had significant effects on anaerobic fermentation characteristics; especially, the carbon source was shown to have a positive effect on the operation time and hydraulic retention time for the anaerobic digestion startup phage. Therefore, carbon sources should be considered systematically for efficient anaerobic digestion of organic waste.

부영양화 및 적조현상의 발생 등에 따라 최근 영양염류에 대한 방류수 규제 기준이 점차 강화되고 있으며, 이에 따라 방류를 위해 영양염류 제거가 필요하다. 따라서 여러 가지 질소제거 방법들이 사용되고 있으며, 이중 하,폐수처리를 위해 사용되는 생물학적 질소제거 방법이 물리/화학적 처리공법에 비해 친환경적이고, 경제성을 갖춘 방법으로 평가되어 널리 사용되고 있다. 생물학적 질소제거는 두 가지 단계에 의하여 이루어진다. 이 중 첫 번째 단계(질산화)에서는 암모니아가 질산성질소로 산화되고 이 후 두 번째 단계(탈질소화)에서는 종속영양미생물(heterotrophic bacteria)들에 의해 질산성질소가 전자수용체로 사용되어 질소가스로 제거되어진다. 탈질 공정 이전에 질산화 과정에서 유기물이 대부분 소모되기 때문에 종속영양 탈질공정에서는 전자공여체로서의 유기탄소원이 부족하고, 이는 주로 메탄올, 에탄올 등을 사용하여 보충해 준다. 이 실험에서는 음폐수를 제철폐수의 탈질을 위한 대체탄소원으로 음폐수를 사용하여 탈질효율을 평가하였다. 음폐수는 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방 모두 포함된 복합 유기성 폐수이며,이를 탈질공정의 핵심 미생물인 탈질화 박테리아들의 생장에 필요한 탄소원으로 이용가능하기 때문에 적용되기에 용이한 대상물질이다. 다시 말해, 대체탄소원으로 사용 가능한 대상 물질이다. 실험은 duplicate로 수행하였고, 대체탄소원의 종류, 즉 RCS45와 음폐수가 독립변수이며, 탈질속도를 종속변수로 설정하였다. 결과적으로, RCS45와 음폐수를 대체 탄소원으로 사용했을 때, 탈질 속도는 각각 57.6과 36.4로 얻을 수 있었다.

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor(ABR)는 혐기성 소화 공정 중 하나로 주로 중소규모의 폐수처리에 사용되며 반응조 내부에 설치된 격벽(Baffle)에 의해 산생성과 메탄생성의 공간적 분리가 뚜렷하고, 일정 수준의 고액분리 효과를 기대할 수 있으며, 비교적 짧은 HRT(Hydraulic Retention Time)와 긴 SRT(Solids Retention Time)를 유지할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 ABR 공정을 이용하여 하수처리공정에서 발생하는 1차 슬러지를 안정화시키는 과정에서 메탄생성을 억제하고 산생성을 최대화하여 고농도의 유기산(Volatile Fatty Acid, VFA)을 생산하고자 하였다. 이때 생산되는 유기산은 후단 탈질반응조의 외부 탄소원으로 이용되어 후탈질 공정으로 유입되는 고농도의 NO3-N을 제거하도록 하였다. 최적 설계 인자 도출을 위하여 ABR 형태의 산발효조와 탈질반응조의 HRT, SRT 및 슬러지 반송과 폐기량이 VFA 생성 및 탈질에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 실험실 규모의 연구결과 HRT 2, 4, 6 및 8일에서 ABR공정을 통한 1차 슬러지 유입 SCOD대비 VFA 생성율은 각각 107±121, 35±87, -82±9 및 -82±12%로 HRT 2일에서 가장 높은 산 생성율을 나타내었으며, HRT 6일 및 8일에서는 긴 체류시간으로 인해 생성된 유기산의 상당량이 메탄으로 전환되면서 VFA 생성율이 저하되는 결과를 보였다. 또한 각 조건에서 생산되는 VFA를 탈질반응조의 유입탄소원으로 이용하였을 때, 유입되는 SCOD의 70% 이상이 탈질에 사용되었으며, NO3-N의 제거율은 평균 82±11% 수준의 탈질효율을 확인하였다.

열경화성수지는 저분자의 중합체를 가열하면 중합도가 증가하여 큰 힘을 가해도 변형하지 않는 성질을 이용한 것으로, 분자 내에 3개 이상의 반응기를 가진 비교적 저분자량의 물질로 이루어져 있다. 일반적으로 내열성, 내용제성, 내약품성, 전기절연성 등이 좋으며, 충전제를 넣어 강인한 성형물을 만들 수도 있다. 열경화성수지는 축중합형과 첨가중합형으로 나뉘는데 축중합형에서는 페놀수지, 요소수지, 멜라민수지 등이 있으며, 첨가중합형에는 에폭시수지, 폴리에스터수지 등이 있다. 열경화성수지 중 열분해가 용이한 폴리우레탄수지(PU)와 에폭시수지(EP)에 대한 사전연구를 진행한 결과 두 수지 모두 수분함량이 거의 없어 전처리 없이 바로 열분해가 가능할 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 폴리우레탄수지는 휘발분이 90% 이상을 나타내고 있어 회분이 거의 없는 반면, 에폭시수지는 휘발분과 회분이 각각 약 45% 정도로 구성되어 있는 것을 확인하였다. 원소분석 결과는 일반적인 플라스틱과 다르게 질소(N)와 산소(O)가 존재하고 특히 산소의 함량이 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 황(S) 성분은 전혀 측정되지 않았다. 또한 폴리우레탄수지의 평균 발열량은 7098.57kcal/kg, 에폭시수지의 평균 발열량은 3612.20kcal/kg 정도로 일반적인 열가소성수지의 발열량보다는 낮은 것을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 Batch 형태의 열분해 반응기를 통해 400, 500, 600℃의 반응온도에서 승온율 5℃/min, 반응시간 60분으로 열분해반응을 통해 얻어지는 반응생성물의 수율을 조사하였다. 폴리우레탄수지의 경우 액체생성물의 수율에는 거의 변화가 없는 반면, 반응온도가 증가할수록 고체생성물의 수율은 감소하는 동시에 기체생성물의 수율은 증가되는 것을 확인하였으며, 에폭시수지의 경우 고체생성물의 수율은 약 65%를 나타내고 액체와 기체생성물의 수율에는 큰 변화가 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 사전연구결과를 토대로 폐에폭시수지를 대상으로 장치를 Scale-up하여 현장에 설치한 후 운전조건을 확립하고, 발생 및 수요기업 간 네트워트 구축을 통해 폐열경화수지를 열분해하여 고기능성 탄소원을 회수하는 설비를 사업화할 수 있는 기틀을 마련하고자 하였다.