To investigate the effect of thinning intensity on environmental factors and ectomycorrhizal mushroom fruiting in forest ecosystems, we studied canopy closure, throughfall, soil temperature, soil moisture, light response of understory vegetation, and ectomycorrhizal mushroom fruiting in a 10-year-old pine forest after 34%, 45%, and 60% thinning. Canopy closure was significantly higher in the 34% treatment and control plots, ranging from 80–85% in April. However, in November, all thinning treatment plots showed a decrease of approximately 5–10% compared with the control plot. The 60% treatment plot had over 200 mm of additional throughfall compared with the control plot, and monthly throughfall was significantly higher by more than 100 mm in October. The soil temperature in each treatment plot increased significantly by up to 1°C or more compared with the control plot as the thinning rate increased. The soil moisture increased by more than 5% in the thinning treatment plots during rainfall, particularly in the 34% treatment plot, where the rate of moisture decrease was slower. The photosynthetic rate of major tree species (excluding Pinus densiflora)was highest in Quercus mongolica, with a rate of 7 μmolCO2·m-2·s-1. At a lightintensity of 800 μmol·m-2·s-1, Q. mongolica showed the highest photosynthetic level of 6 ± 0.3 μmolCO2·m-2·s-1 in the 45% treatment. The photosynthetic rate of Fraxinus sieboldiana and Styrax japonicus increased as the thinning intensity increased. The Shannon– Wiener index of mycorrhizal mushrooms did not significantly differ among treatments, but the fresh weight of mushrooms was approximately 360–840 g higher in the 34% and 45% treatments than in the control. Additionally, the fresh weight of fungi in the 60% treatment was 860 g less than that in the control. There were more individuals of Amanita citrina in the control than in the thinning treatment, while Suillus bovinus numbers increased by more than 10 times in the 34% thinning treatment compared with the control.

Recently, local studies looking at the 'local(region) as a whole' are gradually increasing. The study of local architectural history is important in that it provides specific information that encompasses the local and the entire and clues to three-dimensionalize the time and space in the local. To infer the 'presentness' of each era, reliable data in various fields are needed. Recently, as many databases (DB) and archives, from the 'National Archives of Korea' to other local archives, have been established and publicized, research resources in the local are growing rapidly in quantity and quality. Nevertheless, it is difficult to comprehensively check the data necessary to study the local architectural history(local architectural history research resources). Against this background, this study confirmed the trend of changes in the archive construction environment and the status and problems of local architectural history research resources in places that currently disclose local history research resources among generalized web-archives. Next, the relationship between the actual research on local architectural history was confirmed through the analysis of existing studies and the data used for Jeju. As a result, local studies, local archives, and local architectural history research agree with recent changes in local research trends, and the degree of archival construction has reached the same level as the available research resources except core data in local architectural history research. However, there is a problem that the density of information that can be used is low because the local architectural history research resources that can be obtained are fragmented because there are no archives and construction entities specialized in local architecture. As each archive has entered the stabilization and upgrading stage, the construction of new archives needs to be reconsidered, but it is time to find a detailed way to link related information quickly and accurately, such as private records, to reduce the gap in information needed in terms of research on local architecture and architecture history.

This study investigated the effect of the simulated refrigerated distribution environment on the quality characteristics of green lettuce and ground meat. The simulated refrigerated distribution conditions were as follows: (A) the door was not opened while storing the product in the refrigerator, (B) the door was opened for 20 s every 10 min, and (C) the door was opened for 1 min every 10 min (C). In A, B, and C conditions, the bottom temperature was higher, and the average temperature and temperature deviation of the inside of the packaging box, green lettuce, and ground meat increased according to door opening time. According to simulated refrigerated distribution conditions, food qualities such as browning index, total chlorophyll content, and vitamin C content in green lettuce, moisture content, water holding capacity, and volatile basic nitrogen in ground meat were changed.

The external weather conditions including temperature and wind speed in the Saemangeum reclaimed land is different from that of the inland, affecting the internal environment of the greenhouse. Therefore, it is important to select an appropriate covering material considering the insulation effect according to the type and characteristics of the covering material considering the weather condition in the Saemangeum reclaimed land. A hexahedral insulation chamber was designed to evaluate the insulation efficiency of each glass-clad material in the outside weather condition in reclaimed land. In order to evaluate the insulation effect of each covering material, a radiator was installed and real-time power consumption was monitored. 16-mm PC (polycarbonate), 16-mm PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), 4-mm greenhouse glass, and 16-mm double-layered glass were used as the covering materials of the chamber. In order to understand the effect of the external wind directions, the windward and downwind insulation properties were evaluated. As a result of comparing the thermal insulation effect of each greenhouse cover material to single-layer glass, the thermal insulation effect of double-layer glass was 16.9% higher, while PMMA and PC were 62.5% and 131.2% higher respectively. On average the wind speed on the windward side was 53.1% higher than that on the lee-wind side, and the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the chamber at the wind ward side was found to be 52.0% larger than that on the lee ward side. During the experiment period, the overall heating operation time for PC was 39.2% lower compared to other insulation materials. Showing highest energy efficiency, and compared to PC, single-layer glass power consumption was 37.4% higher.

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes are commonly known as (BTEX) and include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air. Exposure to some BTEX has been associated with health risks. This study aimed to reduce BTEX on the environment and human health dramatically. This research targeted decreasing the BTEX in an air environment by producing high surface area activated carbon (KA-AC) under optimized synthesis conditions from Ricinus communis as lignocellulosic waste using ZnCl2 solution, respectively. The influence of several activation parameters was investigated on the surface area, such as impregnation ratio, carbonization time, and carbonization temperature. The KA5-AC prepared under optimized conditions showed BET surface area and total pore volume of 1225 m2/ g, and 0.72 cm3/ g, respectively. The optimized synthesis conditions were as follows: 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 M impregnation ratio, 450–950 °C carbonization temperature, and 100 min carbonization time. The characteristics of the optimized KA-AC were analyzed using nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm, scanning electron microscopy, and pore structural analysis. The results confirmed that the VOCs adsorption on KA-AC followed a monolayer adsorption isotherm over a homogeneous adsorbent surface. It showed the removal efficiency of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m, p-xylene (R2 = from 0.991 to 0.997). Moreover, the KA-AC exhibited good performance without considerable loss of efficacy throughout the experiments. Accordingly, it is concluded that developing low-cost activated carbon to use BTEX vapor adsorption research could be practical and developments to overcome for utilization in air pollution control.

On April 29, 2021 (1st), June 2 (2nd), and August 17 (3rd), we surveyed benthic macroinvertebrates fauna at Muljangori-oreum wetland in Bonggae-dong, Jeju Island, Korea. Muljangori-oreum wetland was divided into four areas. The survey was conducted in three accessible areas (areas 1-3). As a result of habitat environment analysis, the average monthly temperature from 2017 to 2021 was the highest in July and August and the lowest in December and February. This pattern was repeated. As a result of analyzing changes in vegetation and water surface area through satellite images, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) increased from February to July and decreased after July. Normalized difference water index (NDWI) was analyzed to show an inverse relationship. A total of 21 species from 13 families were identified in the qualitative survey and a total of 412 individuals of 24 species from 15 families were identified in the quantitative survey. A total of 26 species from 17 families, 8 orders, 3 classes, and 2 phyla of benthic macroinvertebrates were identified. The dominant species was Chronomidae spp. with 132 individuals (32.04%). Noterus japonicus was a subdominant species with 71 individuals (17.23%). As a result of comparative analysis of species identified in this study and the literature, it was confirmed that species diversity was high for Coleoptera and Odonata. Main functional feeding groups (FFGs) were found to be predators. Habitat orientation groups (HOGs) were found to be swimmers. In OHC (Odonata, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera) group, 17 species (73.91%) in 2021, 23 species (79.31%) in 2016, 26 species (86.67%) in 2018, and 19 species (79.17%) in 2019 were identified. Cybister japonicus, an endangered species II, was confirmed to inhabit Muljangori-oreum wetland in the literature. Ten individuals (2.43%) were also confirmed to inhabit Muljangori-oreum wetland in 2021. Therefore, continuous management and habitat protection are required to maintain the habitat environment of C. japonicus in Muljangori-oreum wetland.

This study was conducted to obtain basic information for the use of the ATP fluorescence detection method in consideration of the most common and frequent contamination situation that occurs in laboratories dealing with fire blight causing bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. ATP luminescence measurements (Relative Light Unit, RLU) were tested against these pathogen cells (CFU/cm2) which were artificially introduced on the disinfected surface of a bench floor of a biosafety cabinet (Class 2 Type A1), on a part of the disinfected surface of a lab experimental bench, on a part of the disinfected floor, and on a part of the disinfected floor of an acryl chamber for bioaerosol studies in a biosafety laboratory (BSL 2 class) using two different ATP bioluminometers. RLU values were not much increased with the bacterial cells from 2.15 × 102/cm2 to 2.15 × 106/cm2. RLU values varied among the four different surfaces tested. RLU values measured from the same number of bacterial cells differed little between the two different ATP bioluminometers used for this study. RLU values obtained from bacterial cells higher than 2.15 × 107/cm2 indicated the presence of bacterial contamination on the four different surfaces tested. The R2 values obtained based on the correlation data for the RLU values in response to different E. amylovora cell numbers (CFU/ cm2) on the surfaces of the four test spots ranged from 0.9827 to 0.9999.

Gwaebultaeng is a cultural property of painting, a large Buddhist painting used for special ceremonies in Buddhism. It is stored in an indoor temple environment, and there is a greater risk of contamination and damage due to environmental factors compared to other cultural properties. In 2021, the treasure Hanging Painting of Anguksa Temple and storage chest stored in Geungnakjeon Hall of Anguksa Temple in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do were investigated. As a result, one genus and three species fungi, one species bacteria were found on the surface of the painting. In addition, five genera and 11 species fungi, eight genera and 12 species bacteria were confirmed on the surface of the storage chest. Among them, the same three species of Aspergillus genus were identified in both Gwaebultaeng and the storage chest. These results suggest the possibility of introduction and spread from airborne fungi in the indoor air outside the chest. Among the identified microorganisms, one genus and two species fungi in Gwaebultaeng and three genera and four species fungi, four genera and five species bacteria were identified as those that could cause damage to the storage chest. In addition, it was confirmed that one species fungus in Gwaebultaeng and one genus and two species fungi could cause harm to the human body. The results of this study will serve as a basis for careful discussion and management regarding the storage of cultural properties in the future.

빌딩풍에 의한 시설물 및 인명 피해에 대한 우려가 커짐과 같이 건물 주위의 풍속 가속화로 인한 보행자 안정성 확보에 대한 우려도 커지고 있다. 풍환경은 도시의 과밀화와 건축물의 고층화를 통해서도 변화하지만, 기존의 노후화된 건축물의 재건축으로 인해 서도 변화한다. 풍환경의 변화로 인한 피해를 줄이기 위해서는 건물 설계 단계부터 풍환경 평가가 되어야 하며, 풍환경 평가 방법에는 풍동실험과 CFD를 이용할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 저층 주거단지가 중고층 아파트단지로 재건축됨에 따라 발생할 수 있는 주 변 지역의 보행자 풍환경 변화를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 대상 지역의 풍속 및 풍향 특성을 분석하고, 전산유체역 학 해석기법을 이용하여 기존 단지와 재건축 단지로 발생하는 보행자 풍환경을 해석하고 비교 분석하였다. 결과를 이용하여 임계 보 행자 풍속을 초과하는 영역에 대한 공간 분포를 비교함으로써 재건축이 보행자 풍환경에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore nursing simulation training needs and the educational environment of instructors. Method: This study was conducted according to the inductive method of qualitative content analysis. An online focus group interview was conducted with six instructors with experience operating a nursing simulation. Data were collected in July 2021. Results: First, “nursing simulation practice operations” required simulation design elements, practical operations, and curriculum integration. Second, the “educational environment” showed a lack of human and physical resources, and there was a need for standard education reflecting the domestic nursing education environment. Third, for “instructor competencies”, the facilitator role, step-by-step education for strengthening instructor competencies, and cooperation with clinical experts were derived. Fourth, it was found that “learner competencies” should meet the nursing professionals’ needs; self-directed learning competency and unique human competency should also be strengthened. Conclusion: This study is meaningful because it seeks to understand the instructor’s needs for nursing simulation training and the educational environment. Moreover, it identifies considerations for instructor and learner competencies in the nursing simulation operator training programs.

스마트농업의 활성화를 위해서는 농업환경 데이터의 관측과 모델 그리고 통계자료의 상호운영성 확보가 중요하므로, 이를 위한 격자체계의 적용방안을 탐색하고자 한다. 국내외 격자체계 표준에 대한 사례조사와 농업분야의 격자표준 적용사례조사를 벤치마킹하고 국립농업과학원과 상위기관의 표준현황을 살펴보고, 농업환경 공간정보의 목록과 분류체계를 구축한 후, 사용자 요구사항을 파악하기 위한 설문을 실시하여 적정한 격자 크기를 선정하였다. 농업환경 공간정보의 공유와 활용을 위하여 국토지리 정보원의 기관표준을 차용하여 군 이하 소규모 지역은 10m, 광역시･도는 100m, 농촌경관 목적으로는 500m, 전국은 1km 격자 크기로 안을 제시하였고 원활한 표준 적용을 위한 전략을 제안하고, 현장 조사 및 관측 결과를 격자로 변환할 수 있도록 오픈소스 기반의 변환 툴을 개발하여 격자표준 적용 용이성과 시간 절약성을 확보하였다.

본 연구는 정확한 열환경 평가를 위해 옥외 공간에서 체감하는 열쾌적성과 미기후 모델링을 통해 산출된 열쾌적지수의 차이점을 확인하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 대구광역시에 위치한 대학 캠퍼스 두 곳을 대상으로 하여 열쾌적성을 평가하는 두 가지 방법론을 적용하고 분석 결과를 비교하였다. 첫 번째 방법은 현장 설문조사를 기반으로 하여 시민들의 열쾌적성 정보를 수집하는 것이며, 두 번째 방법은 미기후 모델인 ENVI-met을 활용하여 열쾌적지수(PMV)를 수집하는 것이다. 또한, 열쾌적성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고자 그늘의 특성과 토지피복 특성을 기준으로 캠퍼스 내 상세 대상지를 선정하고 이러한 요인이 열쾌적성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 두 대학의 분석 일시와 장소가 달랐으나 방법론별 유사한 양상이 나타났다. 먼저, 설문조사 결과 그늘의 양이 증가할수록 쾌적한 것으로 나타났으며, 토지피복의 종류별 특성과는 다른 결과가 나타났다. 다음으로 모델링 결과 전반적으로 설문조사 결과와 비슷한 양상이 나타나지만 동일한 그늘의 특성을 가지는 세부 대상지에서 토지피복이 열환경에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 피복일 경우 열쾌적지수가 더 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 설문조사 결과와 미기후 모델링 결과 간에 차이가 존재하며, 정책 반영을 위한 열쾌적성 정보의 수집 시 현장 기반의 체감 더위 정보의 수집을 통해 정확한 정보를 활용할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 재가노인복지시설 중 데이케어센터 종사자인 요양보호사의 직무스트레스가 직무만족에 미치 는 영향을 살펴보고, 이들 간의 관계에서 데이케어센터 요양보호사의 자아탄력성이 조절효과를 갖는지 검 증하였다. 데이케어센터 요양보호사의 다양한 업무요인에 따른 직무스트레스를 확인하고, 요양보호사의 자아탄력성이 직무만족에 미치는 영향을 규명함으로써 데이케어센터 요양보호사의 직무만족을 위한 직무 환경 개선방안을 도출 하였다. 본 연구는 요양보호사의 직무스트레스와 직무만족도의 관련성 분석을 위해 자아탄력성을 조절변수로 하 였다. 자료 수집을 위해 서울, 충북, 경남의 데이케어센터에 근무하는 요양보호사들을 대상으로 총 471부를 최종분석 자료로 사용하였다. 자료 분석을 위해 IBM SPSS 및 AMOS 25.0 프로그램을 활용하였다. 본 연 구 결과 첫째, 직무스트레스는 직무만족에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인했다. 둘째, 자아탄력성은 직무만족 에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인했다. 셋째, 직무스트레스의 하위요인인 행정적 지원에 스트레스가 높을수 록, 업무관련 스트레스가 높을수록, 보호자 관계에 스트레스가 높을수록 자아탄력성이 낮아짐을 확인했다.

Many manufacturers applying third party logistics (3PLs) have some challenges to increase their logistics efficiency. This study introduces an effort to estimate the weight of the delivery trucks provided by 3PL providers, which allows the manufacturer to package and load products in trailers in advance to reduce delivery time. The accuracy of the weigh estimation is more important due to the total weight regulation. This study uses not only the data from the company but also many general prediction variables such as weather, oil prices and population of destinations. In addition, operational statistics variables are developed to indicate the availabilities of the trucks in a specific weight category for each 3PL provider. The prediction model using XGBoost regressor and permutation feature importance method provides highly acceptable performance with MAPE of 2.785% and shows the effectiveness of the developed operational statistics variables.

본 논문은 환경예술에서 환경 공간의 기능성을 바탕으로 특 수교육을 위한 환경 공간에 대한 기능적 디자인을 탐구하려는 목적이다. 본 연구는 특수교육 환경 공간의 기능성 디자인 원 칙과 디자인 방법 및 디자인 동향으로 나누어 진행한다. 이를 위하여 특수교육 수용자의 기능적 공간 수요를 발굴하고, 특수 교육 체계에서 환경 공간디자인 모듈을 보완하여 환경예술 디 자인을 각 사회집단에 가장 적합하게 하려고 한다. 결과적으로 인문적 배려를 강화하여 공간환경을 기능적 장벽을 제거하여 수용자의 감성적 장벽을 해소할 수 있도록 개선하는 방법을 마 련하는 것이 본 논문의 취지이다.