The objective of this study was to determine the ultrasonication-assisted extraction conditions that maximize the DPPH radical scavenging activity of extracts obtained from the stems of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz through the application of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Before delving into the analysis of extraction conditions using the RSM model, we conducted efficiency validation of ultrasonication-assisted extraction and executed single-factor experiments for ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature. The data obtained from these single-factor experiments were employed to construct the Box-Behnken Design (BBD). In these results, in the single-factor experiments, it was evident that the parameters for ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature exhibited quadratic trends. The single-factor experiments allowed us to discern the trends for each parameter leading to the maximum antioxidant capacity, and this data was subsequently applied to the BBD. Following the completion of initial experiments, a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model was constructed based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD). According to the predictive model developed in this study, it was anticipated that performing ultrasonic-assisted extraction for 85.0412 minutes at an ethanol concentration of 32.573% and an extraction temperature of 51.5608°C will result in a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 79.7146%. The predictive results were statistically verified through a comparative analysis with actual measurements and ANOVA analysis, confirming the statistical significance of the model. The finding of this study underscore the significance of optimizing extraction conditions in the precise quantification of the antioxidant potential for economic advantages in both experimental and industrial contexts.

본 연구는 표고균사체 발효 적하수오 열수 최적 추출조건 탐색을 목적으로 수행하였으며, 표고균사로 배양된 하수오의 독립변수로는 독립변수(Xi)로서 추출온도(X1), 추출시간(X2) 및 시료에 대한 용매비(X3)에 대한 실험범위를 설정하여 각각을 5단계로 부호화하였고 중심합성계획에 따라 16구로 설정하여 추출하였다. 또한 이들 독립변수에 영향을 받을 종속변수(Yn)로는 고형분 함량(Y1) 및 당도(Y2), TPC (total polyphenol contents, Y3), TFC (total flavonoid contents, Y4), ABTS cation radical scavenging activity (Y5), DPPH radical scavenging activity (Y6)으로 하였다. 고용분 함량 최대값과 최소값은 각각 31.99%와 16.84%로 나타났다. 이를 회귀분석한 결과 고형분 함량에 대한 모델식의 R2은 0.867로 나타났다. 당도는 7번(8 hrs, 85℃, 67 mg/mL)과 15번(6 hrs, 70℃, 100 mg/mL)시험구에서 3.0 brix로 다른 시험구에 비하여 높은 함량을 보였다. 항산화물질인 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량은 8번 시험구(8 hrs, 85℃, 40 mg/mL)에서 총 폴리페놀 함량이 30.40 mg GAE/g, 총 플라보노이드 함량이 146.50 mg QE/g으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 16가지 시험구의 항산화 활성도 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량의 결과와 같이 8번 시험구(8 hrs, 85℃, 40 mg/mL)에서 가장 높은 활성을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 참조하여 표고균사체 발효 적하수오에 대한 열수 추출조건을 최적화할 목적으로 추출온도를 95℃로 고정하고 용매비와 추출시간에 대한 종속변수들의 contour map을 superimposing하여 추출물의 특성 중 생리활성물질 함량과 생리활성을 만족시켜주는 최적조건은 91.22℃에서 39.71 mg/mL 용매비와 7.72 추출시간으로 각각 분석되었다. 본 연구는 적하수오에 표고균사체를 배양한 후 생리활성이 우수한 원료를 추출 생산하고자 최적 추출조건을 확립하기 위하여 반응표면분석법을 활용하였다. 향후 생리활성부분에 대한 추가적인 연구가 이루어진다면 더욱 완성도가 높은 표고균사체 발효 적하수오 식품개발에 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

양파의 이용 다변화를 위하여 껍질과 육질을 각각 100∼300℃의 조건에서 아임계수로 추출하여 그 특성을 조사하였다. 양파 껍질과 육질 모두 추출 온도가 상승함에 따라 아임계수 추출물의 페놀 함량이 증가하였다. 양파 껍질 추출물은 250℃에서 quercetin, quercetin 3,4'-diglycoside, quercetin-3- glucoside의 함량이 가장 높았고, 육질 추출물은 quercetin 3,4'-diglycoside 의 함량이 200℃에서 가 장 높았으나 quercetin 및 quercetin-3-glucoside의 함량은 상대적으로 미미하였다. 양파 껍질과 육질 추출물의 quercetin및 그 배당체 함량은 300℃에서 급격히 감소하였다. 양파 껍질과 육질 모두 추출 온도가 증가할수록 아임계수 추출물들의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 alcohol dehydrogenase 활성을 향상시 켰다. 이상의 결과는 적절한 아임계수 조건이 양파 추출물의 생리활성을 향상시킬 수 있음을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using cultured wild ginseng roots as a natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of cultured wild ginseng roots were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 61.72%, 17.36%, 0.23% and 10.90%, respectively. Further, the calories of cultured wild ginseng roots were 323.97 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 82.13%. The protein contained a total of 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of amino acids were 16.15 g. The K was the largest mineral followed by P, Ca, and Mg, which means cultured wild ginseng roots is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids were 0.23 g, and 0.62 g, respectively. Crude saponine content was 25.87 ㎎/g. Total phenolic contents of cultured wild ginseng roots were 11.2 ㎎/g, and total flavonoids contents were estimated as 4.2 ㎎/g. The electron donating ability of cultured wild ginseng roots were 24.7～31.6%. The nitrite scavenging activity was pH dependent, and was highest at pH 1.2 and lowest at pH 6.0. The cultured wild ginseng roots extract showed the highest reducing power (0.06) at the concentration of 1, 000 ㎍/㎖. Based on the above results, we deemed that the cultured wild ginseng roots might have potential antioxdant activities.

This study compared the quality and antioxidant characteristics of commercial and traditional Doenjangs from various regions of Korea. The pH, salinity, and brix degree of the samples tested ranged from 4.61～6.36, 0.90～1.00% and 0.97～1.10 °Bx, respectively. The pH was highest for Doenjang made in the Jeonnam region. No significant differences in the salinity or brix degree of Doenjang from different regions of Korea were found(p>0.05). The L, a, and b-values for color of the Doenjang samples ranged from 52.92～55.00, 0.03～0.62 and －0.74～2.70, respectively. The total polyphenol content(TPC) ranged from 18.71～25.78 ㎎ GAE/㎖, and the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid(ABTS) radical scavenging activities ranged from 6.43～14.38 and 2.46～7.08 ㎎ AE/㎖, respectively. The TPC was highest for Doenjang from Gyeongnam, while that from Gyeongbuk had the lowest content. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest for Doenjang from Jeonnam and lowest for Doenjang from Gangwon. The ABTS radical scavenging activities for Doenjang from Gyeonggi and Gyeongbuk were lower in comparison to samples from other regions. Consequently these results should provide better information for standardizing and improving the quality and functional activity of commercial Doenjang in Korea.

This study was conducted to investigate the total phenol contents, antioxidative activities and antibacterial activities of twenty species of entomopathogenic fungi. The total phenol content was highest in Aspergillus flavus (553.0±52.15 ㎍/g) and A. parasiticus (529.9±60.10 ㎍/g). On the other hand those in other strains were within the range of 26.6～121.9 ㎍/g. The antioxdative activity was shown in the most of strains and the highest DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was observed in A. flavus (90.9±2.90%) and A. parasiticus (77.9±4.13%). This result indicated that the antioxidative activities were very correlated with the total phenol contents. The antibacterial activitiy was found in the every tested pathogenic bacteria. Especially, the antibacterial activity was strongest against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherchia coli.

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are among the representative probiotics that have been used for a long time in fermented food. Although there are many studies on detecting the radical scavenging activity of LAB, few studies have been conducted on the environmental factors that improve scavenging activity. This study investigated the environmental factors affecting the DPPH radical scavenging and various antioxidant activities of Kimchi-derived Lactobacillus plantarum K-21 with antihypertensive and radical scavenging activities. The optimal conditions for scavenging DPPH radicals were glucose 2%, bactopeptone 0.5%, Tween 80 0.05%, L-cysteine 0.05%, and an initial pH 6.5 at 35℃. Under optimal conditions, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was 94.8±2.2%, which was 1.5 times higher than that of the basic medium. In addition, L. plantarum K-21 had other antioxidant activities; ABTS radical scavenging (93.6±1.5%), hydroxyl radical scavenging (8.5±0.9%), metal chelating (65.9±0.5%), NO scavenging (53.1±19%), SOD-like (25.1±1.5%), and reducing power (11.7±1.4%) activities were detected. Therefore, L. plantarum K-21 may act not only as a starter for lactic acid-fermented foods with improved functionality but also as a drug for various diseases caused by oxidative stress.

This study is conducted to investigate the effects of growth characteristics (GC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (DRSA) of the heading lettuce ‘Fidel’ depending on four concentrations of activated mineral groups (AMG: 1.6% active minerals and 0.03% CaO) added to basic nutrient solutions (diluted by 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) and on four different light-emitting diodes (LED; B:R:W ratio = 0:1:12, 0:1:9, 0:5:5, and 2:3:5). Both 0.1 and 0.2% AMG showed better GC of lettuce in plant width, plant length, leaf width, leaf length, and the number of leaves than those of other AMG, while leaf thickness and chlorophyll value did not show significant difference among all AMG. Moreover, 0.1 and 0.2% AMG showed heavier shoot fresh weights than those of other AMG. As for the combinations of AMG and LED, B0:R5:W5 showed the best lettuce GC regardless of AMG compared to other AMG and LED combinations. As shown in the above results of LED, although there was a difference in lettuce growth by LED, the differences of lettuce growth by AMG were statistically significant. The DRSA was the highest at 82.8% in B2:R3:W5, followed by B0:R5:W5 at 77.8%. LED showed differences but AMG did not affect DRSA. Therefore, the optimal conditions in plant factory for GC and DRSA of the lettuce were 0.1% AMG and B0:R5:W5.

기능성 제빵 소재로써 연잎의 이용 가능성을 검토하기 위해 연잎 분말을 1, 2 및 3%를 첨가하여 식빵을 제조하면서 제빵 특성 및 빵의 품질특성을 조사하였다. 연잎 분말의 조회분, 조지방 및 조단백질 함량은 각각 10.68, 3.40 및 22.31%로 나타났으며, 연잎 분말 95% 에탄올 추출물 1%(w/v) 농도에서 총 폴리페놀 함량은 270.85 μg/mL였으며, 0.1%(w/v) 농도에서 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 90.1%를 나타내었다. 연잎 분말을 첨가한 식빵 반죽과 식빵의 pH는 연잎 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였으며, 산도는 증가하였다. 반죽의 부패 팽창도는 LLP-1과 대조구는 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다(p<0.05). 연잎 분말 첨가 식빵의 굽기 손실률은 대조구에 비해 낮았으며, 식빵의 무게는 연잎 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하였고, 부피는 감소하였다. 식빵의 경도는 대조구가 가장 낮았으며 연잎 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 경도도 높았다. 연잎 분말 첨가 식빵의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 총 폴리페놀 함량은 각각 17.08-40.13%와 615.01-885.13 μg/mL의 범위를 나타내어 대조구에 (9.26% 및 472.20 μg/mL)에 비해 높았으며, 연잎 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 식빵의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 및 총 폴리페놀 함량도 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 연잎 분말을 첨가한 식빵의 종합적 기호도는 대조구가 3.64로 가장 높았으며, 다음은 LLP-1(3.56)으로 나타났으나, 두 시료간의 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다(p<0.05). 식빵의 기능적 특성과 관능적 특성을 고려하였을 때, 연잎 분말은 1% 첨가하였을 때가 가장 적당하다고 판단되며, 최대 2%를 넘지 않은 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다.

항산화 및 항균활성을 가진 천연물을 활용해 합성보존료를 대체하고자 하는 연구가 활발한 가운데 국내 자생 식물 중 135종을 대상으로 DPPH radical 소거활성을 측정하였다. 이중 항산화 활성이 10%대로 낮게 나타난 식물 8종에 대해 항균효과를 조사하였다. 식물 추출물의 DPPH radical 소거활성은 0.41~94.84%로 다양하였으며, 가장 효과가 좋은 식물은 꽃향유와 우엉으로 각각 94.84, 80.55%를 나타내었다. 우엉은 잎의 경우 26.87, 뿌리 19.29%의 활성을 나타내 동일 식물이라도 추출부위에 따라 활성의 차이가 있을 것으로 보인다. 선이질풀과 비쭈기나무는 각각 그람양성균인 B. subtilis, 그람음성균인 E. coli 및 Candida속인 C. albicans에 대해 2.2~10.8 mm 수준의 항균활성을 나타내었다. 각 식물에 대한 다양한 추출법을 적용하여 기능성을 확인하고 이들 항산화성 물질에 대한 추가 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

스프레이 국화의 용도 다양화 측면에서 ‘금방울’, ‘매직볼’, ‘핑크팡팡’ 꽃잎을 수확하여 열수 및 에탄올 추출물의 생리활성 효과를 조사하였다. 총 페놀함량은 chlrogenic acid를 표준물질로 했을 때 열수 추출물에서는 ‘금방울’(100.1mg·L-1), ‘핑크팡팡’(66.4mg·L-1), ‘매직볼’(52.9mg·L-1)순으로, 에탄올 추출물에서는 ‘매직볼’ (95.7mg·L-1), ‘핑크팡팡’(65.1mg·L-1), ‘금방울’(49.4mg·L-1) 순으로 많았다. 플라보노이드 함량은 열수 추출물은 ‘핑크팡팡’에서 45.7mg·L-1로, 에탄올 추출물에서는 ‘매직볼’이 54.0mg·L-1로 가장 많았다. 전자공여능에서 IC50값은 열수 추출물과 에탄올 추출물 모두 ‘매직볼’에서 각각 166.0 및 112.7mg·L-1로 가장 낮게 나타나 효과적이었다. 아질산염 소거능은 IC50값을 고려할 때 열수 추출물에서는 ‘핑크팡팡’(112.1mg·L-1)이, 에탄올 추출물에서는 ‘매직볼’(105.3mg·L-1)이 효과적이었다. 항균활성은 ‘매직볼’의 에탄올 추출물이 그람양성균인 Bacillus subtilis와 그람음성균인 Salmonella enteritidis에 대해 높은 활성을 나타냈다. 결론적으로 '매직볼'의 생리활성효과가 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 스프레이 국화의 품종 간에 생리활성 차이가 있는 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 금후 스프레이 국화의 용도 확대와 이용성 향상 측면에서 각각의 품종에 대한 생리활성 효과 구명이 필요하다.

Changes in the contents of total phenolic compounds in as Agrimonia pilosa well as their antioxidant capacity according to the havest time and positions were examined. The contents of the total phenolic compounds were determined by extraction with MeOH. Among havest times harvestry in July showed highest contents of the total phenolic compounds and harvestry in May showed lowest contents of the phenolic compounds. Among the 4 positions (root, branch, leaf, flower) of Agrimonia pilosa the root contained highest contents of the phenolic compounds. The antioxidant capacities of Agrimonia pilosa were increased roughly with increasing level of contents of phenolic compounds according to positions.

홍화종자의 메탄올 추출물에서 preparative HPLC(u -Bondapak C18 column(7.8×300mm ) 분석을 통하여 DPPH radical 소거 활성도가 높은 두 종류의 항산화 물질(CA와 CB)을 확인하였다. 확인된 항산화물질의 대량 추출을 위하여 hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate 그리고 butanol 등의 유기용매를 이용하였으며 이 중 ethyl acetate 분획에서 DPPH radical 소거 활성이 높은 물질이 추출되었다. Ethyl acetate 분획물을 silica gel chlomatography하여 CA와 CB를 분리하였고, 1H -NMR과 13C -NMR 분석에 의하여 CA는 N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin, 그리고 CB는 N-feruoylserotonin으로 동정되었다. 홍화종자에서 N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin과 N-feruoylserotonin의 함량을 u -Bondapak C18 column(3.9×300mm )으로 300nm에서 acetonitrile의 용매로 10%에서 분석을 시작하여 30분 동안 50%까지 기울기 모드로 분석한 결과 N-(p-Coumaroyl)serotonin의 함량은 4.11 mg/gDW, N-feruoylserotonin의 함량은 7.29 mg/gDW이었으며, 이 두 가지 항산화 물질은 모두 종자껍질에서만 추출되었다.

A series of methanol extracts from leaf and root parts in spring- and winter-barley plants were assayed to determine their allelopathy and antioxidant activity. The methanol extracts applied on filter paper in a Petri-dish significantly inhibited root growth of Chinese milkvetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) seedlings. Leaf extracts at 25 and 50 g L-1 inhibited root growth of Chinese milkvetch seedlings more than root extracts. No difference in phytotoxic effects of spring- and winter-barley seedlings extracts on root growth of Chinese milkvetch was observed. Methanol extracts dose-dependently increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity in vitro. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in the methanol extracts from winter-barley seedlings than in those from spring-barley seedlings, and from leaf extracts than from root extracts. The antioxidant potential of the individual fraction from the methanol extracts of spring-barley seedlings was in order of n-butanol>ethyl acetate>water>chloroform>n-hexane fraction. By means of HPLC analysis, spring-barley (200.62 mg 100g-1 ) had more amount of total phenol acid than winter-barley (114.08 mg 100g-1 ). Especially, ferulic acid was detected in spring-barley extract (183.46 mg 100g-1 ) as the greatest amount. These results suggest that early seedlings of barley plants had potent allelopathy and antioxidant activity, and their activities were differently exhibited depending on plant parts and growing condition.

A series of aqueous or methanol extracts from four different Korean salad plants were assayed to determine their allelopathy and antioxidant activity. The extracts applied on filter paper in a Petri-dish bioassay significantly inhibited root growth of against alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seedlings. Leaf extracts from 40 g dry tissue L-1 of Aster yomena was most phytotoxic to alfalfa root growth, and followed by that of Cirsium japonicum, Taraxacum officinale, and Ixeris dentate. Methanol extracts of plants dose-dependently increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity in vitro. Antioxidant activity of methanol extracts from the same plant species was investigated, and the result showed high DPPH free radical scavenging activity in Cirsium japonicum, Aster yomena, and Ixeris dentate, however, in Taraxacum officinale was least activity. By means of HPLC analysis, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and total phenolics with 7.68, 17.47 and 18.64 mg, 100g-1, respectively, showed the highest amounts in methanol extracts from Cirsium japonicum leaves. These results suggest that Compositae salad plants contain water-soluble substances with allelopathic potential as well as antioxidant activity.

일일초의 vinblastine 함량과 항산화 및 항미생물의 품종별, 부위별 활성을 조사하였다. vinblastine은 식물체내에 극소량 존재하며 9매품종의 잎에서 대부분 검출이 되었다. 특히 Cooler Coconut의 잎에서의 검출량이 134.08μg/ml로 다른 분획물에 비해 10배 가량 높은 수치를 보였다. 항산화 활성 검증에서는 Stardust Orchid의 잎과 Cooler Rose의 잎의 추출물이 각각 RC50=17, 18 μg/ml로 항산화 효과가 높음을 알 수 있었다. 부위별로는 대체적으로 잎, 꽃, 뿌리의 순으로 나타났다. 항미생물 활성 검증에서는 모든 품종의 잎이 꽃보다 높은 활성을 보였으며, 특히 Cooler Rose와 Cooler Strawberry가 활성이 좋게 나타났다. 이상의 시험 결과 항산화 활성이 높은 품종이 항미생물 활성에서도 좋은 결과를 보여주었다. 항산화 활성과 항미생물 활성이 높은 품종을 이용하여 앞으로 이를 이용한 여러 약품이나 식품의 개발이 기대된다.