Background : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is one of the important oriental medicinal herbs being used to cure lung/respiratory diseases. It belongs to the five Sam (ginseng) including Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Sophora flavescens, and Scrophularia buergeriana. In 2015, Korea produced 72 tons of medicinal herbs in a 14-hectare area and imported 24 tons valued at US$95,000. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of several biopesticides to control leaf spot of A. triphylla var. japonica Hara. Methods and Results : One year plants at the Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA were used. The treatments used biopesticides such as plant extracts (BP), microbial agent (DM), microbial agent (PJ), sulfur powder (HS), and controlled chemicals (ST), while non treatment (NT) was used as control. After the early part of disease outbreak, the plants were treated four times with 7 days interval. The incidence of leaf spot, efficacy, phytotoxicity and control value were investigated. Based on the efficacy test, incidence of leaf spot is lowest at 15.6% in plant extracts (BP). Other biopesticides showed higher incidence - 16.7% for microbial agent (DM), 17.8% for microbial agent (PJ), 18.9% for sulfur powder (HS) and 71.1% for non treatment (NT), compared with 11.1% in controlled chemicals (ST). The microbial agent (PJ), sulfur powder (HS), plant extracts (BP) and microbial agent (DM) were not damaged in the phytotoxicity test. In the test of application dose, time and methods, the control value was highest in plant extracts (BP) at 78.1%, followed by microbial agent (DM) at 76.6%, microbial agent (PJ) at 75.0%, and sulfur powder (HS) at 73.4% , compared with controlled chemicals (ST) at 84.4%. Conclusion : It is possible to use biopesticides at the proper time to prevent leaf spot in Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara.

Background : To control ginseng gray mold, farmers have mainly used inorganic chemical based fungicides. The recent emergence of fungicide resistance has reduced the effectiveness of such control methods. Such pesticides also carry additional problems, such as diffuse pollution. Methods and Results : Six treatments of organic agricultural materials were tested for control of ginseng gray mold, CAPW (Chrysophanic acid + Phytoncide +Wood vinegar), EmEWV (Emodin + Ethanol +Wood vinegar), CEWV (Curcumin + Eugenol +Wood vinegar), Bacillus subtilis, soybean oil and sulfur. The control effect for gray mold by a single application of the agrochemical fungicide industrial Fenhexamid wettable powder (WP) was 84.4%. The control effect by CAPW, EmEWV and CEWV varied between 52.7 - 64.9%. The control effect by B. subtilis, soybean oil, and sulfur were 32.9 - 59.2%. Conclusions : In the field tests, CAPW showed the highest control effects when used before, and at first stage of disease incidence, against ginseng gray mold.

마늘 유기재배에서 마늘 잎마름병에 대한 친환경방제제의 방제효과를 조사하였다. 56종의 친환경방제제를 대상으로 Stemphylium botryosum 포자 발아억제시험을 96 well plate에서 실시하여 그중에서 구리화합물제제, 식물추출물제제, 황화합물제제, 황·탄산나트륨제제 그리고 키토산액 등 5종을 선발하여 2012년과 2013년에 걸쳐서 마늘재배포장에서 잎마름병 방제효과와 마늘생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 2012년 시험에서 방제효과가 우수한 구리화합물제제와 키토산제제를 대상으로 2013년에 다시 잎마름병 방제효과를 조사한 결과 화학약제인 안트라콜의 방제가에 대비하여 각각 54%와 90%의 방제효과가 나타났으며 무처리에 대비하여 16%와 34%의 수량성 향상효과가 나타났다. 구리화합물제제와 키토산제제로 잎마름병 방제시 화학약제 방제에 대비하여 상품화 가능한 마늘은 각각 79%와 93%였으며 무처리에 대비할 경우 수량이 각각 16%와 34% 증가하였다. 이러한 결과로 키토산액은 마늘 잎마름병 방제용 친환경제제로 활용될 가능성이 높은 친환경제제임을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study was conducted to select and develop effect of eco-friendly organic materials for the eco-friendly prevention of Anthracnose occurred in the ginseng. Anthracnose on ginseng is occurred by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the crop damage is severe especially from July to August after rainy season. The test results showed that control effect by test products materials on the three years ginseng and four years ginseng field was lower in eco-friendly organic materials than that of chemical pesticide. However, the control effect of bordeaux mixture was higher with 71.3% and 73.8% levels than those of mineral matter, microbial agent, and developed plants extract mixtures (Eugenol, Curcumin, Wood vinegar, etc). On the other hand, three types of developed plants extract mixtures (3 types) showed control effect in a range of from 58.1% to 63.6% against Anthracnose which was higher as compared with plant extract alone and sodium silicate regardless of ages of ginseng. The results of this study would attribute in verifying the control effect of eco-friendly materials against Anthracnose for ginseng through investigating antimicrobial compounds contained in the plants body. Also, it would be used as control method against Anthracnose occurred in ginseng by judging the right control time through monitoring occurrence of disease.

본 실험에 사용한 C. gloeosporioides는 밤나무 재배단지에서 탄저병 증상을 보이는 밤나무 종실로부터 분리하였고, ITS 영역 유전자의 염기서열 및 형태하적 분석을 통하여, C. gloeosporioides로 동정하였다. 병원성 검정실험에서, 80% Eucalyptus oil 및 B. subtilis GG95 10배액 처리구가 C. gloeosporioides에 대한 항균효과가 우수하였고, 최종배합은 Eucalyptus oil 40%, B. subtilis GG95 40% 외 제제화용 첨가제 20%로 하였다. 2012년도 포장실험에서, 자봉 품종 시제품 500배 4회 처리구의 방제가는 무처리구 대비 60.9%로 조사되었고, 2013년도 포장실험에서, 자봉 품종의 방제가는 250배 처리구가 71.2%로 가장 높았다. 조생종 및 중생종보다 만생종에서의 방제가 69.8%로 가장 높은 것으로 보아, 착과이후 종실이 작을 때부터 약제 처리를 하면, 방제가를 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 포장 500배 4회 처리후 수확물인 조생종 단택에서는 4℃ 저장에서의 방제효과는 약 61.9%로 조사되었고, 25℃ 저장에서의 방제효과는 63.2%의 방제가로 조사되었고, 실내 단태 품종에 대한 방제가는, 250배에서 81.16%, 500배에서 75.36%로 측정되었으나, 1000배의 효과는 낮은 편이므로, 최소한 500배 이상의 처리가 필요시 된다. 상기의 결과를 바탕으로 밤나무 종실에 발생하는 탄저병을 효율적으로 방제하기 위해서 는 착과 이후 개발제품을 500배 희석농도로 4회 경엽처리하고 수확후 250배로 침지 처리한 후 저장하는 것이 가장 효율적인 방법으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to select environmental friendly organic materials for controlling the ginseng alternaria blight and to evaluate their effects from 2011 to 2012. Alternaria blight is caused by Alternaria panax and is the most common ginseng disease in Korea. Environmental friendly organic materials were used to reduce amount of chemical fungicides and the number of spray for control of Ginseng Alternaria leaf blight. In 4 years of ginseng, control value of Alternaria leaf blight by single application of Defenoconazole WP was 82.3% and those of single application was 62.0~75.9%. Consequently, mixed or alternated application of eco-material products could be recommended as a control method to reduce the amount of fungicides.

This research was performed to test the effects of oleic acid for the management of greenhouse whiteflies and tobacco whiteflies. Tobacco whiteflies, especially, are the vectors of tomato yellow leaf curl virus on tomato plants. Whiteflies are not only the vectors of various viruses but also the major insect pests that cause direct damages through sucking and induce sooty mold with their sweet dew on tomato plants. There are many eco-friendly management measures including the use of yellow sticky trap and natural enemies such as Eretmocerus eremicus and Amblyseius swirskii. However, these management measures have difficulties to implement in the greenhouse. Therefore, in this research, oleic acid was tested for its effect on the management of whiteflies at various concentrations of 1,000ppm, 2,000ppm, or 4,000ppm. As a result, treatments of 1,000ppm, 2,000ppm and 4,000ppm oleic acid showed the control value of 70%, 76% and 84%, respectively. In another test, treatments of 2,000ppm oleic acid, and control treatment of 1,5000ppm neem oil and 50ppm dinotefuran showed the control value of 82%, 75%, and 75%, respectively. Cost for one application of oleic acid and neem oil for 10a area would be 3,180 Won and 20,150 Won, respectively. As a result, it was assumed that the use of oleic acid would be a appropriate management measure.

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), has known as a key pest of blueberries in the southeastern United States, Europe and Canada. It can cause considerable damage to developing flower buds and also injure vegetative growth by distorting and blackening shoot tips on blueberries. In 2010, same damage symptoms were observed on blueberries, Vaccinium spp., in Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do. And, D. oxycoccana was identified from the farms and it was designated as a quarantine pest in Korea. The occurrences of D. oxycoccana and its damages were investigated in the blueberry greenhouse in 2011. Nationwide survey revealed that most of the blueberry greenhouses were infected by D. oxycoccana. An environment-friendly management method for D. oxycoccana was developed by changing soil environment in the blueberry greenhouse.

Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes Vaporariorum, is the most important insect pest in environmental friendly tomato production. Natural enemies, Nesidiocoris tenuis and environmental friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) are major control agents in Korea. The aim of the present work is to evaluate release time of N. tenuis in controlling of T. vaporariorum and to select environmental friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) to suppress both T. vaporariorum and N. tenuis which if the density were high causing necrotic rings. Six EFAM selected to control of Trialeurodes Vaporariorum in three times spray with seven days intervals. Three EFAM showed high mortality 67.7~70.5% in spray after release plot but low in release after spray plot. It should be careful to spray with N. tenuis. When N. tenuis were early release at 7 days after transplanting which before occurring and establishment of greenhouse whitefly, it could suppress the density. Extracts of bead tree + matrin, matrin 1, Chrysanthemum showed high mortality on T. vaporariorum adults and N. tenuis. The results suggested that tms three EFAM could be control agents of the damage of necrotic rings from N. tenuis.

Organic materials, such as chitin incubated solution (CIS) combined with neem oil (NO), nano silver silica (NSS), and Bordeaux mixture (BDM), were applied with and without agricultural chemicals (AC) (insecticide and fungicide) to investigate scab and mealybug occurrences and fruit qualities on "Niitaka" pear trees in orchards in 2006. Fruits and leaves grown under CIS+NO without AC had less than 30%, scab occurrence, but CIS+NSS or CIS+BDM without AC had higher scab occurrence. Organic materials with AC decreased the scab to less than 20%. All treatments decreased mealybug occurrences to less than 10%, except for the fruits grown under CIS+BDM without AC. Fruit qualities varied among the treatments. Hunter value a, representing for the redness degree, was higher for fruits treated with CIS+NSS and CIS+BDM without AC than those with AC. Fruits treated with organic materials without AC had greater total phenolic and flavonoid compounds as well as antioxidant capacity in flesh and greater total phenolc compounds and antioxidant capacity in peel than those treated with the AC.

This study was carried out to develop environmental friendly control for major diseases and pests on Boxthorn (Lycium chinense Mill.). Outbreak of Eighteen diseases and pests were found at the Boxthorn organic yards in Chung-nam province. Among them Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni de Cand.), Hypophyllous mold (Pseudocercospora chengtuensis (Tai)), Western flower trips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)), Green peach aphid (Myzus pericae (Sulzer)) and Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) needed to be controled by environmental friendly methods for high fruit yield of organic Boxthorn. In summer(Jun) test Bacilus subtilis QST 713 wettable powder and Sulfur wettable powder were effective and in autumn (Sep.) test Sulfur, Copper hydroxide and Paraffinic oil were relatively effective in Powdery mildew. In Hypophyllous mold control test Paraffinic oil and Bacilus subtilis GB-0365 were effective with above 70% control value. And it was possible to control Western flower trips by natural enemy (Orius laevigatus) by 80% control value. Corn earworm was possible to control by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai GB413 flowable and Bacillus thuringiensis aizawa 0423 wettable powder application above 70%. And Green peach aphid was controllable with environmental friendly materials, such as, Bacillus subtilis (Seoncho), Bacillus subtilis (Jinsami) above 80% and Ginkgo nut extract above 70% control value.