This study attempted to provide implications by analyzing the impact of business Owner’s safety commitment on industrial accidents and examining the mediating role of management supervisors’ safety leadership and worker participation. Analysis was conducted on 2,067 manufacturing sites with 20 to 50 employees in the 10th Occupational Safety and Health Survey data. SPSS waw used to secure the reliability of the measurement variable. Hypothesis vertification was carried out after securing the suitability and validity of the structural model using AMOS. The direct impact of three latent variables on industrial accidents was confirmed: the business owner’s safety commitment, the management supervisor’s safety leadership, and the worker participation. The employer’s safety will and the management supervisor’s safety leadership do not directly affect industial accidents, but it has been verified that worker participation has a diret impact on industrial accident reduction. In addition, it has been confirmed that the safety leadership and worker participation of the management. Supervior have a complete mediating effect on the reduction of industrial accidents by mediating with the safety leadership of the management supervior and the participation of the workers. This study analyzed the impact on industrial accidents by dividing the stakeholders constituting the workplace into three classes: business owners, superviors, and workers, but the results suggest that employers and all workers inside the workplace may be organically linked to achieving the goal of reducing industrial accidents. Therefore, in order to establish an autonomous safety management system for safety and health at workerplaces, efforts are needed to reduce industrial accidents in their respective location by forming an organic community among internal stakeholders.

The aim of this paper is to conceptualise the internationalisation of food and drink SMEs by developing and evaluating a framework specifically for food and drink SME internationalisation. SME internationalisation is an established area of research that has seen a wealth of research since the seminal work of the Uppsala scholars on the stage approach (cf. Johanson & Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975; Johanson & Vahlne, 1977). In recent decades SME internationalisation research has focussed on a range of issues that impact on internationalisation, from company characteristics (cf. Jones & Coviello, 2005; Hsieh et al., 2019) entrepreneur characteristics (cf. Reuber & Fischer, 1997; Ramón-Llorens et al., 2017), network connections (cf. Johanson & Mattson, 1988; Johanson & Vahlne, 2009) and determinants to international growth (Katsikeas et al., 1996; Li, 2018). This wealth of research underlines the complexities in understanding and explaining internationalisation. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to understand and evaluate the critical determinants of internationalisation specifically for food and drink SMEs, through an evaluation of relevant theory and the development of a framework for food and drink SME internationalisation. These aims address three gaps in the literature, namely, limited research on specific industries, limited research on food and drink SMEs, and few efforts to conceptualise the SME internationalisation process.

In response to the increasing deployment of brand chatbots in the service sector, this study developed a conceptual framework to examine the psychological processes through which brand chatbots contribute to relationship building efforts. A 2 (interactivity: high vs. low) X 2 (anthropomorphic conversation style: warm vs. competent) between-subject design was conducted in the context of the coffee service business. The levels of interactivity in the chatbots were operationalized by altering the subdimensions of interactivity: modality (i.e., media richness, response latency), message (i.e., interdependency in message exchanges), and source (i.e., customization of content flow). Different linguistic elements (e.g., terms of address, vocabulary, punctuation, emoticons) were used to construct two sets of scripts that emphasized either warmth or competence of the chatbots. Based on the results of the pretests, four brand chatbots via Facebook Messenger were developed using the platform provided by GoSky AI Inc.

The smart factory is an important system that can reduce defects, maximize productivity, and respond to customer needs, from the labor-intensive era of traditional small and medium-sized manufacturing companies through the automation era to CPS using ICT. However, small and medium-sized manufacturers often fall short of the basic stage due to economic and environmental constraints, and there are many companies that do not even recognize the concept of a smart factory. In this situation, to expand the smart factory of small and medium-sized enterprises, the project to support the establishment of a smart factory for the win-win between large and small enterprises. The win-win smart factory construction support project provides a customized differentiation program support project according to the size and level of the company for all domestic manufacturing SMEs regardless of whether or not they are dealing with Samsung. In this study, we analyze the construction status and introduction performance of companies participating in the win-win smart factory support project to find out whether they have been helpful in management and to find efficient ways to improve support policies, and to suggest the direction of continuous support projects to improve the manufacturing competitiveness of SMEs in the future.

With the growing importance of ESG as a must-have business strategy, this study attempted to analyze the current state of ESG practices in the Korean fashion businesses. The ESG cases of fashion business were collected from news articles searched on the largest Korean internet portal by November 2021 from October 2020 when the number of articles began to increase meaningfully. Three hundred ninety one ESG cases of 112 fashion manufacturing brands and 332 ESG cases of 49 retail brands were analyzed. Casual and outdoor/sportswear brands among fashion manufacturers were most active in ESG practices, and various online and offline retailers were practicing ESG. Approximately one-third of the fashion brands were positioned as eco-friendly concept. While environmental practices were the most practiced ESG, governance was the least practiced. Among environmental practices, fashion manufacturing businesses were most active in eco-friendly product development, while retail businesses were in eco-friendly campaign-event-service and eco-friendly packaging. The most active social practice was the contribution to communities, followed by retail businesses’ sharing growth with partner businesses. Governance practices were focused on the structure and operation of the board. Various ESG collaborations with various partners were also observed. The research result is meaningful verifying and diagnosing the ESG practices of the Korean fashion businesses.

Paid search advertising is the most popular online advertising format, and many large firms allocate a considerable amount of their advertising budget to it. In contrast, small and medium-sized firms have a limited advertising budget that potentially forces them to experience the ineffectiveness of paid search advertising. In this study, we identify the various paid search advertising strategies that even small and medium-sized firms can implement and examine the effect of the different advertising strategies on the number of clicks as a primary advertising performance measure. Using the data regarding keyword advertising from a search engine, we find that advertisers can increase the number of clicks not only by increasing their bids, but also by optimal keyword selection, targeting, and active advertisement management. Our findings provide a practical insight that there are many other advertising strategies for the managers to utilize beyond budget efficiently.

As the competitiveness of small and medium businesses is getting more and more improved and globalized, the government provides various consulting services to secure the competitiveness of small and medium firms and support stable growth. However, the assessment of the result from the government’s support is generally focused on non-financial factors, such as customer satisfaction afterwards and analysis of improvement effect. This paper is in regards to the analysis of how much the government’s support in the form of providing consulting services contributes to financial outcomes and to the analysis of the gap of performances among the types of consulting services. We verified the statistical significance of our hypothesis through SAS9.4 and SPSS 22, conducting comparative analysis of the business growth and profitability based on the yearly balance sheets and income statements of 44 corporations which government supports and 150 corporations which are for comparison. The data is gained from CRETOP, Korea Enterprise Data, and the testing model is chosen as the business of support center for corporate growth, which is a customized supporting business of the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy. As a result, in terms of business growth, it turned out to have positive difference in growth ratio compared to the industrial average and compared corporations and to have significant difference in terms of profitability as well. Since, this paper shows that the different supporting ways have significant difference, we would say that this paper is meaningful in that it may propose a guidance for government to set strategies of government-supporting businesses.

최근 특허권 행사에 있어 특허침해소송 남용 등 법제도의 미비점을 악 용하는 지식재산권의 부당한 행사에 관한 규제를 통하여 건전한 기업활 동에 장애가 초래되지 않도록 제도적인 방안을 마련하는 연구가 활발하 다. 특히 NPE가 행사하는 특허침해소송의 새로운 유형으로 등장한 특허 사나포선 이 문제로 부각되고 있다. 이러한 경쟁법 연구의 일환으로, 본 연구자는 구체적으로 대기업에 비해 특허침해소송 관련 대응력이 부족한 중소기업을 대상으로 한 특허관리전문회사(NPE)의 특허 사나포선 행 위를 규제할 수 있는 방안을 검토해 보고자 한다. 특허 사나포선(Patent Privateering) 이란 제조기업이 스스로 제조나 서비스 활동을 하지 않는 NPE에게 경쟁 제조기업을 상대로 기만적인 특 허주장이나 기회주의적 특허주장을 하도록 하여 금전적 이익을 추구하거 나, 제조기업이 NPE에게 자신의 특허를 매각하고 제조기업의 경쟁기업 을 상대로 당해 특허권을 주장하여 금전적 이익을 얻을 수 있도록 하는 전략적 특허거래를 의미한다. 즉, 특허 사나포선 은 NPE의 다양한 형태 중, 공격적 NPE의 비즈니스 모델로서, 본고에서는 이런 행위를 경쟁법 차원에서 규율할 수 있는지, 있다면 어떤 기준으로 제한할 것인지를 연 구하였다. 이를 위한 해결 논리로 eBay판결에서 등장한 반박 가능한 추정 (rebuttable presumption) 개념을 확장 적용하여 경쟁법 및 특허법 등 과의 관련성을 검토하고, NPE의 특허권 남용행위로부터 소송능력이 미 약한 중소기업을 보호하는 제도적 장치를 대안으로 제시하여 국내 유망 기술을 보유한 중소기업들의 시장 경쟁력 확보와 해외 진출을 위한 법적 보호 및 대응책 마련에 일조하려 한다.

Cultural industry has grown into a pivotal part of the knowledge economy and it characteristically allows high employment of young population with high education and at the same time is a labor-intensive industry that yields high added values. For these reasons, it has been regarded as an industry that can be an answer to ever worsening problems of youth unemployment and deteriorating employment quality in the service industry sector. The Korean government has established and enacted government-level supporting policies to foster the cultural industry, especially in the 2000s. In the process, a supporting system for start-up businesses in the cultural industry was implemented to foster one-person culture businesses, focusing on the supporting system for start-up businesses established by the Small and Medium Business Administration (SMBA). This study will look into possible solutions to some problems that occurred in the course of implementing supporting policies for cultural industry and will see if there could be alternatives to them.

Many enterprises have been adopting management systems good enough for them and operating the schemes to have competitive edge better than their competitor. One of the finest systems that most companies have been selecting is ISO 14001. ISO 14001, environment management system, is widely known as advancing internal efficiency and productivity in the various industries. As a result, the number of companies that have adopted ISO 14001’s certification have been increasing continuously year by year since ISO 14000 standard was called in 1994s from ISO 18000 standard that originally used. The purpose of this study is to present that ISO 14001’s requirement execution influences on management performance in the small manufacturer. In order to carry out this research, we obtained 96 survey sheets and inspected ten assumptions based on the reliability, validity of the questionnaires. The results of regression analysis are summarized as follows; First, the three factors of ISO 14001 requirement, plan, implementation and operation and management consideration, have an important effect on the operational performance. Second, the three elements of ISO 14001 requirement, environment policy, implementation and operation and management consideration, affect to the financial performance significantly. Based on the results, it is sure that the companies that execute the factors of implementation and operation and management policy have a good performance to achieve operational and financial performance so that it is important to clarify the member’s role, authority and follow the procedure by a company’s process. Also, the truth shows CEO’s continuous will and periodical review of ISO 14001 influence on management performance as well.

ISO 9001, quality management system, is widely known as advancing internal efficiency and productivity in various industry. As a result, the number of companies that have adopted ISO 9001’s certification have been increasing continuously year by year since ISO 9000’ family standard was published in 1987s. This fact shows that a lot of businesses are trying to get the accreditation for improving the competitiveness of quality. The purpose of this study is to present that ISO 9001’s certification motives affect to the requirement’s implementation and show that the execution of requirements influences on management performance in the small manufacturer. In order to carry out this research, we obtained 96 survey sheets and inspected twenty assumptions based on the reliability, validity of the questionnaires. The results of regression analysis are summarized as follows; First, the factors of certification motive influence on the requirement’s implementation except resources management. Second, the two elements of ISO 9001 requirement, resources management and product realization, have an important effect on the operational performance and financial performance considerably in the companies that choose the internal motive. Finally, the two requisites of ISO 9001 requirement, resources management and measurement, analysis and improvement, affect to the operational performance and financial performance significantly in the businesses that select the external motive. Based on the results, the companies that choose the internal motive have a good performance to execute the ISO 9001 requirements. Also, to implement the requirements of ISO 9001 is helpful for the companies to produce the operational and financial performance.

The purpose of this study is to present that the entrepreneurial orientation affects to management performance in the small manufacturer. In order to carry out this research, we obtained 171 survey sheets and inspected seven assumptions based on the reliability, validity of the questionnaires. The results of regression analysis are summarized as follows; First, the factor of entrepreneurial orientation, innovative-ness, influences on the technical innovation performance and financial performance significantly. Second, the element of entrepreneurial orientation, proactive-ness, has an important effect on the technical innovation performance and financial performance. Finally, the requisite of entrepreneurial orientation, risk taking, affects to the technical innovation performance significantly, but not the financial performance. Based on the results, the companies that achieve the technical innovation and financial performance have an atmosphere to encourage to perform the research and development works and find out innovative ideas and improvement points in processes. However, the entrepreneur is required to take careful judgement for determining the uncertain circumstance.

본 연구는 기술연관분석으로 단기 상용화를 위한 기술개발과제에 투입된 기술간 융합현황을 분석하였다. 기술연관분석은 산업구조분석의 체계를 기술기획 분야에 적용한 것이다. 본 사례는 기술연관분석을 활용하여 기술과 제품 간 연관도를 중심으로 분석하였으며 분석대상은 중소기업기술정보진흥원의 ‘’12년 중소기업 융ㆍ복합기술개발사업’에 신청한 401개 과제이다. 분석과정은 다음과 같다. 401개 개별과제에 대해서 투입된 기술은 기술로, 개발과제에서 산출을 제품으로 정의하고 이를 투입과 산출의 행렬로 정리하였다. 투입으로 정의한 기술은 국가과학기술표준분류 상의 소분류를 분류하고, 산출로 정의한 제품은 한국표준산업분류 상의 세세분류로 정의하였다. 즉, 기술을 투입으로, 제품을 산출로 정의하여 기술의 파급도를 분석하였으며 이에 기초하여 기술연관도를 작성하였다분석결과, IT융합에서는 임베디드 S/W의 기술파급도가 가장 높았으며, ET융합에서는 금형의 기술파급도가 가장 높았고 BT융합은 기능성 화장품 개발기술의 기술파급도가 가장 높았다. 전체적으로 IT융합에서 기술파급도가 높은 요소기술이 많았으며, ET융합에서 기술파급도가 높은 요소기술이 작았다. 따라서 기술파급도가 높은 요소기술에 대한 투자가 융합을 활성화하는 데 중요하며 전체적으로 IT분야가 요소기술의 투자 효과가 높을 것으로 판단한다.

The purpose of this study is to present the Market Orientation affects to Enterprise Management Performance. In order to carry out this research, we obtained 212 survey sheets and inspected ten assumptions based on the reliability, validity of the questionnaires. The results of regression analysis are summarized as follows; First, the factor of Market Orientation, intelligence generation, doesn’t influence on the Enterprise Management Performance significantly. Second, the element of Market Orientation, information dissemination, doesn’t have an important effect on the Enterprise Management Performance. Finally, the requisite of Market Orientation, information response, affects to Enterprise Management Performance significantly. Based on the results, the parts with intelligence generation and information dissemination will be improved in the manufacturer of the small businesses.

This study examines how consumer trust across multiple customer interaction channels, company management policies, and customer previous experience affect service renewal, loyalty. Structural equation modeling of an online survey of 657 US insurance and mobile telecomm consumers confirmed the importance of the three antecedents and that the impact of the three interaction channels differed in the two service contexts.

The purpose of this study is to present the Market Orientation effects on Enterprise Management Performance. In order to carry out this research, we obtained 212 survey sheets and inspected ten assumptions based on the reliability, validity of the questionnaires. The results of regression analysis are summarized as follows; First, the factor of Market Orientation, intelligence generation, don’t influence on the Enterprise Management Performance significantly. Second, the element of Market Orientation, information dissemination, don’t have an important effect on the Enterprise Management Performance. Finally, the requisite of Market Orientation, information response, affects to Enterprise Management Performance significantly. Based on the results, the parts with intelligence generation and information dissemination will be improved in the manufacturer of the small businesses.

This study aims at investigating the effects of internal control effectiveness on business survival of food businesses in Thailand through the mediators of productivity improvement and value creation. In this study, 155 food businesses in Thailand are the samples of the study. The results show that internal control effectiveness has a significant influence on productivity improvement and business survival. Productivity improvement critically affects value creation and business survival while value creation is an important determinant of business survival. However, internal control effectiveness has no relationship with value creation. Also, productivity improvement explicitly mediates the internal control effectiveness-business survival relationships. In summary, internal control effectiveness can enhance firms’ sustainable competitive advantage, superior performance and long-term survival. Firms need to focus on internal control effectiveness through investing their assets and resources and utilizing their abilities, competencies and capabilities in order to continuously develop and improve their appropriate concepts and characteristics in an organization. Better internal control effectiveness definitely leads to more long-term survival. To generalize the research results, future research needs to collect data from other businesses and industries. Increased response rate of the study is important for future research to verify and confirm the research results.

The study attempts to analyze the impact of firm’s risk on capital structure in the context of seasonal and non-seasonal businesses. We use two independent variables namely credit risk and systematic risk and one dependent variable to explore this connection. Sugar sector is taken as seasonal while the textile sector as non-seasonal businesses. The panel data of twenty-five firms from each sector are taken ranging for the period of 2012 to 2019 which has been retrieved from their annual reports for empirical analysis of the study. The results reveal the negative impact of credit risk on capital structure in both types of businesses. Increasing (decreasing) one point of credit risk causes a decrease (increase) leverage ratio by 0.27 points for seasonal while increasing (decreasing) one point of credit risk causes to decrease (increase) leverage by 0.15 points for non-seasonal businesses. Furthermore, the study shows positive impact of systematic risk on leverage ratio in non-seasonal business and no impact in seasonal business. Any increase (decrease) in the systematic risk causes an incline (decline) leverage ratio by 2.68 units for non-seasonal businesses. The study provides a guideline to managers for risk management in businesses. The research focusses on theoretical as well as managerial and policy implications on risk management in businesses.